European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.266161
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND
WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE
STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
Aysegul Yapıcı1i, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol2,
Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran2, Metin Ergun3
1
Coaching Education Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences,
Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
2
Coaching Education Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences,
Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
3
Sport Medicine Department, School of Medicine,
Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship isokinetic strength that the elite
water polo players produced with lower and upper limbs (with leg movements) and
only upper limbs (without leg movements) and the velocity of the shoot. Eighteen elite
male players of Turkish professional water polo first league aged between fifteen and
thirty-three took part in the study voluntarily. The physical characteristics of the
players were taken and throwing velocities of overhead, back hand and sweep throw
were measured from position 2, 3, 4 and 6. Isokinetic strength measurements were
made within different joint moves (trunk, shoulder, knee, hip). In two separate shooting
protocols (with and without leg movements) the shooting velocity were measured in
different positions. A significant difference was found between with and without leg
movement in different throwing velocity shoots were recorded in different shooting
positions (p<0.01). It was seen that the average of the velocity of with leg movements
shoot was higher than the without leg movements shoot. In terms of shooting positions,
2nd position when the relationship between the velocity of with leg movement shoot and
isokinetic muscle strength was considered, trunk flexion, shoulder extension, left hip
Corresponding author: “yşeg(l Yapici, “ssistant Professor PhD.,
Pamukkale University Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kinikli Kampusu, Denizli, Turkey
Phone: +90 258 2961408 , Fax: +90 258 2961920
i
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved.
© 2015 – 2017 Open Access Publishing Group
42
Aysegul Yapıcı, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol, Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran, Metin Ergun
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS
AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
abduction, left knee flexion as relevant p<0.05, a relationship with right knee extension
was found (p<0.01). 3rd position, a positive relationship (p<0.05) was recorded between
trunk flexion, shoulder flexion, left hip abduction, right knee extension and left knee
flexion. In 4th position, between the with leg movement shoot and trunk flexion,
shoulder flexion, right hip extension, left hip extension, right hip flexion, left hip
flexion, right knee extension, left knee extension, left knee flexion and left hip
abduction. A positive relationship (p<0.01) between with leg movement (back) shoots
thrown from 6th and trunk flexion, shoulder extension, shoulder flexion, left hip
extension, right hip flexion, left hip abduction, right knee extension and left knee
extension. Also a positive relationship (p<0.05) between the with leg movement
backhand shoots thrown in 6th position, and right hip extension and left hip flexion. A
positive relationship (p<0.05) was seen between the shoots thrown from part 6 th position
with leg movement sweep shoots and trunk flexion and left hip extension. When the
relationship between the velocity of without leg movement shoot and isokinetic
strength is overviewed according to the positions, in 2 nd position there is a relationship
between without leg movement shoot and trunk flexion and shoulder extension, with
the shoulder flexion a positive relationship was seen (p<0.01). In 3 rd position, there is a
positive relationship (p<0.01), was recorded in the trunk flexion, a positive relationship
(p<0.05) was seen in shoulder extension and shoulder flexion. In 4 th position, a positive
relationship (p<0.01) was found with the trunk flexion. A positive relationship (p<0.01)
was found with the without leg movement backhand shoots that were thrown from the
6th position and trunk flexion, shoulder extension, shoulder flexion. A positive
relationship (p<0.05) was recorded with the without leg movement sweep shoots and
trunk flexion and shoulder extension. In conclusion, the isokinetic strength produced by
the lower and upper limbs’ relation with the velocity of with leg movement shoots
thrown from different parts was found. The isokinetic strength produced by the upper
limbs’ relation with the velocity of without leg movement shoots thrown from different
parts was found. The isokinetic strength's (produced by the upper limbs) contribution
to the velocity of the shoot in without leg movement shoot is higher than with leg
movement shoots. The results of the study upper limbs strengths’ trunk flexion,
shoulder flexion, shoulder extension) are more effective in the velocity of the shoot.
Keywords: water polo, throwing velocity, isokinetic
1. Introduction
Water polo is a sport in which technical-tactical features and basic and supporting biomotor abilities are used excessively. Players use the lower and upper limbs intensively
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
43
Aysegul Yapıcı, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol, Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran, Metin Ergun
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS
AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
in water polo. Scissors, jumping, rotation, foot tapping movements for lower extremity;
movements such as holding-pushing, block, shoot, pass are forces that require strength
and skill for the upper limb (Smith, 1991).
