European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science ISSN: 2501 - 1235 ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235 Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu 10.5281/zenodo.55808 Volume 1│Issue 4│2016 THE IMPACT OF INTEGRATION USING THE COLLABORATIVE APPROACH IN THE GAME OF BASKETBALL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL INTERACTION FOR CHILDREN WITH SIMPLE MENTAL DISABILITIES WITH THEIR NORMAL PEERS Sifi Belkacem, Zabchi Noreddine, Benzidane Houcine, Sebbane Mohamed Physical Education and Sports Institute, University Mostganem, Algéria Abstract: This study aims at determining the effect of the integration of children with simple mental disabilities with their normal peers in the game of basketball in the development of their social interaction. For this purpose, the experimental approach was used through the application of a cooperative educational programme in basketball. The latter consists of 11 units through which two groups of 5 children of simple mental disability-belonging to the mentally disabled children care centre of the district of Mostaganem (Algéria) were integrated with a group of 5 other normal children whose age ranged between 9 and 12. We used the gauge of social interaction for the mentally disabled, Goodnough s drawing test to measure intelligence, and Alfred Binet s age measurement test. After data analysis, we found out that the integration of children with simple mental disability with their normal peers in basketball has a positive effect on the social integration of the formers (children with simple mental disability). In addition to that, we found that the integrated cooperative approach as a means of integration in basketball contributed to a fast development of social interacting for the mentally disabled children Keywords: integration, cooperative approach, social interaction, mental disability, basketball Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015. 46 Sifi Belkacem, Zabchi Noreddine, Benzidane Houcine, Sebbane Mohamed THE IMPACT OF INTEGRATION USING THE COLLABORATIVE APPROACH IN THE GAME OF BASKETBALL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL INTERACTION FOR CHILDREN WITH SIMPLE MENTAL DISABILITIES WITH THEIR NORMAL PEERS Introduction Estimations of the International Health Organization of the year 2012 reveal an average of mentally disabled individuals within any society ranging between 1 and 3%, and that there are about 7.2 million mentally disabled individuals according to the report of the United Nations Population s Fund for the year of Ibrahim, .As for Algeria there are 130 thousand mentally disabled individuals according to the Office for National Statistics in Algeria for the year 2015. These numbers call for offering social services to mentally disabled individuals in the different spheres; be it educational, social, psychological and so on, as international calls and directives appeared recently demanding a change in the treatment of mentally disabled individuals considering their isolation in schools and special centres as a wrong practice while suggesting their integration with their normal peers in ordinary school (Azab, 2002). Consequently many experiments appeared in developed countries such as USA where mentally disabled individuals were integrated with their normal peers in ordinary classes, for some time. Also in Britain where school is compulsory for mentally disabled individuals since the age of five until sixteen, and these children pursue their studies in ordinary schools as long as these schools are able to fulfil their needs with the learning facilities that go with the nature and level of their disability. As for Arab countries, Jordan was the first to the implementation of integration and likewise KSA (Al-Matar, 2002). The first appearance of integration in Algeria goes back in date to 1982 then 1996, as Algeria showed the will to integrate mentally disabled children and adolescents in ordinary schools starting from the launch of fundamental education (Boukhelif, 2015). Therefore, the world became readier to bear responsibility of this category which is an undividable part of the society. Physical education is characterized by flexibility in syllabuses and easiness in adjustment of activities, and it is considered as the most appropriate school programme for successful integration of individuals with mental disability who have the ability to learn (Al-Matar, 2002). Participation in physical activities contributes to the improvement of their health and fitness. In addition to that studies have shown the importance of participation in physical activities for the development of some psychological aspects for children; such as reaching the competence (Shaw, 1982), in addition to some social aspects like establishing friendship (Jansma & French, 1994), though the level of the movement skills of most children with mental retardation is considerably lower than the one of their normal peers at the same age (Holland, 