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The purpose of this present paper is to present a cognitive framework, coined as “Conservation Law,” which may shed new light on insightful understanding of the structures of sentences involving relative pronouns. Given that there are roughly four types of relative pronouns; namely, general, compound, relative adverbial, and quasi-relative, a conservation law in both structures and semantics exists. We start by combining two simple sentences into a resulting sentence with relative pronouns, and, through careful observation and calculation, we found the equivalence in word counts between original and resulting sentences. The conservation law mainly refers to the structure equivalence on either words or meanings among these four types of relative pronouns, or relative clauses. With the help of conservation law, the understanding of relative clauses can be much easier, because they are, among others, the most difficult and complex structures in English syntax, especially for EFL learners. Hopefully, this cognitive framework may be of great contribution to EFL English instruction.
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
Relative Clauses and Their Implications for Students’ and Teachers’ Grammatical AwarenessInternational Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE)
English adverbial relative clauses: A new angle in the English as a foreign language classroomIntralingual comparison in language learning is an effective teaching method, which introduces a new learning from what students have mastered to what they are going to learn. The study is to investigate the effects of applying intralingual comparison on the teaching of English adverbial relative clauses to Chinese Senior high school students. Data was collected utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methods in a mixed method design. Data was gathered via experimental research (n=103) and semi-structured interview (n=12). The experimental group’s posttest scores improved statistically significantly after intervention. Research findings suggest that applying intralingual comparison in teaching could be considered as an effective teaching method in improving students’ performance on learning English adverbial relative clauses. Besides, students would have more active and positive attitudes toward learning adverbial relative clauses than the traditional teaching method.
Relative clauses as complex syntactic structures in human languages have attracted the attention of a lot of second language acquisition researchers. They are difficult for learners to produce, comprehend and imitate. The present study was an attempt to investigate the learnability of the English relative clauses by Persian learners. After discussing the importance of relative clauses, the role it plays in language acquisition, the hypotheses were proposed and investigated. The findings show that the acquisition or frequency rank order of four types of relative clauses was OS > OO > SS > SO, and that OS and OO relative clause types would be easier to acquire than SS and SO types.
International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation
International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation (IJLLT) Underproduction or Overproduction? A Corpus-based Study of Chinese EFL Learners' Use of English Relative Clauses2020 •
This paper attempts to examine whether Chinese English learners adopt the underproduction or overproduction behavior when using English relative clauses in academic writing. To achieve the objective of the study, the researchers used a corpus-based method to analyze and compare the production of the restrictive relative clause among Chinese students and native English students. The aims were to find out if the Chinese students underproduce the English relative clause and also examine how frequently they use that, which, and zero relative pronouns as reported in the sub-corpus of the Written English Corpus of Chinese Learner (WECCL) and the British Academic Written English corpus (BAWE). Based on the findings, conclusions are drawn as follows; compared to native English students, Chinese EFL learners generally tend to underproduce the restrictive relative clause in academic writing; and on the other hand, overuse the relative pronoun that. The observations from this study concur with the findings from previous studies.
International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation
Underproduction or Overproduction? A Corpus-based Study of Chinese EFL Learners’ Use of English Relative Clauses1997 •
Abstract This paper sketches a grammar of English relative clause constructions (including infinitival and reduced relatives) based on the notions of construction type and type constraints. Generalizations about dependency relations and clausal functions are factored into distinct dimensions contributing constraints to specific construction types in a multiple inheritance type hierarchy.
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