Despite its history and evolution, water polo has not been studied enough
probably because of the limited publicity and the difficulties that arise during the
collection of data under water. Physiological measurements, such as heart rate
monitoring (Hollander et al., 1994; Pinnington et al., 1986) and/or capillary blood lactate
analyses (Hollander et al., 1994; Rodriguez, 1994; Sardella et al., 1990) have provided
indications of the cumulative cardiovascular and metabolic demands of the identified
activities during games, yet biomechanical observations of throwing and shooting
support the empirical observations that water polo players require moderately high
levels of muscular strength and power (Tan, 2009).
The force production of the legs during the shoot in the water is incomplete in
terms of body support when compared to other branches on land. Suspension in the
water prevents the reaction force generated by the player from being transferred to the
body and the ball. During the shoot in the water polo, according to other branches on
land, the leg movements have different purposes. The lower trunk and legs play a
supporting role, contributing to the strength production by the protection of balance
and the transport of body weight out of the water. In preparation for the shooting, the
egg beater kick increases the frequency of the legs, helps to lift the body out of the water
(Ball, 1996), and the shoot in the water polo is done with repeated scissor movements.
The movement of the scissors in the water polo closet is an important skill that
the player uses to float in the water and perform other movements. It consists of
circular movements of the legs and produces the force to hold the player above the
water in the vertical position. The legs appear to be in circular motion, with knee joint,
index flexion/extension and medial/lateral rotation. As the right leg moves clockwise
during the foot stroke, the left leg makes a circular movement clockwise. The
involvement of the upper limbs in these dynamic movements determines the whole
shooting shoot.
Thus, the data obtained as a result of the isokinetic evaluations are used to
determine the muscle forces (Dauty and Rochangar, 2001; Olyaei et al., 2006) produced
by the athletes in the upper and lower limbs, the relationship of the sports skills to the
neuromuscular structure, the identification of risk factors (Markou and Vagenas, 2006),
the determination of muscle imbalances (Wong et al., 2000) play an important role
(Hazır et al., 99 .
In water polo, the relationship between shoot speed and isokinetic force
production (Platanou and Varamenti, 2011; Varamenti and Platanou, 2008), which is
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
44
Aysegul Yapıcı, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol, Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran, Metin Ergun
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS
AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
one of the main factors influencing the end result, is limited during field conditions and
specific exercises. In one of the studies, the shooting speed and force differences
between the groups with the shooting speed and shoulder internal-external rotation
forces were investigated in two groups of female water polo players (Varamenti and
Platanou, 2008), in another study, the shooting speed and shoulder internal - external
rotation forces and speed - power correlations have been examined (Platanou and
Varamenti, 2011).
There are studies in the literature that examine the relationship of isokinetic
forces of the knee, shoulder and hip joints with shooting speed in different branches
(Bayios et al., 2001; Dutta and Subramanium, 2002; Fleck et al., 1992; Van den Tillaar
and Ettema,2004; Zapartidis et al., 2007). In the shoot in the water polo, it was not found
in the study literature showing that the legs are important to the upper limb transfers
by raising the legs outside the water (the force produced by the lower extremity) and
the upper extremities, but only with the upper extremity producing forces.
For this reason, the purpose of this study is; male water polo players to
investigate the relationship between the isokinetic forces produced by the upper and
lower limbs (with leg movements) and only upper limbs (without leg movements) and
the velocity of the shoot measured in two different shoot protocols (with and without
leg movements) in five different joint movements.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Participants
18 male water polo players (mean body mass 76.51±14.74 kg, mean stature 178.86±7.42
cm) aged 15-33 in the national professional Water Polo 1st League participated in the
study voluntarily. The design of the structure is in compliance with the Declaration of
Ethical Principles for Medical Research including Human Subjects and was approved by
the Medical Faculty Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the local university.
Informed consent forms were obtained from each subject prior to the study.
2.2 Experimental Design
Throwing velocity measurements of the 18 participants of the study were taken on three
separate training days, the isokinetic tests were completed on further training days. All
measurements were taken during the preparation period at the beginning of the season
and all tests were completed in one week.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
45
Aysegul Yapıcı, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol, Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran, Metin Ergun
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS
AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
2.3 Throwing Velocity Measurements
Bushnell Sports Radar (Sports Radar, Bushnell, USA), which has a velocity range of 16177 km·h-1 and can detect velocities up to 27 meters with an error margin of 2 km·h1
was used for the throwing velocity measurements of the players. For the
measurements carried out at the Olympic Swimming Pool of the local university, a
regular water polo field was set before the test, which was used for training purpose
and all the throws were sent to the regular water polo goal.
