QUALITY IMPLICATIONS OF LEARNING INFRASTRUCTURE ON PERFORMANCE IN SECONDARY EDUCATION: A SMALL SCALE STUDY OF A COUNTY IN KENYA
Abstract
Learning infrastructure is a key base for effective teaching and learning in schools. The infrastructure forms a very important component in ensuring successful
education. The purpose of the study was to evaluate quality implications of learning infrastructure on secondary education in a County in Kenya. The objective of the study was to explore the quality implications of learning infrastructure on secondary education. The study employed the Production Function Theory. The study adopted sequential explanatory design that was employed within mixed methods approach. The target population constituted of 334 principals, 334 senior teachers and 9 education officers. The sample size constituted of 181 principals 181 senior teachers selected through stratified random sampling technique and 9 education officers selected by saturated sampling technique. Instruments for data collection were questionnaires, interview schedule. Reliability was determined by piloting through the split-half method. The reliability index for the instrument was 0.826. Quantitative data for the study was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. On the concern about educational facilities; library had the highest Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (PMCC) of (r = .832, p=.001), this was followed by a correlation of .800 for laboratory. This shows that they had a positive association in the model of educational facilities. Further; there were also positive correlations of .730, .716 and .715 for administration offices and water, administration offices and classroom, laboratory and classroom respectively. This study finding might assist in decision making to the Ministry of Education and all other stakeholders in education in implementing policies that might ensure provision of educational infrastructure for quality education. This study recommends that the Ministry of Education (MoE) and schools revisit their policies related to provision of safety measures and work towards their implementation.
Article visualizations:
Keywords
References
Abagi, O. (1997). Public and private investment in primary Education in Kenya: An Agenda for Action. Nairobi: IP.
Abagi, O., Owino, W., Sifuna, D.N., Wanga, M., and Karugu,A. (2000). Implementing the Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Education System of Kenya (Koech Report).Realities, Challenges and Prospects. Nairobi: IPAR.
Abisaki O.; Mutsotso S.and Poipoi M. (2013). Analysis of Non-Formal Curricular Activities in Mumias Sub-County, Kenya. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences September, Vol. 3, No. 9 ISSN: 2222-6990. Kibabii University 595
Achoka J.S.K. (2006). Female Gender Vulnerability and Challenges of HIV/AIDS to Health, Education and Development in Kenya. Inter. J. Disaster Management and Risk Reduction. CDMHA 1:29-33.
Adeogun A.A. (2001). The principal and the financial management of public secondary schools in Osun State. Journal of Educational System and Development. 5(1), pp.10
Adeyemi T. O. And Adu N. E. (2012) International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, Vol. 1, No. 1 Department of Curriculum Studies, College of Education. Department of Educational Foundations and Management, University of Ado Ekiti, Nigeria.
Apida R. A. (2010). Influence of the home environment on learners’ participation rates in public day secondary schools in Nairobi North district, Kenya. (Unpublished Masters project), University of Nairobi.
Armstrong M. (2006). Human Resource Management Practice (10th Ed) London: Kogan page limited.
Ary, D. Jacobs, C. L. & Razavieh, A. (2002). Introduction to research in Education. USA: Wadsworth Thompson Learning.
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA). (2003). The Challenge of Learning: Improving the Quality of Basic Education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Discussion paper for the ADEA Biennial Meeting, Grand Baize, Mauritius, 3-6 December. Paris, Association for the Development of Education in Africa.
Avoke, M. (2005). Special education needs in Ghana: Policy, Practice and Research. Winneba: Special Education Books.
Bennell, P. and Akyeampong, K. (2007). Teacher Motivation in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. DFID Department of international Development, 71.
Bernard, A. (1999). The child-friendly school: a summary. Paper written for UNICEF New York.
Bonet, (2010). Varying co-efficient Meta analytic method for alpha reliability, method. California Sage Publication.
Boyle, S., Brock, A., Mace, J., and Sibbons, M. (2002). Reaching the poor: The 'costs' of sending children to school. A six country comparative study. (Educational Papers). London: Department for International Development. Brothers.
