European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.290620
A STUDY ON IMMEDİATE EFFECT OF SMOKİNG ON YOUNG
ATHLETES İN RESPECT OF SELECTED PHYSİOLOGİCAL
VARİABLES INFLUENCİNG AEROBİC PERFORMANCE
Shaybal Chanda1i
Nasim Reza2
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science,
Jessore University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
2
Dr. Md, Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science,
Jessore University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
Abstract:
Immediate effect of smoking on young athletes in respect of selected physiological
variables influencing aerobic performance. The purpose of this research was to
investigate immediate effect of smoking on aerobic performance to promote or reject
smoking before any cardiovascular endurance activity. For this experiment 16 young
athletes age between 20 to 24 years with Mean age of approximately 23 years were
randomly selected as subject; and for physiological variables those are closely
associated with aerobic capacity were selected, Tests - i. Pulse Rate per Minute: Before
Cooper Test (CT) – Immediate after completion of CT – 3 Minutes after recovery; ii.
Blood Pressure in mmHg: Before CT - 3 Minutes after recovery; iii. Forced Vital
Capacity (FVC) in Liters/Minute: Before CT – 3 Minutes after recovery; iv. Oxygen
Saturation (SpO2) in Percentage: Before Cooper Test (CT) – Immediate after completion
of CT – 3 Minutes after recovery; v. Blood Sugar in mmole/Liter: Before CT - 3 Minutes
after recovery; and to find performance Cooper Test (CT) to measure Cardiovascular
Endurance in Kilometer were selected. Researchers came to following conclusion out of
through and judicious analysis from collected data.
a. Smoking influenced on the pulse rate taken before the aerobic capacity test.
b. Blood Presser level rose test taken immediate before CT test in both systolic and
diastolic due to smoking cigarette.
c. Lung capacity measured in FVC remarkably influenced by smoking.
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved.
© 2015 – 2017 Open Access Publishing Group
61
Shaybal Chanda, Nasim Reza
A STUDY ON IMMEDİATE EFFECT OF SMOKİNG ON YOUNG ATHLETES İN RESPECT OF SELECTED
PHYSİOLOGİCAL VARİABLES INFLUENCİNG AEROBİC PERFORMANCE
d. SpO2 remain in normal range before CT and 3 minutes after with smoking and
without smoking but immediate after test score hit to 80% in both the conditions. No
impact of smoking was recorded on O2 saturation in terms of Mean value.
e. Smoking increased Blood sugar level in 3 minutes after recovery test.
f. Cooper test performance scores were severely reduced by smoking.
g. On Body Mass Index Smoking had very little or no impact in investigation.
Keywords: smoking, young athletes, aerobic performance
1. Introduction
Now a day everyone is well aware of the ill consequence like: Smoking-caused lung
cancer, other cancers, heart disease, and stroke typically do not occur until years after a
person's first cigarette of smoking cigarette but so many a young athletes believe that
smoking just before exercise help them to perform better. However, there are many
serious harms from smoking that occur much sooner. In fact, smoking has numerous
immediate health effects on the brain and on the respiratory, cardiovascular,
gastrointestinal, immune and metabolic systems. Thus, researchers have taken their
interest to justify about the claim of young athletes whether really smoking cigarette
help them physiologically and in performance.
This research leads to the immediate effect of smoking on major physiological
factors during aerobic exercise and consequential performance. To test physiological
effects researchers have selected Pulse Rate, Blood Pressure, Forced Vital Capacity, O2
saturation in Blood, Blood Sugar and cooper Test to assess aerobic performance.
2. Methods
2.1 Subjects
Researchers were randomly selected 16 young athletes from Jessore University of
Science and Technology age range between 20 to 24 years and the Mean age was about
23 years. Most of them were somewhat involved in sports and physical exercise and
none of they were high level performer.