1987) . European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 4 │ 2016 47 Sifi Belkacem, Zabchi Noreddine, Benzidane Houcine, Sebbane Mohamed THE IMPACT OF INTEGRATION USING THE COLLABORATIVE APPROACH IN THE GAME OF BASKETBALL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL INTERACTION FOR CHILDREN WITH SIMPLE MENTAL DISABILITIES WITH THEIR NORMAL PEERS Many studies supported this perception, as (Salen, 1998), points that children with disability who participate in integration activities in ordinary schools acquire academic and functional skills faster than they do in isolated spaces, in addition to improvement of behavior, self-esteem, motivation to learn, in addition to the increase of overlapping with peers (Azab, 2002) Moreover, studies about integration in physical education are few and very limited (Vogler, DePaepe, & Martinek, 1990) as compared to studies about educational integration , and most of them might be based on comparison of pupils behaviours and teachers in integration environments versus the other educational environments (AlMatar, 2002). Through reviewing scientific references that deal with teaching children, it was found out that normal children at the age phase 9 to 12 tend to learn life skills and learn ethical standards and values and get ready for holding responsibility, as they are characterized by respect of others and tending to offer help. Moreover, they show positive attitudes towards supporting and collaborating with handicapped individuals. Also through teaching physical education and sport as a subject in a mentally handicapped children care centre and through our participation in some entertainment programmes in which mentally handicapped children were grouped with their normal peers we remarked an acceptance from each of the two to collaborate and interfere with each other. We also remarked insistence of the disabled ones to imitate their normal peers and their attachment to them; this was confirmed by educators and psychological assistants who accompanied them. In the light of this we tended to determine the effect of integrating children with simple mental disability with their normal peers in the activity of basketball on the development of social integration for the category of mentally disabled individuals. Based on what has been stated previously, researchers wondered about the effect of children with simple mental disability with their normal peers in the activity of basketball on the development of social integration for the category of mentally disabled individuals. 2. Methodology 2.1 Research methodology We used the experimental method with pre and post design and two experimental groups, one integrated and the second non-integrated. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 4 │ 2016 48 Sifi Belkacem, Zabchi Noreddine, Benzidane Houcine, Sebbane Mohamed THE IMPACT OF INTEGRATION USING THE COLLABORATIVE APPROACH IN THE GAME OF BASKETBALL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL INTERACTION FOR CHILDREN WITH SIMPLE MENTAL DISABILITIES WITH THEIR NORMAL PEERS 2.1 Research Community and sample The researcher randomly chose 15 children with simple mental disability with a ranging age between 9 and 12, as a sample, all of them are pupils at the centre of mentally disabled children in the city of Mostaganem (Algéria), in addition to 10 normal children who are pupils at a middle school in the same city. 2.2 Research tools Goodnough’s test of intelligence Goodnough s drawing test is considered as one of the tools of measurement of mental capacity, and it can be classified among the personality measurement tools as one of the projective tests. This test aims at measuring the mental capacity of children ranging in age from 3 to 15, and knowing their character traits: Mental age Intelligence rate = x 100 Chronological age Application of the test takes from 10 to 15 minutes, the tester is given this lapse to draw a leg on a paper with one pen and for correction and interpretation as well (Shousha, 2009). 2.3 Social interaction scale for children with mental disabilities This scale has been established on the basis of a set of standards for social interaction suggested by many researchers; it measures the level of social interaction of children with simple mental disability with their normal peers ranging in age from 9 to 12. This scale consists of 50 expressions, 28 of them are positive and 22 negative, these expressions are to be answered by the specialist (appears, always, frequently, sometimes, rarely, doesn t appear , the tested kid can obtain a degree ranging from to 200, while high degrees are interpreted as high degrees of social interaction and vice versa. 