Bryk, A.S. and Thum, Y.M. (1989). The Effects of high School Organization on Dropping out: an Exploratory Investigation. American Educational Research Journal, 26(3), 353- 383.
Bryman, A. (2004). Social Research Method. (2nd Edition.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. centered leadership: A conceptual foundation. East China Normal University
Cheng,Y.C. and Tsui, K.T. (1997). Multi-Models of Teacher Effectiveness: Implications for Research. Paper presented at the European Conference of Educational Research in Frankfurt, on September 24-27.
Cohen, L. Manion and Morrison, K. (2007) Research Methods in Education. London: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group.
Coombs, P. H. (1968). The World educational crisis, Allahabad: A. H. Wheeler and Co. Flash Reports I, 2008-09 & 2009-010, DOE.
Creswell, J. and Plano Clark, V. L. (2007). Mixed Methods Research, (California Sage Publications)
Creswell, J. W. (2002). Educational Research: Planning, Conduction and Evaluation Quantitative and qualitative research. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
Cronbach, L.J. (1990). Essentials of Psychological Testings (5th Edition).New York: Harper and Row Publishing.
Davis, S., Darling-Hammond, L., LaPointe, M., and Meyerson, D. (2005). School Leadership Study: Developing Successful Principals (Review of Research)
Deana, B.D., Ernest, L.C., and Robert, J.G.(1999). The effects of extracurricular activity, ethnic identification and perception of school student dropout rates. Hispanic Journal Behaviour Sciences.
Dre`ze, J. and Kingdon, G. (2001). School Participation in Rural India. Review of Development Economics, 5(1), 1-24.
Egen, F. and Kauchack, C. (1992). Educational manpower and Economic Growth: Strategies of Human Resource Development. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company. Financial Sector Deepening Trust. (2009). FinAccess Survey 2009, Nairobi, Kenya.
Fortune R. D. (2013). A Study of the Effect of Co-Curricular Courses on Student Attendance, Composite Act Score and Student Dropout Rate. The Department of Professional Education Faculty Northwest Missouri State University Missouri Department of Professional Education College of Education and Human Services Maryville, MO 64468 683 Research Paper
Fraenkel, J.R. and Wallen, N.E. (2003). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (4th Edition).San Fransisco: McGraw-Hill Inc.
Fuller, B. and Dellagnelo, L. (1999). How to raise children’s literature. The influence of family, teacher and classroom in North East Brazil. Comparative education review. Context of schools. http://portal.org/education
Gall, M. D. J. P. and Borg. W. R. (2007) Educational research: An introduction. (8th Edition.). Pearson Education Inc., Boston.
Gituma S. K.; Aden I. N. and Musyoka J. M. (2013) International Review of Management and Business Research Vol. 2 Issue. 3 Walking the Talk in Strategy and Policy Implementation: A Survey of Secondary Schools in Meru Central District. ISSN: 2306- 9007.
Glennerster, R. Kremer, K., Mbiti, I. and Takavarasha, K. (2011). Access and Quality in the Kenyan Education System: A Review of the Progress, Challenges and Potential Solutions. Office of the Prime Minister of Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya.
Gray, J. & Hackling, M. (2009). Wellbeing and Retention: A Senior Secondary Student Perspective. The Australian Educational Researcher, 36(2), 119-145.
Griffins G., (1994) Straight talk about Boarding School Management in Kenya. School Master: Nairobi: Lectern Publications,
Habegger, S. (2008). The principal’s role in successful schools: creating a positive school culture. Educational Leadership, 88(1), 42-46. Performances in National Examinations. Government Printers.
Hanushek, E; Neto, J.B.G and Harbison, R.W. (1996).Efficiency Enhancing Investment in School Quality in Opportunity Foregone. Washington D. C: John Hopkins University Press.
Holford, K. (2010). God’s Little Book for Parents. Thailand: Autumn House Publishing (Europe).