Shoot applications were created from two different protocols (with and without
leg movements). In the first protocol; shoot with the leg movements, the players’ foot
scissor movements were included (Figure 2). In the second protocol; in the unsteaded
shoots, the shoot (where the feet were fixed), in which the footscissors were not
involved, was thrown, the subjects' ankles, the knee and the hitch were fixed with the
tie and only the upper extremity was used to shoot (Figure 3). Since one of the primary
data the study focused on was the throwing velocity, there was no goalkeeper at the
goal and the players were asked to throw the ball to a point they wanted by focusing
well and at the highest possible velocity. Goal bound throws and those bouncing off the
goal post were included for evaluation. Throws sent into the goal by bouncing off the
water or those not thrown in the desired form were not evaluated.
In their study, Özkol ve ark (2013) found that among the 6 positions, throws
were mostly taken from p2, p3, and p4. In this respect, p2, p3 and p4 for overhead
throw (OHT) and p6 for back hand throw (BHT) and sweep throw (ST) were chosen for
the experimental procedure of this study. The 18 players were divided into 3 groups of
6 randomly, regardless of their playing positions in the game. The measurements of
each group were completed on separate training days. Each player took 3 throw from
these specified positions (p2, p3, p4, p6-back hand, p6-sweep) respectively (Figure 1-45). Sixty-second rest was given after each throw for each player, meanwhile, the player
was allowed to have passive passes in the water without getting tired. After completing
the throws of 6 players belonging to one position, it continued with the other position
respectively. Prior to the throws from specific positions, the players warmed up by 800
m water polo specific swimming, 10-15 minutes passing, and throwing to the goal from
different positions and forms for 10 minutes. In order to reduce the margin of error of
the throws taken by the players and to determine the correct velocity the radar was
located behind the goal at a 0 angle to the throwing position (direct line) (Figure 1).
Velocities were detected in km·h-1 by the sports radar and recorded simultaneously and
the best of the three trials was included in the evaluation.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
46
Aysegul Yapıcı, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol, Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran, Metin Ergun
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS
AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
Figure 1: Schematic display of throwing positions by radar, O2, O3, O4, O6 = throwing positions
Figure 2: With leg movement shoot, (a) trunk, (b) legs
Figure 3: Without leg movement shoot, (a) trunk, (b) legs
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
47
Aysegul Yapıcı, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol, Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran, Metin Ergun
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS
AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
Figure 4. Back hand throw
Figure 5: Sweep throw
2.4 Isokinetic Strength Measurements
Before the isokinetic test, subjects warmed-up on a cycle ergometer pedaling at a work
rate of 20 watts at 50 rpm for 7-minutes. An isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex Humac
Norm 770, USA) was used to measure the lower and upper extremities (hip abductionadduction, hip flexion-extension, knee flexion-extension, shoulder flexion-extension,
trunk flexion-extension) torque. The isokinetic dynamometer was calibrated at the
beginning of each test day in accordance with the procedures specified by the
manufacturer's manufacturer.
The tests were carried out in a standing, seatting and sitting position on the unit's
special seat. After giving preliminary information about the test, the anthropometric
data were input to the Cybex apparatus which was to be measured by the players, and
the device was adjusted. The range of motion the addition by the computer was found
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
48
Aysegul Yapıcı, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol, Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran, Metin Ergun
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS
AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
by making a movement to the player. After the test measurements were taken, the test
measurements made according to the protocol specified were transferred to the
computer environment. Isokinetic concentric muscle strength tests were performed
without gravity for specified joint movements. The measurements were completed in
two days for all players. Verbal encouragement was given to the subjects during the
measurement.
On the first day, isokinetic strength measurements of hip abduction/adduction,
shoulder extens/flexion and hip extensions/flexion were determined. The submaximal
trial (3 repetitions) and the test (5 repetitions) were performed at 60°/s angular velocity
in hip abduction/adduction and hip extension/flexion isokinetic force measurements.
Shoulder extension/flexion is 7 min at warm up for isokinetic force measurement. Arm
ergometer (55-65 rpm) and 3 min. Followed by submaximal trial (3 repetitions) and test
(5 repetitions) at 90°/s angular velocity (Brown, 2000).