2.2 Used Devices
Table 1: Used Devices
SL
01
Instruments
Treadmill
Brand
KPOWER, K253A-B
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
Function
Aerobic Test
62
Shaybal Chanda, Nasim Reza
A STUDY ON IMMEDİATE EFFECT OF SMOKİNG ON YOUNG ATHLETES İN RESPECT OF SELECTED
PHYSİOLOGİCAL VARİABLES INFLUENCİNG AEROBİC PERFORMANCE
02
Pulse Oximeter
Carewell
Pulse Rate & O2
Saturation
03
Glucometer
On Call Plus
Blood Sugar
04
Spirometer
Wright Peak Flow Meter Clement Clarke Int.
Lung Function
Ltd.
05
Sphygmomanometer
SCIAN, ID 578
Blood Pressure
06
Body Height Scale
TCS-200-RT, Electronic Body Scale
Body Height
07
BMI Scale
Digital BMI Scale, Tanita
BMI
2.3 Test Administration
Investigators used Special Theory and Method of Training (SPMT) Laboratory and
exercise Physiology Laboratory of Physical Education and Sports Science Department of
Jessore University of Science and Technology in the purpose of data collection.
Picture 1-7: Used Instruments
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
63
Shaybal Chanda, Nasim Reza
A STUDY ON IMMEDİATE EFFECT OF SMOKİNG ON YOUNG ATHLETES İN RESPECT OF SELECTED
PHYSİOLOGİCAL VARİABLES INFLUENCİNG AEROBİC PERFORMANCE
A. Trademill: Researchers used Motorized Treadmill/Commercial Class SC/ max. 180
kg, Console 7-Window LED, Motor AC, Peak 6.0HP/ Con. 4.0 HP, Speed 1-25 km/h (9
Quick-Speed), Incline Motor 0 - 15% (7 Quick-Incline), Running Surface 580 X 1660 mm
to take Cooper Test.
B. Pulse Oximeter: Scholars made use of lDual-color LCD display, brightness 4-level
adjustable, l4-direction readings automatically, l6 display modes, lDisplay of SpO2, PR,
SpO2 bar graph, PR waveform, lAuto-OFF after 8 seconds without operation, lVisual
alarm of low battery capacity, lLess than 0.4% perfusion Pulse Oximeter to find Pulse
and O2 saturation in blood.
C. Glucometer: Accurate results in 10 seconds, Glucose Oxidase enzyme means no
interference from Icodextrin, Maltose, Galactose at normal physiological and
therapeutic levels, 300 test memory with date and time; Investigators used it for blood
sugar analysis.
D. Spirometer: mini- Peak Flow Meter of analog version was used to measure Forced
Vital Capacity (FVC) was used by the scholars to study lungs function.
E. Sphygmomanometer: This device adopts oscillometric technology with Fuzzy
Algorithms, measuring arterial blood pressure and pulse rate. The cuff is wrapped
around the arm and automatically inflated by the air pump. The sensor of the device
catches weak fluctuation of the pressure in the cuff produced by extension and
contraction of the artery of the arm in response to each heartbeat. The amplitude of the
pressure waves is measured, converted in millimeters of the mercury column and is
displayed by digital value. This was used to measure Blood Pressure of the subject.
F. Body Height Scale: Weighing Capacity of 200 kg, Simple operation, 100g increment
is ideal for dietary assessment and weight management, Dual Function with Weight
and Height Rod, Easy portability, Versatile as the unit has an internal rechargeable
battery and Power Adaptor; was used to find height of the young athletes by the
Investigators.
G. BMI Scale: glass digital BMI scale with capacity of 200kg to find Body Mass Index of
the subjects.
