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In Albanian and English language we have three kinds of gender: masculine, feminine and neuter. In Albanian language the concept for gender, is: “Gjinia është një nga kategoritë gramatikore më karakteristikë për emrat në gjuhën shqipe. Nga natyra e saj, ajo dallohet nga kategoritë e tjera të emrit, nga numri, rasa dhe nga kategoritë e shquarsisë dhe të pashquarsisë, sepse i kundërvihet mashkullore-femërore dhe asnjanëse...” . This Albanian citation is possible to be the similary and within English language e.g: “a grouping of nouns and pronouns into classes’ masculine, feminine and neuter” or “gender differs from the grammatical categories, case, and definiteness, in being a lexical as well as inflection category of the noun. The gender to which a give word belongs is a property of that particular word independent of context” . The contrast of gender between two languages are e.g: the cases (five in Albanian with different endings and two in English), definite and indefinite nouns (the masculine nouns for Albanian language has some engings: -i, -it, -in, -it, -u, -un, -ut, for feminine -e,-a, -ja, -je, -s, -së, -në, or for neuter nouns with –i, -it and for indefinite nouns is: /një/. The definite nouns of English language has the article /the/ and for indefinite /a, an/ than in Albanina some endinigs. The definite nouns e.g: (masculine noun ) mali – the mountain, libër-i – the book, kompjuter -i – the computer; mësues -i – the teacher; motër – sister, motra – the sister (...).
In Albanian and English language we have three kinds of gender: masculine, feminine and neuter. In Albanian language the concept for gender, is: " Gjinia është një nga kategoritë gramatikore më karakteristikë për emrat në gjuhën shqipe. Nga natyra e saj, ajo dallohet nga kategoritë e tjera të emrit, nga numri, rasa dhe nga kategoritë e shquarsisë dhe të pashquarsisë, sepse i kundërvihet mashkullore-femërore dhe asnjanëse... " 2. This Albanian citation is possible to be the similary and within English language e.g: " a grouping of nouns and pronouns into classes' masculine, feminine and neuter " 3 or " gender differs from the grammatical categories, case, and definiteness, in being a lexical as well as inflection category of the noun. The gender to which a give word belongs is a property of that particular word independent of context " 4. The contrast of gender between two languages are e.g: the cases (five in Albanian with different endings and two in English), definite and indefinite nouns (the masculine nouns for Albanian language has some engings:-i,-it,-in,-it,-u,-un,-ut, for feminine-e,-a,-ja,-je,-s,-së,-në, or for neuter nouns with –i,-it and for indefinite nouns is: /një/. The definite nouns of English language has the article /the/ and for indefinite /a, an/ than in Albanina some endinigs. The definite nouns e.g: (masculine noun) mali – the mountain, libër-i – the book, kompjuter-i – the computer; mësues-i – the teacher; motër – sister, motra – the sister137: The meaning of the word contrast in this dictionary is: contrast /kontrast/ n 1 nu the act of contrasting people, things: Contrast may make something appear more beautiful than it is when seen alone. 2 nc, nu (something showing) a difference clearly seen when unlike things are put together: the contrast between the two brothers is remarkable. In contrast (to you), I shall agree to the proposal. Harry's marks were poor but Tom's were excellent by contrast. Contrast /kontrast/ v 1 vt to compare (two or more people, things, ideas etc) so that differences are made clear: She contrasted the features of a comedy with those of a tragedy. 2. Vi to show a difference when compared: His poor abilities contrast badly with his brother's talent.
2017 •
In Albanian and English language we have three kinds of gender: masculine, feminine and neuter. In Albanian language the concept for gender, is: "Gjinia është një nga kategoritë gramatikore më karakteristikë për emrat në gjuhën shqipe. Nga natyra e saj, ajo dallohet nga kategoritë e tjera të emrit, nga numri, rasa dhe nga kategoritë e shquarsisë dhe të pashquarsisë, sepse i kundërvihet mashkullore-femërore dhe asnjanëse..." ii. This Albanian citation is possible to be the similary and within English language e.g: 'a grouping of nouns and pronouns into classes' masculine, feminine and neuter' iii or 'gender differs from the grammatical categories, case, and definiteness, in being a lexical as well as inflection category of the noun. The gender to which a give word belongs is a property of that particular word independent of context' iv. The contrast of gender between two languages are e.g: the cases (five in Albanian with different endings and two in Eng...