Howell, D. (2002). Statistical Methods for Psychology. Pacific Grove, CA: Duxbury.
http://www.simplypsychology.org/qualitative-quantitative In Busiro County Secondary Schools, Wakiso District. Makerere University Institutions in Pakistan. International Researcher Volume No.1 Issue No. 4 MC High School IER Punjab University (Pakistan)
Huang, F.L. & Moon, T.R. (2009) Is experience the best teacher? A multilevel analysis of teacher characteristics and student achievement in low performing schools Educ Asse Eval Acc 21:209–234
Ikagami, H. (2000) Character and Personality changes in the Athletes. In G.N. Kenyan (Ed.) Contemporary Psychology of sports. Chicago: athletic institute.
Institute of Policy Analysis and Research. (2007). Making Public Secondary Education Affordable: IPAR Policy View Issue 3: Institute of Policy Analysis and Research. Nairobi. Kenya.
International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 4(1), pp. 23-30,(2012). Available: Research Paper Resource utilization and predictors in Nigerian 10.5897/IJSA11.035ISSN Journal/August 2007
Israel T., Maphosa W. and Beginner M. (2012). The Influence of Learners’ Participation in School Co-curricular Activities on Academic Performance: Assessment of Educators’ Perceptions; University, Department of Education and South Africa University of Venda, Centre for Higher Education Teaching and Learning
Kasomo. D. (2006) Research Methods in Humanities and Education. Egerton
KIPPRA (2007), Policy Review Issue No. 3, 2007. Making Public Secondary Education Affordable. Bursary Scheme Implementation and Challenges. IPAR.
Kiriyana I. N. Maphosa W. and Mapurunga R. (2014). Students’ Co-Curricular Participation perception and Academic Performance in Kenyan Secondary Schools. Journal of Educational Policy and Entrepreneurial Research (JEPER). ISSN: 2408-6231Vol.1, No.3, http://www.iiste.org/journals/index.php/jeper
Kirui, R. K, Mbugua, Z.K and Sang, A. K. (2011).Challenges facing Head-teachers in Security Management in Public Secondary Schools in Kisii County, Kenya. International journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 1 No.15.
Kisii County Government, (2014). Enhancing Quality Education for Development in line with vision 2030. Unpublished information booklet, Kisii County Government.
Kombo, D.K. and Tromp, D.L.A. (2006). Proposal and Thesis writing. An introduction. Paulines publications Africa. Nairobi.
Lai, E.R. (2011) Collaboration www.pearsonassessments.com/hai/images/.../collaboration-review.pdf
Lazaro A. and Anney V. N. (2016). Rethinking the Role of Co-Curricular Activities in Developing Students’ Talents in Secondary Schools in Tanzania; Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS) 7(2): 152-166 © Scholarlink Research Institute Journals, (ISSN: 2141-6990) Mkwawa University College of Education’ Faculty of Education, University of Dar es Salaam. School of Education.
Lloyd, C. B. (2001. Determinants of educational attainment among adolescents in Egypt: does school quality make a difference? Population Policy Research Division Working Papers. No. 150. Population Council, New York.
Maphosa, C, and Mammen, J.K. (2011). How chaotic and unmanageable classrooms have become: Insights into prevalent forms of learner indiscipline in South African Schools. Howard College Campus, Durban 4441, South Africa.
Masibo, K. and Kiragu, K. (2007).Where Many School Girls miss School over old, Harmful Ritual; High rise of Female Circumcision in Rift Valley Worries Experts as, Pupils are married off quickly. Nairobi: Government Press.
Mbilingi M. and Mbughimi, K. (1991). Education in Tanzania with a gender perspective summary report. Sweden International Development Authority. Education Document No. 53.
Mcgowen, R. S. (2007). The Impact of Co-curricular activities on Student Achievement, Attendance, Behaviour, Completion rate and Teacher Turnover rate in Selected Texas School: America; Texas.
Ministry of Education (2014). Quality assurance and standards office
http://www.kisii.go.ke/index.php/socio-economics/item/1650-tsc-%09%09kisii-county-branch
Ministry of Education, (2005) Kenya Education Sector Support Programme (KESSP) (2005 – 2010).Ministry of Education. Kenya Nairobi.
Ministry of Education. (2007). Secondary Education Strategy. Nairobi: Ministry of Education.
