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European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science ISSN: 2501 - 1235 ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235 Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu Volume 3 │ Issue 10 │ 2017 doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1001116 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHYSICAL FITNESS PARAMETERS AMONG 12 YEARS OLD RURAL AND URBAN CHILDREN Kanwar Mandeep Singhi Dr., Assistant Director, Department of Physical Education (AT), Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India Abstract: Background: The environmental factors lead to changes in the physical fitness level among children. The objective of the present study was to compare the physical fitness parameters of the rural and urban children from Punjab. Methods: Total 60 children (30 rural and 30 urban) 12 years old were selected to participate in the study. All the subjects were measured for various physical fitness parameters. The speed ability was measured with the help of 30 meter sprint (Flying Start). The endurance of the rural and urban children was assessed with the help of 800 meter run. Sit and reach test was used to assess the flexibility of the children. The standing broad jump and standing vertical jump were applied to measure the explosive strength. The grip strength was measured with the help of hand dynamometer. The medicine ball put was used to measure the strength of arms. Results: The independent samples t-test revealed that the rural children were found to have significantly greater speed (p<0.05), standing broad jump (p<0.05), grip strength of both left (p<0.05) and right (p<0.05) hand than the urban children. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the rural children were better in some physical fitness parameters. Keywords: physical fitness, rural, urban, children, strength 1. Introduction Physical fitness is an essential indicator of the health of children and adolescents and also a good predictor of health in later life. It is most indispensable in the modern Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved. © 2015 – 2017 Open Access Publishing Group 188 Kanwar Mandeep Singh COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHYSICAL FITNESS PARAMETERS AMONG 12 YEARS OLD RURAL AND URBAN CHILDREN society due to the impact of globalization and technological advancements leading to better lifestyle (Shivakumar et al, 2014). The thought of physical fitness is as old as human race. All the way through the history of mankind, physical fitness has been regarded as an important aspect of everyday life. The people in ancient times were mostly reliant upon their personal strength and energy for survival (Gill et al, 2010). It included the mastery of a number of fundamental skills such as strength, speed, stamina, agility for running, jumping, climbing and other skills used in search for their livelihood. Residing in places distinguished by size of population can be linked with variations in eating attitudes, availability of sports facilities, accessibility of health services and opportunities for physical fitness activities (Tsimeas et al, 2005). About 70 percent of Indian population lives in villages. There is a large variation among urban and rural areas in India. One of the most important differences that can be noticed between rural and urban areas is the dissimilarity in living standard of the people. People living in urban areas have better standard of living. There is a huge economic inequality between rural and urban areas in India. There are many people who prefer the peace and quiet of rural living. Rural areas are not as densely populated, not as polluted and certainly not as fast paced as the urban areas. Rural areas have a fresher and cleaner environment. As it is established fact that physical fitness during childhood has imported health consequences in later periods of life (Sallis et al, 1992), several studies on physical fitness of children have been conducted in different parts of the world. Childhood and adolescent are very important periods of life, since many physiological and psychological changes take place at these ages (Amusa et al, 2011). Similarly, lifestyles and behaviors are shaped during these stages of life which may influence health and behavior in the adulthood. The low levels of physical fitness has been related with the impaired health indicators such as cardiovascular disease risk factors (Buchheit et al, 2007; Thomas et al, 2003), increased body fat (Dencker et al, 2006), abdominal adiposity (Ortega et al, 2007; Brunet et al, 2007) and hypertension (Katzmarzyk et al, 2001; Ruiz et al, 2006). As the risks of unfitness and obesity are cumulative, starting from the childhood to the latter half of life (Eriksson et al, 2003), this condition is particularly distressing for the future public health. Data on physical fitness among children from Mexico (Pena Reyes et al, 2003), Canada (Blinski et al, 2005), Greece (Tsimeas et al, 2005; Tambalis et al, 2010), Turkey (Ozdirenc et al, 2005), Spain (Casajus et al, 2007; Chillon et al, 2011), Taiwan (Chen et al, 2008; Wang et al, 2013), Malasia (Hian et al, 2013) are available in the literature. All these reports made the importance of the contribution of physical fitness in the development of strong body and healthy European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 10 │ 2017 189 Kanwar Mandeep Singh COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHYSICAL FITNESS PARAMETERS AMONG 12 YEARS OLD RURAL AND URBAN CHILDREN lifestyle. Given that fitness is an essential component of health (Eisenmann et al, 2005), examining the physical fitness levels of children could be useful for interventions to improve physical fitness among the children. The present study, therefore, aims to evaluate the physical fitness parameters of the rural and urban children. For viewing / downloading the full article, please access the following link: https://oapub.org/edu/index.php/ejep/article/view/1080 European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 10 │ 2017 190