The noun in Albanian language classified as common and proper. The common nouns in turn divide into countable and uncountable. Collective nouns and substance nouns are subclasses of the other classes. The structure of noun formation between Albanian and English on the general aspect of morphology and syntax still didn’t study in the way of comparative, contrast and generative. Those fields are our object of study. In Albanian and English we find some concepts of studies for noun for example: “Emër quhet ajo pjesë e ligjëratës që emërton qenie të gjalla dhe sende dhe ka kategoritë gramatikore të gjinisë, numrit, rasës, të shquarsisë e të pashquarsisë”. Nouns can be broadly into a small number of classes that have meaning and grammatical behavior. “Nouns (alb. Emër) belong to open class set of items. The set is indefinitely extendable since new nouns are constantly created and are added to the existing register of English nouns. The server denotes people, objects, places, events and phenomena”. There is an important distinct common and proper nouns. Common nouns can be countable and uncountable. Countable nouns refer to entities which can be counted, they are singular and plural forms (a cow, two cows) etc.). Both in the singular and plural there is a contrast between definite and indefinite forms (a cow, two cows, the cows). Uncountable nouns refer to entities which cannot be counted and uncounted for number. Though they do not combine with the indefinite article, the contrast between an indefinite and definite form (e.g. milk, the milk)…
Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Research in Humanities and Social Sciences
The Phenomenon of Gender Shift in Albanian Language2021 •
In Albanian and English we have three kinds of gender: masculine, feminine and neuter. In Albanian language we have this concept for gender: " Gjinia është një nga kategoritë gramatikore më karakteristikë për emrat në gjuhën shqipe. Nga natyra e saj, ajo dallohet nga kategoritë e tjera të emrit, nga numri, rasa dhe nga kategoritë e shquarsisë dhe të pashquarsisë, sepse i kundërvihet mashkullore-femërore dhe asnjanëse... " ii , it's same and with English: " a grouping of nouns and pronouns into classes' masculine, feminine and neuter " iii. The gender can show and function in both of numbers singular and plural. The nouns of masculine, feminine can ends with consonants or vowels. The gender (definite) of English are augmented with articles. It can show before the noun, pronoun that can substituted with pronoun /ai, ajo – he, she / or ky, kjo, ai, ajo – it (father, man, son, boy, Tom, brother, Mr. John, /he/). The noun and pronoun can have the gender but the adjective or verb cannot have.
As articles in English can only purpose as determinatives of nouns/noun equivalents and are never used alone, some linguists maintain that they should not even be reflected an independent part of speech and never be treated as such but, for practical purposes, it is far easier and simpler to accept the old tradition of the article as a separate part of speech. One of the most confusing parts of English grammar for many non-native speakers is the use of articles. In English, articles are used to modify nouns in certain situations; they are not used before every noun. There are two types of articles: indefinite (a, an) and definite (the). Indefinite articles are used when the speaker or writer is talking about a non-specific member of a group, while a definite article is used for a specific member(s) of a group. The following rules for choosing articles apply to both speaking and writing, so any mention of a speaker could also apply to a writer. ABSTRAK Di dalam bahasa inggris artikel bisa berfungsi sebagai faktor yang menentukan dari sebuah padanan kata benda dan tidak pernah bisa digunakan sendirian saja, beberapa ahli bahasa menyatakan bahwa artikel seharusnya tidak bisa berdiri sendiri dari bagian kelas kata dan tidak pernah bisa di berlakukan, untuk tujuan praktis, salah satu yang paling membingungkan dari padanan kata bahasa inggris dalam grammar, banyak penutur asli dalam menggunakan artikel. Di dalam bahasa inggris artikel di gunakan untuk menjelaskan kata benda di situasi tertentu. Artikel tidak hanya di gunakan sebelum setiap kata benda saja, ada dua tipe artikel: indefinite (a, an) and definite (the). Indefinite artikel digunakan ketika pembicara dan penulis menjelaskan tentang sebuah benda yang tidak spesifik spesifik,sedangkan definite menjelaskan spesifik sebuah benda. Di bawah ini aturan untuk memilih bagaimana menerapkan artikel antara pembicaraan dan penulisan, jadi banyak penyebutan dari pembicara menerapkan penulisan. Kata Kunci: Artikel, Tata Bahasa dan Bahasa Inggris