Ministry of Education. (2010). Educational Statistical Booklet 2003-2007, Government Printers, Nairobi, Kenya.
Ministry of Education. (2012) Statistics office https://www.tsc.go.ke/.../27-county-director-kisii-county
MOEST(1996) An Overview on Human Development through Education and Training in Kenya-Policies and Programme Priorities. A consultative meeting between the Ministry of Education and other partners in Education Development. Nairobi: Government printer.
MOEST (2008). Safety Standards Manual for Schools in Kenya: Schools as Safety Zones. Nairobi: Church World Service.
MOEST (2001). Education for All. A National Handbook for 2000 and Beyond. Nairobi: Government Printer.
MOEST (2005). Delivering Quality Equitable Education and Training to all Kenyans. KESSP; Nairobi: Government Printer.
MOEST (2011). Kisii County Education Conference. Action and Progress to Improve Quality of Education. Allafrica Publishers.
Mohammed S. I. (2013) Transformational Leadership and Teacher Commitment in Secondary Schools of Sarawak University of Malaya (UM University of Malaya (UM) 2013 International Journal of Independent Research and Studies, 2(2), 51-65.2013)
Mugenda, M. and Mugenda, G. (2013) Research methods. Quantitative and qualitative Approaches, Nairobi, Acts Press.
Muhammad D., Tahir N. and Ali H., Iqra I. (2012). The Effect of Co-Curricular Activities on the Academic Performances of the Students: A Case Study of the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Bulgarian Journal of Science and Education Policy (BJSEP), Volume 6, Islamia University of Bahawalpur & University of Sargodha, Pakistan
Murnane, R. J. (1996). The Impact of School Resources on the Learning of Inner-city children. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Mutegi T. (2014). Factors Affecting Coverage of Syllabus in Secondary Schools in Kenya: A Case Study of Langata District Schools in Nairobi County; A Research Project Submitted to the School of Management and Leadership in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Award of The Degree of Executive Master of Business Administration of the Management University of Africa.
Mwisukha, Njororai and Onywera, (2003). The student development task and lifestyle inventory: An approach to measuring student’s psycho sociological development. Journal of College Student Development, 31, 108-120.
Ngwacho, Theodore, Ayodo and Chemwei (2015). Effects of Hidden Costs in Free Secondary Education on Transition and Completion Rates in Public Boarding Schools in Kisii County, Kenya. Kabarak University. ISSN NO. 2074 -5400 Kenya Journal of Educational Planning, Economics & Management. Volume 9, Issue 1
Njagi J. (2010, 19th October). Two students burnt to death in suspected arson attack on dormitory. Daily Nation Newspaper P. 5.
Nyagesiba, B (2010, October 11th). Schools to give learners Mandatory Safety tips. Daily Nation Newspaper page 8.
Ochieng, A. (2010, October 19th). New Rules on building of hostels to be issued. The standard Newspaper page 20.
OECD (1994) Quality in Teaching. OECD, Paris of Technology in Kenya. Njoro, Egerton University.
Ogochg I. and Ruth T.; (2013). An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Co-curricular Policy in Developing Talent among the Youth in Secondary Schools in Transmara West Sub-county, Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.4, No.26.
Ohba, A. (2011). The abolition of secondary schools fees in Kenya: Responses by poor International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. 31(2011), p. 402-408.
Omolo, O.D. and Simatwa, W.M.E (2010). An assessment of the implementation of safety Policies in public secondary schools in Kisumu East and West Districts, Kenya Educational Research (ISSN: 2141-5161) Vol. 1 (11) pp 637-649.
Omolo, O.D. and Simatwa, W.M.E (2010). An assessment of the implementation of safety Policies in public secondary schools in Kisumu East and West Districts, Kenya Educational Research (ISSN: 2141-5161) Vol. 1 (11) pp 637-649.
Onen D. (2007) The management and the predictors of private secondary schools in Uganda, http://hdl.handle.net/10570/2583
Orodho, A.J. (2005). Statistics made user Friendly for Educational and Social Science Research. Nairobi: Masola Publisher.