On the second day, trunk extension/flexion and knee extension/flexion isokinetic
strength measurements were performed. In these isokinetic strength measurements
warming protocol for 7 min cycle (55-65 rpm), 1.5 min for special warming (crunch,
push-up, reverse shuttle for trunk), 1.5 min stretching followed by submaximal trial at
60°/s) and test (5 repetitions) (Brown, 2000). A 30 s time interval was provided between
repetitions whereas a 2 min rest period was given between angular velocity tests
(Tsiokanos et al., 2002).
2.5 Statistical Analyses
For data analyses, descriptive statistics relating the players’ physical characteristics,
data from isokinetic strength measurements and throws taken from different positions
were carried out. Shapiro-Wilk (SW) test was applied to test the fit of the data with
normal distribution. The paired t-test was used for statistical evaluation of the
differences between shoot types (with and without leg movements) in each shoot area.
The relationships between with and without leg movements throwing velocity
measurements were evaluated using Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis.
Lineer regression method is used to show the most predictive isokinetic data for each of
the lower and upper extremities tests. All analysis was executed in SPSS for Windows
version 17.0 and the statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
3. Results
Speeds in with leg shoots; 65.94 ± 6.97 km·h-1 in 2nd area, 64.78 ± 6.23 km·h-1 in 4th area
and 63.98 ± 5.12 km·h-1 in 3rd area. Speeds in without leg shoots; 57.00 ± 5.96 km·h-1 in 4th
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
49
Aysegul Yapıcı, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol, Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran, Metin Ergun
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS
AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
area, 56.50 ± 6.20 km·h-1in 2nd area and 54.89 ± 5.66 km·h-1 in 3rd area. According to Table
1, it was determined that the with leg shoots speeds were higher than the without leg
shoots speeds. In addition, the region where the shoot speeds with leg and the without
leg are closest to each other is the P6 area (back hand throw).
For each region, paired t test was used to measure the statistical significance of
the difference between the averages of with leg and the without leg on throwing
velocities. According to this; there is a significant difference between with leg and the
without leg on throwing velocities in 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th (sweep) regions (p<0.01, Table 1).
Table 1: Differences and descriptive statistics on throwing velocities (km·h -1)
by the positions they are taken (n=18)
with
positions
leg
CV%
shoot
P2
P3
P4
P6(BHS)
P6(SS)
65.94
6.97
63.83
5.12
64.78
6.23
50.22
11.87
45.94
10.10
10.57
8.02
9.61
23.63
21.98
CI
without
(95%)
leg shoot
62
56.50
-
69
61
6.20
-
66
62
5.66
-
68
44
51
57.00
5.96
-
56
41
54.89
44.11
7.94
-
41.89
9.63
CV%
10.97
10.31
10.45
18.01
22.98
CI
(95%)
53
-
60
52
-
58
54
-
60
40
-
48
37
47
-
difference
p
Cohen’s
d
9.44**
0.000
1.431
8.94**
0.000
1.657
7.78**
0.000
1.276
6.11**
0.001
0.605
4.06
0.114
0.41
CI
(95%)
dCohen
0.396 2.467
0.586 2.727
0.263 2.29
-0.34 1.55
-0.523 1.344
Isokinetic strength values in water polo players; 352.67 ± 71.3 Nm in trunk flexion and
292.22 ± 66.78 Nm in left hip extension and in right hip extension 291.83 ± 64.32 Nm,
94.56 14.61 Nm in shoulder flexion, 104.56 25.1 Nm in right hip abduction and
104.89 24.47 Nm left hip abduction (Table 2).