2.4 The scientific coefficient of the scale The exploratory study was conducted in order to make sure of the scientific coefficients of the social interaction scale during the period from 05/03/2014 to 14/03/2014 through making an exploratory experiment on a sample consisting of 5 children among those having simple mental disability, and the results were as shown in table 1 down: European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 4 │ 2016 49 Sifi Belkacem, Zabchi Noreddine, Benzidane Houcine, Sebbane Mohamed THE IMPACT OF INTEGRATION USING THE COLLABORATIVE APPROACH IN THE GAME OF BASKETBALL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL INTERACTION FOR CHILDREN WITH SIMPLE MENTAL DISABILITIES WITH THEIR NORMAL PEERS Table 1: Measurement and re-measurement results of the exploratory experimental group of children with simple mental disabilities (9-12 years) Number Sex Age in Pre test Post test Pearson years coefficient (R) female Male female . Male female Standard deviation A. .8 . Arithmetic mean . . Reliability coefficient Reliability coefficient was calculated through the application and reapplication of the scale after 10 days on the same exploratory sample - which consists of 5 children with simple mental disability-in a random way. And through calculating Pearson coefficient of correlation (0.97 R =) we found out the stability coefficient as R= 0.97 and this approaches 1 and proves hereby the stability of the scale. B. Self-honesty coefficient The researcher calculated the coefficient of self-honesty of the scale, it was found equal to the square root of the coefficient of stability. Honesty was found 0.98, being close to one (+1) showing the sincerity of the scale. 2.5 The suggested educational programmes Going back to the previous studies and scientific references, considering opinions of experts and specialists in basketball and disabled individual sports, and with consideration of the characteristics of the study sample, we did our best to make the content of the educational programme adequate with the characteristics, abilities and wants of the children who represent the research sample (mentally disabled and the normal children). This programme consists of a set of little and anticipatory games for teaching basketball skills. These games were selected for their adequacy with the mental age of the research sample (mentally disabled children), to realize complete collaboration among participating children. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 4 │ 2016 50 Sifi Belkacem, Zabchi Noreddine, Benzidane Houcine, Sebbane Mohamed THE IMPACT OF INTEGRATION USING THE COLLABORATIVE APPROACH IN THE GAME OF BASKETBALL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL INTERACTION FOR CHILDREN WITH SIMPLE MENTAL DISABILITIES WITH THEIR NORMAL PEERS The programme relies also on pair and group training within an adequate lapse of time. It was also meant to have an adequate space, being empty of obstacles with respect of the gradation of difficulty, from easy to difficult. The tools used with the members of the sample were also adequate , considering security factor, while ensuring support from helping agents in an adequate number and making sure each of them accomplishes his/her task within the planned frame. 2.6 The principal experiment The pre-measurements of the social interaction scale were done. The principle experiment was executed (application of the educational programmers), the programmers consisted of 11 units to be covered throughout a period of 11 weeks, on a basis of 2 sessions a week i.e. the programmer gets covered within 22 sessions while each session lasts 45 minutes. The post measurements of the social interaction scale were done. 3. Results 3.1 Presentation of the pre-test results on the social interaction scale for the control and experimental samples Table 2: Homogeneity of the control and experimental samples in the pre-test results using Student Test (t), children with simple mental disability Test Sample Experimental Control sample sample X1 Y1 X2 Y2 Calculated Tabular T T Significance Freedom degree degree Significance of differences Statistically Pre test 117 35.37 105.2 35.36 0.58 2.77 0.05 08 non significant On the basis of the pre-test on the social interaction scale we conclude that the control and experimental samples are homogenous. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 4 │ 2016 51 Sifi Belkacem, Zabchi Noreddine, Benzidane Houcine, Sebbane Mohamed THE IMPACT OF INTEGRATION USING THE COLLABORATIVE APPROACH IN THE GAME OF BASKETBALL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL INTERACTION FOR CHILDREN WITH SIMPLE MENTAL DISABILITIES WITH THEIR NORMAL PEERS 3.2 Presentation of pre and post test results on the social interaction scale for the control sample Table 3: Results of the pre and post-tests using Student Test T for the control sample of children with simple mental disability Test Pre test Post test Size of the X1 Sample Y1 X2 Y2 sample Degree Calculated Tabular of T T freedom Level of significance Significance of differences Statistically Control 116.8 Sample 34.68 117.2 35.37 0.5 0.66 2.77 04 0.05 non significant On the basis of the pre and post-tests of the control sample we conclude that there are no statistically significant differences. 