Orodho, J. A. (2005) Techniques of writing Research Proposals and reports in Education and Social Sciences 2nd Edition. Nairobi: Harlifax Printers.
Oso, W. and Onen, D. (2008). General guide to writing thesis and report: A hand book for beginners 2nd Edition. Kampala: Makerere University. Printer.
Otieno, W. (2003b).Gender and Education; the challenge of Educating Girls in Kenya. Report prepared for Action Aid. Nairobi: Elimu Yetu Coalition.
Owoeye, J. S. & Yara, P. O. (2011) School Location and Academic Achievement of Secondary School in Ekiti State, Nigeria Asian Social Science Vol. 7, No. 5;pp 170-175
Patroba, E. O. (1986) Curriculum Development: Alternatives in Educational Theory and Practice. Nairobi: Lake Publishers and Enterprises.
Pelt, N.V. (2009).Parenting teens. Thailand: Autumn House Publishing, Grantham, Licontrishire.
Performance at Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education in Teso South Primary Schools of Moyale District Marsabit County. University of Nairobi. Principal Challenge: Leading and Managing Schools in an Era of Accountability. Quantitative approaches. Nairobi: ACTS press. Research. Vol. 3, pp 77-101.
Rahel G. (2012) Factors in Practice of Co-curricular Activities and how they Build Students’ Talent. Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies; Institute of Educational Research Practice of Co-curricular Activities and How They Develop Students’ Talent in Preparatory Schools in Addis Ababa Addis Ababa Practice; Addis Ababa Education Bureau.
Republic of Kenya (2000). Commission of Inquiry into Education System in Kenya (The Koech Report) Nairobi: Government printer.
Republic of Kenya (2015). Sessional Paper No.14 of 2012 on realigning education and training to the Constitution of Kenya 2010 and Vision 2030 and beyond. Ministry of Education Science and Technology. Nairobi. Kenya.
Republic of Kenya (2005) Sessional paper No. 1 on A Policy Framework for Education, Training and Research. Nairobi: Government printer.
Republic of Kenya (2008). Safety Standard Manual for Schools in Kenya. Nairobi: Government printer.
Republic of Kenya, (2005a). Sessional Paper number I of 2005. A policy framework for education Training and Research; Meeting the Challenges of Education Training and Research in Kenya. Nairobi: Government Printer.
Republic of Kenya and UNICEF. (2012). Education for All (EFA) End of Decade Assessment (2001-2010). Ministry of Education and UNICEF. Nairobi.
Republic of Kenya, MOEST (2001) Causes, Effects and Remedies of Indiscipline in Secondary School in Central Province. Nairobi: Government Printer
Republic of Kenya. (2005). Sessional Paper No. 1 of 2005 on a Policy Framework for Education: Training and Research: Government Printer. Nairobi. Kenya.
Republic of Kenya. (2008). Education Sector Report-Nairobi: Ministry of Education. Government Printers, Nairobi, Kenya
Richardson, A. R. (2008) An Examination of Teacher Qualifications and Student Achievement in Mathematics.
Rivers, C. & Sanders, M. (2002) Statewide Class-size Studies Prime Time and Star, Tennessee’s Project Star;Dallas Texas
Rose, L.C. (2000). The 32nd Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll concludes the extra-curricular Activity must be equal in importance to academic subjects. Phi Delta Kappan.
Ross, Mueller and Richard, E. (2008).The Effects of Family Income, Parental Education and Other Background Factors on Access to Post‐Secondary Education in Canada. Canadian Education Project: Queen’s University School of Policy Studies. Canada: Millennium. Scholarship Foundation.
Rumberger, R. W. and Thomas, S. L. (2000). The distribution of drop outs and turnover rates among urban and Suburban High schools. Sociology of Education.
Russell, N.C., Peter, C., Donald, F.D. and Robert, C.R. (2000). Extracurricular involvement in high school produces honesty and fair play needed to prevent delinquency and crime. Education. Chula vista 121.
Ruth, J.F., (May 2005). The Role of Teachers Self-Efficacy in Increasing Children's Physical Activity. (Dissertation) Graduate Faculty, Louisiana State University of Agriculture and Mechanical College.