Postposition of definite article is among of the main balkanisms that takes place in Albanian, Romanian, Bulgarian and Macedonian. The problem of the article in Albanian has caused remarkable disputes in scholarship. There is a vast literature concerning it, as for instance the researches of F etc., who have contributed to the solution of this thorny problem during the last two centuries. This problem has been displayed as a permanent debate on questions such as «What is the origin of the postpositive (definite) article in Albanian?» «Which article is older, the prepositive or the postpositive?» that is «Did the prepositive article derive from the postpositive one or, vice-versa, the postpositive article derive from the prepositive one?». Based on various argumentations, several researchers put forward a number of opinions with regard to this issue. However, there are chiefly two opinions on the origin of the articles: 1) The prepositive article is older than the postpositive/definite one. The prepositive article was uttered together with the preceding noun and was interpreted as its part. Consequently, it reappeared in its habitual position , in the original formula noun + article + adjective. 2) The postpositive/definite article is older than the prepositive one. Postposition preceded preposition, while the latter of these derived from the former through repetition of the postpositive article. The first opinion was put forth by H. Pedersen and was also embraced by A. Graur (dealing primarily with Romanian articles), B. Bokshi, S. Riza etc. The weakness of this opinion was manifested through the following question: Is it possible for the article to exist at the beginning of the adjective without acting any determinative function? How could it become true for the postpositive article to acquire a determinative function, since it did not exist at the prepositive one? Which way, then, did the determinative function feature the category of the nouns? The second opinion was set forth by E. Çabej (1963:78). It was further espoused by Sh. Demiraj and was silently accepted hitherto as the «official» view of the Albanian Postwar Linguistics. The weakness of this opinion was traced through the following question: How is it possible for an agglutinative element to be separated and to stand out as an independent element, even repeated? What was, then, the need of a mechanic repetition?
2022 •
The Classical Armenian definite article system is unusual for Indo-European, but paralleled in prehistoric common Kartvelian. It may represent an intermediate stage in grammaticalization between demonstratives and definite articles. The Kartvelian articles progressed further down the path of grammaticalization, becoming markers of argument status, and eventually being incorporated into the case system. It has been suggested that the modern Armenian definite article has also progressed further than the stage of definiteness marking, becoming a marker of specificity, but in fact, its nondefinite uses are better described as associated with nominalisation, and in particular with core argument status, than with specificity.
2019 •
All Romance languages have developed the definite and the indefinite article via the Vulgar Latin (Classical Latin did not use articles), the language of the Roman colonists. According to Joseph H. Greenberg (1978), the definite article predated the indefinite one by approximately two centuries, being developed from demonstratives through a complex process of grammaticalization. Many areas of nowadays` Romania were incorporated into the Roman Empire for about 170 years. After two military campaign, the Roman emperor Trajan conquered Dacia, east of Danube. The Romans imposed their own administration and inforced Latin as lingua franca. The language of the colonists, mixed with the native language and, later on, with various languages spoken by the many migrant populations that followed the Roman retreat resulted in a new language (Romanian), of Latin origins. The Romanian language, attested in the 16 th Century, in documents written by foreign travellers, uses four different types of articles. Being a highly inflected language, Romanian changes the form of the articles according to the gender, the number and the case of the noun As compared to the other Romance languages, Romanian uses the definite article enclitically. Thus, the definite article and the noun constitute a single word. The present paper aims at discussing, analysing and providing an overview of the use of definite and indefinite articles. The general norm and its various exceptions are examined from a broader perspective, synchronically and diachronically. The pedagogical perspective is meant to offer a comprehensible synthesis to foreign learners.
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