3.3 Presentation of the results of the pre and post tests on the social interactive scale for the experimental sample Table 4: Results of the pre and post tests using the Student Test T for the experimental sample of the children with simple mental disability Test Sample Pre test X1 Y1 Post test X2 Y2 Size of Degree the Calculated Tabular of sample T T freedom Level of significance Experimental Significance of differences Statistically 105.2 35.36 147.4 12.93 0.5 3.64 2.77 04 sample 0.05 non significant We note the existence of statistically significant differences between the pre and post tests on the social interaction scale in favour of the post test for the experimental sample. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 4 │ 2016 52 Sifi Belkacem, Zabchi Noreddine, Benzidane Houcine, Sebbane Mohamed THE IMPACT OF INTEGRATION USING THE COLLABORATIVE APPROACH IN THE GAME OF BASKETBALL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL INTERACTION FOR CHILDREN WITH SIMPLE MENTAL DISABILITIES WITH THEIR NORMAL PEERS 3.4 Presentation of the results of the post test for the control and experimental samples on the social interaction scale Table 5: Results of the post tests using Student Test T for the control and experimental samples of children with simple mental disability The test Post test The sample Control Experimental sample Arithmetic Standard average deviation 116.8 sample Size of the sample Tabular T T Degree of freedom Level of significance Significance of the differences 34.68 10 147.4 Calculated 3.73 2.77 08 0.05 Significance 12.93 We note the existence of statistically significant differences in the social interaction results between the control and experimental samples, in favor of the experimental one. 4. Discussion Table 4 confirms the existence of a positive effect on the level of social interaction of children with simple mental disability, this effect is due to the integration of these children with their normal peers in the activity of basketball during a limited period, and this is confirmed by the theories of socialization , and especially the theory of social learning, according to which socialization is an educational pattern that helps the individual to act social roles ,and that social development, in the light of the same theory, happens in the same way learning other skills happens. Advocates of this theory give a considerable importance to reinforcement in the social learning process such as Dolard and Miler, as they indicate that the individual s behaviour gets supported or changes according to the kind of reinforcement that targets it, while Bandora and Walter, and though their agreement on the principle of reinforcement, they point out that reinforcement alone is not sufficient for explaining learning or some behaviours that appear suddenly in the child. The concept of the model of learning through observation relies on an assumption stating that Man is a social being that gets affected by others trends, their feelings, actions and behaviours; this assumption implies a considerable educational importance, considering teaching in its main concept as a social process (Haroosh, 2005). And this agrees with the studies of (Shousha, 2009), which confirm that integration of mentally disabled children with their normal peers in sport activities has European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 4 │ 2016 53 Sifi Belkacem, Zabchi Noreddine, Benzidane Houcine, Sebbane Mohamed THE IMPACT OF INTEGRATION USING THE COLLABORATIVE APPROACH IN THE GAME OF BASKETBALL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL INTERACTION FOR CHILDREN WITH SIMPLE MENTAL DISABILITIES WITH THEIR NORMAL PEERS a positive and efficient effect on the psychological and social aspects of mentally disabled children, and so does the study of (Siperstein, 2002), which notes the existence of a remarkable improvement in the social values and sport skills for players of the special Olympiad (The unified sport). According to table N°5, there are statistically significant differences in the post tests in favour of the experimental sample (The integrated sample) as we noted a positive change in the scale of social interaction, while no change was noted in the result of the post test on the social interaction scale for the control sample (isolated) (table N°3). This proves that the positive change that characterized the integrated category is due to the period of integration in the activity of basketball during the period of the application of the suggested programmers and not to the programmers alone or other reasons, and it is the period during which the group of children with mental disability practice basketball activity with their normal peers aged between 9 and 12. This result has been confirmed by many studies such as the one of (Al-Husseini, Al-Adli, & Tawfiq Abdel Fattah, 2015), which proved that the unified sport contributes to the increase of sport practice opportunities for disabled individuals with their normal peers through their participation in various sport programmers, as it