2. 4 Demonstration of the Test
To make understandable of the subject s concepts investigators had given several
demonstrations along with verbal explanation concerning the test. Researcher took
feedback from the subjects and made sure that there was no confusion among the
subjects regarding their task.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
64
Shaybal Chanda, Nasim Reza
A STUDY ON IMMEDİATE EFFECT OF SMOKİNG ON YOUNG ATHLETES İN RESPECT OF SELECTED
PHYSİOLOGİCAL VARİABLES INFLUENCİNG AEROBİC PERFORMANCE
2.5 Procedure
Subjects worn running shoes, short and T-shirts and run on the treadmill. They had
been instructed not to eat any heavy meal in 2 hours before the test. Young players gave
their test in 2 different days between 3 days of gap. First day they smoked half to one
and half normal size cigarette available in Bangladesh market as per their preference
before giving test, and in the second test day they did not smoked in last 24 hours. They
had been properly motivated to perform their bet on the treadmill. Researchers
collected height and weight to calculate BMI. In both the days subjects gave their
following test i. Pulse Rate per Minute: Before Cooper Test (CT) – Immediate after
completion of CT – 3 Minutes after recovery; ii. Blood Pressure in mmHg: Before CT - 3
Minutes after recovery; iii. Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) in Liters/Minute: Before CT – 3
Minutes after recovery; iv. Oxygen Saturation in Percentage: Before Cooper Test (CT) –
Immediate after completion of CT – 3 Minutes after recovery; v. Blood Sugar in
mmole/Liter: Before CT - 3 Minutes after recovery; vi. Cooper Test (CT) to measure
Cardiovascular Endurance in Kilometer. Data were collected and noted with the 4 well
trained assistants.
Table 3: Tests taken with and without smoking
Name of
Before Cooper
Immediate after
3 Minutes after recovery
Test (CT)
completion of CT
from CT
Pulse Rate
X
X
X
P/M
Blood
X
X
mmHg
FVC
X
X
Lit/Min
SpO2
X
X
%
Blood Sugar
X
X
mmol/L
Test
Unit
Pressure
X
Cooper Test
X
Km
BMI
X
Numeric
2.6 Trials
Most of the athletes had no previous experience of running on treadmill and concept of
cooper test thus scholars brought all the subject in trial complete test for once three
days prior to the day of first smoking test day. These three days is enough time to get
recovery which researchers ensured.
2.7 Collection of Data
Data was collected in 2 different days with pus of 3 days in between; first day with
smoking and on second test day without smoking with the assistance of 4 well trained
assistances.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
65
Shaybal Chanda, Nasim Reza
A STUDY ON IMMEDİATE EFFECT OF SMOKİNG ON YOUNG ATHLETES İN RESPECT OF SELECTED
PHYSİOLOGİCAL VARİABLES INFLUENCİNG AEROBİC PERFORMANCE
2.8 Limitations
There was some situation and condition which were out of researchers control i.e. - day
temperature; food of subjects since they live in different places and food habit also
different; smoke tolerance; and psychology etc.
2.9 Statistical Analysis
In the purpose of statistical analysis of collected data, investigators used Range, Mean,
Difference and standard deviation as tools with the help of Microsoft Excel.
3. Results and Discussion
Figure 1: Bar Chart of Pulse Rate (PR) with and Without Smoking
Bar Chart shows that pulse taken before the cooper test it was found little (10 bits)
higher than test taken in nonsmoking condition but result taken immediate after CT
was same and three minutes after recovery purse rate was very close but smoking test
was negligibly higher.
Figure 2: Blood Pressure (BP) Mean value in mmHg with and without smoking
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
66
Shaybal Chanda, Nasim Reza
A STUDY ON IMMEDİATE EFFECT OF SMOKİNG ON YOUNG ATHLETES İN RESPECT OF SELECTED
PHYSİOLOGİCAL VARİABLES INFLUENCİNG AEROBİC PERFORMANCE
Blood Presser test result showed that systolic diastolic BP was little higher test given
before going on the treadmill in the condition of smoking and test taken in other two
conditions systolic and diastolic rose at the same peak of approximately 135/70 mmHg.
Figure 3: Mean value of Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) in Liters/Minutes
Lung capacity significantly dropped in both the tests taken before and after cooper test
during smoking condition. Difference was more in FVC test score given before exercise
but in both the cases 3 minutes after exercise test result increased than previous test
result.