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
50
Aysegul Yapıcı, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol, Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran, Metin Ergun
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS
AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
Table 2: Isokinetic peak torque values (in Nm) and descriptive statistics, (n=18)
Trunk (60°/s)
Shoulder (90°/s)
Hip (60°/s)
Knee (60°/s)
mean ± sd
min - max
range
CV%
CI (95%)
Extension
222.17 ± 37.76
172 - 283
111
16.99
203 - 240
Flexion
352.67 ± 71.3
216 - 525
309
20.21
317 - 388
Extension
127.72 ± 37.33
81 - 198
117
29.22
109 - 146
Flexion
94.56 ± 14.61
66 - 122
56
15.45
87 - 101
Right Extension
291.83 ± 64.32
179 - 400
221
22.04
259 - 323
Right Flexion
179.94 ± 38.61
124 - 259
135
21.45
160 - 199
Left Extension
292.22 ± 66.78
172 - 426
254
22.85
259 - 325
Left Flexion
165.67 ± 28.91
115 - 207
95
17.45
151 - 180
Right Abduction
104.56 ± 25.1
66 - 146
80
24.01
92 - 117
Right Adduction
174.5 ± 54.12
100 - 266
166
31.01
147 - 201
Left Abduction
104.89 ± 24.47
60 - 138
78
23.32
92 - 117
Left Adduction
188.61 ± 52.87
116 - 262
146
28.03
162 - 214
Right Extension
229 ± 37.54
168 - 308
140
16.39
210 - 247
Right Flexion
157.61 ± 20.90
123 - 198
75
13.26
147 - 168
Left Extension
224.72 ± 37.93
155 - 296
141
16.87
205 - 243
Left Flexion
150.28 ± 23.09
114 - 212
98
15.36
138 - 161
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
51
Aysegul Yapıcı, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol, Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran, Metin Ergun
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS
AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
Table 3: Pearson correlation coefficients between with leg throwing velocities and
isokinetic strength measurements
TF
TE
SE
SF
RHE
LHE
RHF
LHF
RHAb
LHAb
RHAd
LHAd
RKE
LKE
RKF
LKF
(60/s)
(60/s)
(90/s)
(90/s)
(60/s)
(60/s)
(60/s)
(60/s)
(60/s)
(60/s)
(60/s)
(60/s)
(60/s)
(60/s)
(60/s)
(60/s)
2
0.52*
0.23
0.56*
0.42
0.44
0.41
0.34
0.39
-0.01
0.53*
-0.28
0.15
0.61**
0.43
0.43
0.51*
3
0.53*
0.21
0.40
0.47*
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.37
0.06
0.52*
-0.33
0.25
0.50*
0.30
0.44
0.53*
4
0.47*
0.41
0.34
0.56*
0.47*
0.52*
0.52*
0.52*
0.41
0.64**
-0.12
0.32
0.52*
0.49*
0.37
0.50*
6 (back)
0.72**
0.46
0.75**
0.61**
0.59*
0.63**
0.62**
0.56*
0.41
0.61**
0.02
0.32
0.69**
0.61**
0.30
0.28
6(sweep)
0.53*
0.12
0.07
0.08
0.32
0.52*
0.35
0.16
0.26
0.28
-0.06
0.15
0.35
0.36
0.09
0.18
Positions
* p≤ . , ** p≤ . , TF; trunk flexion, TE; trunk extension, SE; shoulder extension, SF; shoulder flexion, RHE; right hip extension, LHE; left hip extension, RHF;
right hip flexion, LHF; left hip flexion, RHAb; right hip abduction, LHAb; left hip abduction, RHAd; right hip adduction, LHAd; left hip adduction, RKE; right
knee extension, LKE; left knee extension, RKF; right knee flexion, LKF; left knee flexion.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
32
Aysegul Yapıcı, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol, Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran, Metin Ergun
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS
AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
The relationships between with and without leg movements throwing velocity
measurements were evaluated using Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis. In
terms of shooting positions, 2nd position when the relationship between the velocity of
with leg movement shoot and isokinetic muscle strength was considered, trunk flexion
(r=0.52), shoulder extension (r=0.56), left hip abduction (r=0.53), left knee flexion (r=0.51)
as relevant p<0.05, a relationship with right knee extension (r=0,61) was found (p<0.01).
3rd position, a positive relationship (p<0.05) was recorded between trunk flexion
(r=0.53), shoulder flexion (r=0.47), left hip abduction (r=0.52), right knee extension
(r=0.50) and left knee flexion (r=0.53). In 4th position, between the with leg movement
shoot and trunk flexion (r=0.47), shoulder flexion (r=0.56), right hip extension (r=0.47),
left hip extension (r=0.52), right hip flexion (r=0.52), left hip flexion (r=0.52), right knee
extension (r=0.52), left knee extension (r=0.49), left knee flexion (r=0.50) and left hip
abduction (r=0.64). A positive relationship (p<0.01) between with leg movement
(backhand) shoots thrown from 6th and trunk flexion (r=0.72), shoulder extension
(r=0.75), shoulder flexion (r=0.61), left hip extension (r=0.63), right hip flexion (r=0.62),
left hip abduction (r=0.61), right knee extension (r=0.69) and left knee extension (r=0.61).
Also a positive relationship (p<0.05) between the with leg movement backhand shoots
thrown in 6th position, and right hip extension (r=0.59) and left hip flexion (r=0.56). A
positive relationship (p<0.05) was seen between the shoots thrown from part 6th position
with leg movement sweep shoots and trunk flexion (r=0.53) and left hip extension
(r=0.52).