Samer A.S. (2003) Financing primary education for all: public expenditure and School Business Affairs, 69(1), 38-40. School Teachers; Journal of Educational Administration Vol. 43(4), 402-416. Schools in Malawi:
Sava, L. A. and Orodho, A. J. (2014). Selected Critical Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Pupils’ Access to Education in Kibera Informal Settlement in Nairobi County, Kenya. Department of Educational Management, Policy and Curriculum Studies, School of Education, Kenyatta University. Kenya.
Shiundu, J.S. and Omolando, S.l. (1992) Curriculum Theory and Practice in Kenya. Nairobi: Oxford University Press
Singleton, R. A. (1993). Approaches to Social Research. New York. Oxford U.P. Sources of Funds. Washington D.C.: World Bank Institute South Africa. The study to investigate the impact of the cost sharing policy in Southern Africa Department.
Soomeren, P. (2002). Preventing a Crime in and Around High Schools: Lessons implementation. A paper presented at the conference on the role of schools in crime prevention. 30th September to 1st October 2002. Melbourne, Australia.
Suliman, E. A. and El-Kogali, S. E. (2003). Why are the children out of school? Factors Affecting Children’s Education in Egypt. A Paper for the ERF 9th annual conference. Sussex Brighton BN1 9RE United Kingdom.
Sunita C. (2011). Dropout in Secondary Education: A Study of Children Living in Slums of Delhi; National University of Educational Planning and Administration 17-B, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi- 110016. India.
Tapper, D. (1995). Swimming Upstream: The First-Year Experience of Teachers Working in New York City Public Schools. Educational Priorities: New Kenya.
Tye, B.B. and O’Brien, L. (2002). “Why is Experienced Teachers Leaving the Profession” Phi Delta Kappan 84(1):24-32.
UNESCO (2006). Learning Treasure within Paris: UNESCO University Press.
UNESCO. (2007). Education for all, global monitoring report. The quality imperative Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO. (2012). Youth and Skills: Putting Education to work. EFA Monitoring Report. UNESCO.
UNICEF (2000).Defining Quality in Education. A paper presented by UNICEF at the meeting of The International Working Group on Education Florence, Italy June 2000: A publication of UNICEF Programme Division; UNICEF New York.
UNICEF. (2007). Progress for children: a world fit for children statistical review. http://www.unicef.org/progressforchildren/2007n6/index_41797.htm
United Nations. (2014).The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/history.shtml
Valgas, M and Agalar, L. (2004). Gender Makes the Difference. IUCN. Geneva. 2P
Verspoor, A. (2008). At the Cross Roads: Choices for Secondary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa, Washington, D. C: World Bank.
Wasal K. and Mohammad I. (2014). Role of Co-Curricular Activities in School Effectiveness. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 21 (11): 2169-2176, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan ISSN 1990-923. IDOSI Publications.
Weerdt. J. D. (2006). Health and Development Survey, Basic information Documents; Mimeo. World Bank. Washington D.C.
Winkler, D. and Sondergaard, L. (2008).The Efficiency of Public Education in Uganda. Kampala: The Planning Department, MoES.
World Bank (2005).Priorities and Strategies for Education. A World Bank Review. Washington. D.C: The World Bank.
World Bank. (2009). Worthen B.R. and Sanders, R.S. (1987). Educational Evaluation: Alternative Approaches and Practice Guidelines, Longman, August 1, 1987.
Zahida H (2012). Role of Co-Curricular Activities for the Performance of Students at Primary Level In Schools. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business. Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research VOL 3, NO 9; Principal, Govt. Junior Model School, Samanabad, Lahore-Pakistan
Zulu, B.M (2004). Violence as an impediment to a culture of teaching and learning in some South African Schools. South African Journal of Education, 24 (2): 170-17
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v0i0.553
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2018 Nelson Siocha Omae, Henry Onderi, Mwebi Benard
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright © 2015-2023. European Journal of Education Studies (ISSN 2501 - 1111) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.
This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library (Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei). All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All authors who send their manuscripts to this journal and whose articles are published on this journal retain full copyright of their articles. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
