COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF PROGRESSIVE SPEED TRAINING PROGRAM OF TRIBAL AND NON-TRIBAL BOYS

: Speed is one of the vital motor abilities that need to start the developmental process at the early ages of the players. The study aims to identify the progression of progressive speed training basis on the duration of training of the Santali tribe and Bengali teen boys. Subjects were Santali tribe and Bengali adolescent schoolboys and their ages ranged between 13 to 15 years selected from Bankura District of West Bengal, India. These two groups were further divided into control and experimental groups and in each of the groups, there were 20 students. Initially, 4 weeks of uniform conditioning trainings were given to all groups before the pretest T1 was conducted. Further, consecutively 3 more post-tests were conducted every 4 weeks after providing progressive speed training. For the comparison, MANOVA, ANOVA, and LSD post hock test were employed and the Mean value was seen in the descriptive part. The result of the study reveals that Non-tribal (Bengali) and Tribal (Santali) adolescent schoolboys responded positively with the designed progressive speed training. This progression of tests timing took place progressively over time on the Bengali and Santali boys almost similarly. Though the Santali boys took the upper hand over Bengali boys numerically at the final stage of progression in the timing of the speed test, on the contrary in the first two post-tests, T2 & T3 progression took place almost in the same fashion. It is concluded that alike progressive speed training is almost equally effective for Santali tribe and Bengali adolescent boys for the development of sprinting ability.


Introduction
Speed in training theory defines the capacity of moving a limb or part of the body's lever system or the whole body with the greatest possible velocity (Dick, 2007). Speed is the ability to move all or part of the body as quickly as possible (BBC, 2021). In this 21 st century of the advanced technological era, Coaches need to take cutting edge preparation to bring their athletes at forefront of others. The primary need of all sports is to develop all the motor abilities of the players including speed for maximum output of their sports performance. To keep own athletes edge over the competition, improving their sprinting ability has immense importance (Behrens & Simonson, 2011). The higher velocity of a sprint only can be achieved by multiplying stride frequency with stride length (Paradisis & Cooke, 2006). For the development of sprinting speed, both aspects must be improved (Dintiman& Ward, 2003). Additionally, reaching the utmost velocity as fast as possible is another essential ability of the player that also needs to address appropriately (Zafeiridis et al., 2005). Stride length in sprinting is a mechanical issue of Biomechanics that depends greatly on skeletal and postural structure and economic use of these (Bezodis et al., 2019). The myocellular foundation of the muscles is a determinant factor for success in highlevel sprint competition (Trappe et al., 2015).
Each population groups vary according to their body structure, mass, growth, and figure (Rizvi et al., 2013). These differences exist in different ethnic groups due to the genetic and environmental mysterious amalgamation (Harvey et al., 2010). The major three distinguishable races are Mongoloid or Asiatic, Caucasian or White, and Negroid or Black (Lee, 1943). These groups stand alone based on their different traits. Differences within a racial group do not limit themselves (Bacon et al., 1983;Drummond, 1968;Guo, 1971;Miura et al., 1965) but also distinct features of anthropology and morphology are evidenced in its subdivisions (Holdaway, 1983). Designing a uniform standard for all racial groups and their subdivisions is an unrealistic approach (Kowalski et al., 1974).
Santali population anthropologically belongs to the Proto-Australoid group (Saha et al., 1992). The Santali population is short in height, skin color is dark brown to nearly black, the head is dolichocephalic, the nose is broad & flat and depressed at the root, hair is wavy and/or curly, and supraorbital ridges are prominent (Malhotra &Vasulu, 2019). Bengali people originated from an Indo-Aryan ethnic group (Chattopadhyay, 2000). Some other findings also suggest that genetic traces exist in the Bengali population of Proto-Autraloids, Mongoloids, and Caucasoids, these influences shaped Bengali as broad head, dark in complexion, plentiful air on the face, built with medium stature, medium nose (Mukherjee et al., 1987). Therefore, it is clear that there is a difference in anthropology and morphology between Santali and Bengali populations though they share the same land as habitant. Thus, the purpose of the study is to identify whether there is any difference in response to the progressive speed training between Bengali and Santali schoolboys. The study aims at identifying the progression of progressive speed training basis on the duration of training of the Santali tribe and Bengali adolescent boys.