Table 4: Pearson correlation coefficients between without leg throwing velocities and
isokinetic strength measurements
Positions
TF (60/s)
TE (60/s)
SE (90/s)
SF (90/s)
2
0.68**
0.24
0.63**
0.49*
3
0.64**
0.31
0.49*
0.51*
4
0.68**
0.24
0.45
0.42
6 (back)
0.69**
0.41
0.87**
0.63**
0.56*
0.43
0.56*
0.46
6 (sweep)
* p≤ . , ** p≤ . , TF; trunk flexion, TE; trunk extension, SE; shoulder extension, SF; shoulder flexion
When the relationship between the velocity of without leg movement shoot and
isokinetic strength is overviewed according to the positions, in 2 nd position there is a
relationship between without leg movement shoot and trunk flexion (r=0.68) a positive
relationship was seen (p<0.01) and shoulder extension (r=0.63), with the shoulder
flexion (r=0.49) a positive relationship was seen (p<0.05). In 3rd position, there is a
positive relationship (p<0.01), was recorded in the trunk flexion (r=0.64), a positive
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
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Aysegul Yapıcı, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol, Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran, Metin Ergun
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS
AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
relationship (p<0.05) was seen in shoulder extension (r=0.49) and shoulder flexion
(r=0.51). In 4th position, a positive relationship (p<0.01) was found with the trunk flexion
(r=0.68). A positive relationship (p<0.01) was found with the without leg movement
backhand shoots that were thrown from the 6 th position and trunk flexion (r=0.69),
shoulder extension (r=0.87), shoulder flexion (r=0.63). A positive relationship (p<0.05)
was recorded with the without leg movement sweep shoots and trunk flexion (r=0.56)
and shoulder extension (r=0.56).
4. Discussion
The purpose of this study is; male water polo players to investigate the relationship
between the isokinetic forces produced by the upper and lower limbs
(with leg
movements) and only upper limbs (without leg movements) and the velocity of the
shoot measured in two different shoot protocols (with and without leg movements) in
five different joint movements.
4.1 Examination of the difference between with and without leg movements velocity
of the shoot
There were significant differences in throwing velocities between different throw forms
taken from 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th
positions (p<0.05). In 6th area, there was no significant
difference between two shoot form (back and sweep). It is seen that the average of the
with leg movements throwing velocity is higher (13.17%) than that of the with leg
movements throwing velocity. The lower extremity fixed from the feet, knees and hips
in the unbalanced shoot protocol, the body is more resistant to water resistance because
it can not lift the body up. Staying in the water until the shoulder is up to the shoulder
causes the whip movement in the direction of the shooting shoot to fail (trunk extensor
and flexion) and this situation has a negative effect on the shooting velocities. The level
of out of the water at the shoot, the vertical is the best determinant of the ball speed
(Ball, 2004). In unsteady shoot form, this may have affected the speed of the ball
because the lower extremities of the subjects were fixed and their bodies could not be
brought to maximal height.
4.2 Investigation of the relationship between the isokinetic forces of the upper and
lower extremities and the with leg movements velocity of the shoot
There was found to be statistically significant the relationship between the isokinetic
forces produced by the upper and lower extremities and the the with and without leg
movements velocity of the shoots taken from different regions. Platanou and Varamenti
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Aysegul Yapıcı, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol, Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran, Metin Ergun
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS
AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
(2011) found that the isokinetic strength of the shoulder inner rotation (IR) and the
outer rotation (ER) affected the shooting velocity in the water polo in their study of 33
female water polo players. In their study, they found a positive correlation between the
velocity of the muscle and the velocity of the shoot.
In one of the studies, the shooting velocity and internal - external rotation forces
of the two groups of female water polo players (old-young) were examined and the
power differences between the groups were examined. Older players; the superiority of
the technical skills in the head-to-head shootings, the increased arm lengths, the
increased strength of the shoulder's internal and external rotation indicate that the
velocity of the shoot is higher than that of young players. Anthropometric features are
important in shoot velocity, increased muscular performance, superior physiological
and technical characteristics will increase the shooting velocity (Varamenti and
Platanou, 2008). In with leg movements velocity of the shoots; trunk flexion, shoulder
flexion, left hip extensor, left hip abduction, right knee extension and left knee flexion
are more effective. This is because there is a significant positive correlation between the
forces produced by these joint movements and the shooting velocities of at least 3 and
more regions from 5 different regions shoot at.