helps in the integration process of disabled individuals in the society . And that agrees also with the results of the study of (Shousha, 2009) and (Siperstein, 2002), (Nebras, 2004), as the results of these studies show that physical education programmers that integrate mentally disabled individuals with their normal peers have a significantly positive effect on motor performance and general adaptation, in addition to the considerable contribution of social games programmes in the development of social interaction for children in general and especially girls. Thus we can say that integration of children with simple mental disability in the integrated activity of basketball with their normal peers has a positive effect on the development of their social interaction, and this improvement can increase by lengthening the period of integration, and this is confirmed by many previous studies, such as Odom et al, 2002, Gulnarick, 2001, Holahan et al, 2000, that were mentioned by (Frazeur, Elizabeth K, Lois, & Gen, 2004). All these studies showed that children with simple mental disability can gain a considerable advance in their growth in general within the integrated environment as compared to the isolated (special) one. According the Odom, et al., anglo saxon review Litterature , there are more social interactions for children with simple mental disability in the integrated environment as compared to the special one, though this level of interaction remains European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 4 │ 2016 54 Sifi Belkacem, Zabchi Noreddine, Benzidane Houcine, Sebbane Mohamed THE IMPACT OF INTEGRATION USING THE COLLABORATIVE APPROACH IN THE GAME OF BASKETBALL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL INTERACTION FOR CHILDREN WITH SIMPLE MENTAL DISABILITIES WITH THEIR NORMAL PEERS less for normal children (Rose & Doumont, 2007). (Deirdre, Martin, & Peter, 2009) confirm that excessive physical education and sport with various activities is regarded as the adequate environment for pedagogical and educational adjustments in order to find out solutions for the realization of integration. According to (Qiab & Amy, 2012), physical education and sport are regarded as adequate social activities for positive social interactions among children, and they are also regarded as the subject in which the participant can realize results and compare it with others . Nevertheless, (Marcellini, 2003) has an opposed perception to the previously stated one, as he sees that physical education and sport provide a vast social space that might lead to social isolation (Tant, 2014). 5. Conclusion According to the research conducted by the researcher and in the light of the obtained results and after having analysed it statistically, the following conclusions were drawn:  Integration of normal children with those having simple mental disability in the activity of basketball at an early age (9-12 years) has a positive effect on the development of the level of social interaction for the members of the  experimental sample (The category of those with simple mental disability). Using the collaborative method as a tool for integration throughout the integrated activity of basketball contributed in the development of the social interaction for members of the experimental sample (The category of those with  simple mental disability). There are statistically significant differences between the results of the pre and post-tests of the level of social interaction for children with simple mental  disability (Those with learning ability) in favour of the post test. There are statistically significant differences in the results of pre and post-tests of the level social interaction between the control and experimental samples in favour of the experimental one. References 1. Al-Husseini, H., al-Adli, M. A., & Tawfiq Abdel Fattah, N. (2015). Integration of mentally handicapped between theory and practice. (W. A. publications, Ed.) 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University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis, France: HAL.archivesouvertes. 21. Vogler, E. W., DePaepe, J., & Martinek, T. (1990). Effective teaching in adapted physical education. Adapted Physical Activity-An Interdisciplinary Approach, 245249. Creative Commons licensing terms Authors will retain copyright to their published articles agreeing that a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) terms will be applied to their work. Under the terms of this license, no permission is required from the author(s) or publisher for members of the community to copy, distribute, transmit or adapt the article content, providing a proper, prominent and unambiguous attribution to the authors in a manner that makes clear that the materials are being reused under permission of a Creative Commons License. Views, opinions and conclusions expressed in this research article are views, opinions and conclusions of the author(s). 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