Figure 4A and 4B: Mean value of Oxygen saturation (SpO2) in Blood in percentage (4A)
and SpO2 SD (4B)
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
67
Shaybal Chanda, Nasim Reza
A STUDY ON IMMEDİATE EFFECT OF SMOKİNG ON YOUNG ATHLETES İN RESPECT OF SELECTED
PHYSİOLOGİCAL VARİABLES INFLUENCİNG AEROBİC PERFORMANCE
Figure 4A depicts Mean value of O2 saturation in remained same in all the three tests
taken before, immediate after and three minutes after the cooper test in both the
situations but test taken immediate after CT score came down to 80%. Figure 4B shows
in all the cases there was standard deviation and in the test taken immediate after CT
was about 4 score less than the nonsmoking situation.
Figure 5: Blood Sugar (RBS) Test Mean value in mmol/L
In terms of blood sugar test given before CT with and without smoking was exactly the
same but test taken three minutes after the CT was found Mean value 0.30 mmol/L
higher in the smoking state.
Figure 6: Mean value of Cooper Test in Km
Column chart of Cooper Test depict that mean value with smoking is significantly
lower that of test given without smoking is about 200 Miters difference.
Figure 7: Line graph of BMI and CTs value in Km
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
68
Shaybal Chanda, Nasim Reza
A STUDY ON IMMEDİATE EFFECT OF SMOKİNG ON YOUNG ATHLETES İN RESPECT OF SELECTED
PHYSİOLOGİCAL VARİABLES INFLUENCİNG AEROBİC PERFORMANCE
Line graph of smoking and nonsmoking CT tests scores remain the same according to
BMI. BMI did not play any visible role on BMI specific in two different conditions.
4. Conclusion
Researchers selected 16 young athletes randomly for this study and physiological testsPulse Rate, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Capacity, Oxygen Saturation Level, Blood
Sugar and Cooper Test for performance testing. Investigators analyzed two different
test result one taken without smoking and another taken after smoking.
The purpose of this study was to investigate immediate effect of smoking on
young athletes in respect of selected physiological variables influencing aerobic
performance.
In this regard researchers data from Pulse Rate, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular
Capacity, Oxygen Saturation Level, Blood Sugar and Cooper tests and analyzed using
statistical tools like Range, Mean Standard Deviation. Findings of the study are as
follows:
a. Smoking influenced on the pulse rate taken before the aerobic capacity test.
b. Blood Presser level rose test taken immediate before CT test in both systolic and
diastolic due to smoking cigarette.
c. Lung capacity measured in FVC remarkably influenced by smoking.
d. SpO2 remain in normal range before CT and 3 minutes after with smoking and
without smoking but immediate after test score hit to 80% in both the conditions.
No impact of smoking was recorded on O2 saturation in terms of Mean value.
e. Smoking increased Blood sugar level in 3 minutes after recovery test.
f. Cooper test performance scores were severely reduced by smoking.
g. On Body Mass Index Smoking had very little or no impact in investigation.
5. Recommendations
Smoking cigarette immediate before endurance activity negatively affect on different
physiological abilities, those are determining factor of cardiovascular endurance and
impair aerobic performance. Though, on some physiological variables effect of smoking
were no reported but in most of the physiological variables, its negative impact had
been strongly observed. Researchers strongly recommend not smoking cigarette before
any endurance activity for the young athletes. Moreover, Investigators also recommend
to carrying out further researches in this field with other physiological variables those
are determining factor for cardiovascular endurance.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
69
Shaybal Chanda, Nasim Reza
A STUDY ON IMMEDİATE EFFECT OF SMOKİNG ON YOUNG ATHLETES İN RESPECT OF SELECTED
PHYSİOLOGİCAL VARİABLES INFLUENCİNG AEROBİC PERFORMANCE
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Shaybal Chanda, Nasim Reza
A STUDY ON IMMEDİATE EFFECT OF SMOKİNG ON YOUNG ATHLETES İN RESPECT OF SELECTED
PHYSİOLOGİCAL VARİABLES INFLUENCİNG AEROBİC PERFORMANCE
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European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
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Shaybal Chanda, Nasim Reza
A STUDY ON IMMEDİATE EFFECT OF SMOKİNG ON YOUNG ATHLETES İN RESPECT OF SELECTED
PHYSİOLOGİCAL VARİABLES INFLUENCİNG AEROBİC PERFORMANCE
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