During the shoot, the force generated by the legs (eggbag kick) in the repeated
the hip and knee helps the athlete to lift his body out of the water. At this time, the body
moves like a whip with the release of the torso and the force is transmitted to the arm,
then the ball is shoot. A positive relationship was found with the without leg movement
backhand shoots that were thrown from the 6 th position and trunk flexion, shoulder
extension, shoulder flexion, right-left hip extension, right-left hip flexion, left hip
abduction, right-left knee extension. In the over-water and underwater evaluations of
the reverse shooting action, when reaching the ball and throwing the ball, reaching the
ball and throwing the ball at the moment of the shoulder extensors, again catching the
ball and raising the athlete during the shooting, knee and hip thrusts and traction, in the
last shoot, the trunk rotation was seen to be used more during the shoot in the rotation
of the body.
It is seen that the left hip extension before the ball hand exit, and the trunk
flexion in the forward movement of the body are used more frequently during the
catching of the ball during the sweep shoots that were thrown from the 6th position. It is
seen that shooting preparation during the shoots that were thrown from the 2nd and 3th
position, the shoulder flexion when the body is pulled back together with the ball.
Throwing the ball together arm from before the ball hand exit, the body flexion appears
to be used more for the contribution of the lower extremity (hip and knee) movements
to the vertical rise from the water. Raising or jumping in water, with appropriate
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
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Aysegul Yapıcı, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol, Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran, Metin Ergun
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS
AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
anthropometric properties, increase in muscle strength are parameters that provides an
increase in shoot velocity.
4.3 Investigation of the relationship between the isokinetic forces of the upper
extremities and the different position without leg movements velocity of the shoot
There was found to be statistically significant the relationship between the isokinetic
forces produced by the upper extremities and the without leg movements velocity of
the shoots taken from different regions. In our study, there was a positive relationship
seen between the velocity of without leg movement shoot and isokinetic strength is
overviewed according to the positions, in all position there is a relationship between
without leg movement shoot and trunk flexion (60/s) 352.67 ± 71.30 Nm, shoulder
flexion (90/s) 127.72 ± 37.33 Nm (6th position back/sweep, 2nd and 3rd position) (Table 2).
When in our study the correlation coefficients between the shoot velocities obtained
from the two different shooting protocols and isokinetic strength measurements, the
contribution of the isokinetic strength produced by the upper extremities to the velocity
of shoot appears to be greater in the with leg movement than in the without leg
movement shoot (Table 3-4). In the without leg movements velocity of the shoots; trunk
flexion (2nd, 3rd, 4th and 6th back/sweep position), shoulder flexion (2nd, 3rd and 6th back)
and shoulder flexion (2nd, 3rd and 6th back) was found to be more effective than in the
with leg movement shoot.
In the without leg movement shoot, the athlete, who is fixed by his ankle, knee
and thigh, takes all his strength from the upper extremity. In the meaning of muscle
performance an athletes who have a strong body, abdomen, abdomen, back and arm
muscles and with good anthropometric characteristics use the momentum of the body
during the shooting.
In our study, it was determined that the contribution of the upper extremities
was more than without leg shoots speeds were higher than the with leg shoots speeds.
This shows us that the strength of the trunk, back and shoulder muscles as well as the
lower extremity is necessary for a quick shoot. The increase in strength produced by
each segment of the body provides a more effective shoot. To increase ball speed,
shoulder internal and external rotation, flexion and extension, elbow supine and wrist
flexion are contributing factors. The momentum created by the body in front of the
shoot is very important for ball control during the shoot. Water polo players, their
bodies closes like a whips and the accelerating the force transmitted to the ball makes a
effective shoot.
Narici et al. (2000), was investigated the relationship between knee extension and
hip flexion forces and ball striking velocity in soccer players. Peak torque values of the
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
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Aysegul Yapıcı, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol, Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran, Metin Ergun
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS
AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
knee extensor muscles were 103 ± 21 Nm and peak torque values of the hip flexion
muscles were 147 ± 33 Nm. In their study, it was found high correlation between these
forces with maximal shooting velocity. William et al. (1999) found that the increase in
strength of the shoulder abduction-adduction with shoulder external-internal rotation
at 90/s angular velocity increases torque production.
Saliba’s study
, was conducted to determine if there is a relationship
between isokinetic strength and shoot performance and leap in Austrian football
players and measuring it by applying the test protocol to the knee flexion extremity at a
biodex isokinetic dynamometer at 60 /s, 240 /s, 360 /s angular velocity. There was no
statistically relationship between maximal shoot velacity and isokinetic knee strength.