Selection of Subject
Subjects were selected from the Bankura district of West Bengal, India. Subjects were racially Bengali and Santali. These two groups were further divided into control and experimental groups wherein each group 20 subjects were selected randomly. Their age ranged from 13 to 15, and data were collected in the year 2018.

Training Protocol
After random selection of the subjects of each of the groups, they have been given 4 weeks of conditioning training of general nature, then their performance in 60 miter sprint test was recorded. Further, 4 weeks of progressive speed training have been given on experimental groups only in 3 spells and then after every spell of training same test was administered on the experimental and control groups to collect test scores.

Materials, Equipment, and Facilities
For the collection of the timing of 60 miter speed test, standard stopwatch, to record the given performance score sheet, and well-marked track on the grass field were brought in use.

Scoring Method
Timekeepers had been given sufficient enough practice to familiarize themselves with the stopwatch operation well before data collection. Participants took the required individual warm-up time before the 60 meter speed test. They had been given enough verbal instructions and practical demonstrations regarding the test and motivation before taking the test. The timing of a single trial was recorded as a test score.

Statistical Procedure
In the descriptive statistics, Mean valued has been revealed to see numerical differences.
To establish the differences in the performances one-way MANOVA & ANOVA, and LSD as a post hoc test has been employed. The level of significance was α = 0.05.   The result of MANOVA Table 2 yielded that there was a statistically significant difference in the four tests together, pretest T1 and pot testes T2, T3, T4 of 60-meter speed training effect after every four weeks of speed training, on the combined dependent variable, Pillai's Trace = .883, F(12, 225) = 7.820, p < .001, partial η 2 = .294, observed power (1-β) = 1.00. Based on the result, evidence was enough to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that tests combined significantly differed based on the type of the groups participated in. The effect size of the test was large. Cohen (1962, p368) suggests that effect size: small = 0.01, medium = 0.06, and large = 0.14 (Schäfer & Schwarz, 2019;Sullivan & Feinn, 2012). The observed power was 1.00, demonstrating that there was a 100% possibility that the outcome could have come out significant.     Non-tribal (Bengali) and Tribal (Santali) adolescent schoolboys responded positively to the designed progressive speed training. This progression of timing took place progressively over time on the Bengali and Santali boys almost similarly. Though the Santali boys showed superiority over Bengali boys numerically at the final stage of progression in the timing of the speed test but in the first two post-test T2 & T3 progression took place almost in the same trend.

Discussion
Non-tribal (Bengali) and Tribal (Santali) adolescent schoolboys responded positively to the designed progressive speed training. Though there are few anthropological differences exists between these two groups of populations (Malhotra &Vasulu, 2019; Saha et al., 1992) though Proto-Australoid ancestry belongs to populations of both groups (Mukherjee et al., 1987). This progression of timing took place progressively over time on the Bengali and Santali boys almost similarly. Though the Santali boys took the upper hand over Bengali boys numerically at the final stage of progression in the timing of the speed test, on the other hand, in the first two post-tests, T2 & T3 progression took place almost in a similar pattern. Santali tribe boys might have to take a bit of lead over nontribal Bengali counterparts in the timing of speed test because of comparative more genetic purity (Mukherjee et al., 1987;Saha et al., 1992). Further, Santali students might have an advantage in myocellular structure as it plays the role of determining factor of success in high-level sprinting events (Trappe et al., 2015).

Conclusion
Alike progressive speed training is almost equally effective for Santali tribe and Bengali adolescent boys for the development of sprinting ability. Coaches may train Santali tribe and Bengali adolescent boys with the identical progressive speed training schedule for the development of sprinting ability.