David et al. (2005) were found that increase in strength force in shoulder flexion,
shoulder internal rotation, and abduction increased isokinetic strength in 40 tennis
players. The isokinetic forces of the internal and external rotation of the shoulder at 60120 /s angular velocity were measured, while standing at the national level male
handballs. There was no statistically relationship between shoulder internal and
external rotation isokinetic peak torque and shooting velocity. Larry et al. (1982) were
investigated the relationship between upper extremity strength and shooting velocity in
8 baseball player. They was found that a relationship between elbow and wrist
extension strength and shooting velocity. Fleck et al. (1992) were found that to be
stronger than internal rotators and external rotators in both dominant and nondominant arm measurements at 90 /s and 180 /s angular velocity in two handball
players groups. In other study, the isokinetic data measured on the baseballs that
imitate the upper-arm throw similar to the goal-ball castle motion were found to be
similar (Brown, 2000). Studies examining the biomechanical analysis of the shoot in the
water polo (Ball, 1996; Stirn and Strojnik, 2006; Van der, 2005), the speed of shoot, the
force of the muscles, the technique and the synchronization of the different segments.
Kaga et al. (1986) emphasize that the elite water polo players have moved higher up the
body with knee flexion-extensions to emphasize that they produce more force during
the shooting, that is, they use the lower extremity more. In a biomechanical study
examining the effect of the torso on the shoot, they found that the lateral flexion of the
torso and trunk rotation (along with hip and shoulder rotation) contributed to the
rotation of the ball around itself and to the desired direction (Van der, 2005). Leach et al.
(1985) were found that the ability to use lateral trunk flexion and the increased range of
motion of the shoulder joint accelerate a shoot with a good technique. In the same
study, increased elbow flexion and external rotation indicated that ball speed would
increase.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
45
Aysegul Yapıcı, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol, Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran, Metin Ergun
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS
AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
Ball (2005), in his biomechanical study of elite players in the waterpolo, he stated
that the shooting speed reached 50-80 km/h depending on the muscular force, shoot
technique, fascia length and lateral trunk flexion. In Ball (2004) analysis, he was found
that 30-35% of trunk rotation, 20-30% of shoulder internal rotation and arm adduction,
20-27% of elbow extension and 8-13% of wrist flexion contributed to shoot velocity in
water polo. In the water polo players, body flexion, trunk extensor, and shoulder
extensions were significantly correlated with shoot speed of joint motion width
measurements (Bloomfield, 1990; Tan, 2009; Triplett, 1991; McMaster, 1991).
These works show that there is a significant contribution to the shooting velocity
of the upper limbs; even if the shooting forms are in with and without leg forms in the
water polo. The contribution of the isokinetic strength produced by the upper
extremities to the shooting velocity seems to be higher without leg movements velocity
shoot than with the leg movements velocity of the shoots.
5. Conclusion
A significant difference was found between with and without leg movement in
different throwing velocity shoots were recorded in different shooting positions. This
difference was significant in shoots from the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th (sweep) regions.
It was determined that the average of the with the leg movements velocity of the
shoots was higher than with the leg movements velocity of the shoots. The isokinetic
strength produced by the upper and lower limbs’ relation with the velocity of with leg
movement shoots. The isokinetic strength produced by the upper limbs’ relation with
the velocity of without leg movement shoots thrown from different parts was found.
The isokinetic strength's (produced by the upper limbs) contribution to the velocity of
the shoot in without leg movement shoot is higher than with leg movement shoots. The
results of the study upper limbs strengths’ trunk flexion, shoulder flexion, shoulder
extension) are more effective in the velocity of the shoot.
According to these results, in order to meet the conditional and physiological
requirements specific to the sewing machine, the isokinetic measurements should be
made during the pre-season. The results of this study; coaches will assist in the
planning of strength training, taking into account the different correlations and
contributions of isokinetic strength produced by the upper and lower extremities in
with and without leg movement in different throwing velocity shoots.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
46
Aysegul Yapıcı, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol, Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran, Metin Ergun
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS
AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Turkish Prime Ministry State
Planning Organization for the project (Project number: 05-SPO-003/29), Ege University
School of Physical Education and Sports managers and research assistants for their
assistance in organizing the testing sessions, ESTI water polo club and players who
participated in the study.
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AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
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Aysegul Yapıcı, Mehmet Zeki Ozkol, Bahtiyar Ozçaldıran, Metin Ergun
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROWING VELOCITY WITH AND WITHOUT LEG MOVEMENTS
AND ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS
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