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This survey aims at revealing the relationship of sources of psychological stress to the level of self-esteem. It focused mainly on the following questions: • Is there a correlation between fear of physical abuse and self-esteem? • Is there a correlation between rewards, incentives, and self-esteem? • Is there a correlation between conflict of social dimension and level of self-esteem? • Is there a correlation between media dimension and level of self-esteem? • Is there a correlation between physical condition, time and level of self-esteem? • Is there a correlation between fear of failure and level of self-esteem? • Is there a correlation between personal conflict and level of self-esteem? • Is there a correlation between media dimension and level of self-esteem? The survey suggested a number of hypotheses based on the existence of a correlation between each of the dimensions of psychological stress mentioned above and the level of self-esteem. The study was based on the descriptive correlative approach as it dealt with the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variables. The sample of the study consisted of elite referees of the professional football division, which was chosen in a deliberate manner, and reached 80 referees. The following tools have been used: the self-assessment scale prepared by Hussein Abdel Aziz Al-Derini and Mohamad Ahmad Oussama, Abdelwahab Mohamad Kamil which has been applied and adapted by Professor Bachir Mamria on the Algerian environment, psychological sources of stress measure and initial information form. These tools were applied after estimating the psychometric properties that confirmed their suitability for use with the basic study sample. The following statistical methods have been relied on, Pearson correlation coefficient using the statistical software version 20 SPSS for statistical significance. The study comes out with the following results: • There is a correlation between fear of physical abuse and self-esteem. • There is a correlation between rewards, incentives, and self-esteem. • There is a correlation between conflict of social dimension and level of self-esteem. • There is a correlation between media dimension and level of self-esteem. • There is a correlation between physical condition, time and level of self-esteem. • There is a correlation between fear of failure and level of self-esteem. • There is a correlation between personal conflict and level of self-esteem. • There is a correlation between media dimension and level of self-esteem. The study outcomes have been discussed in light of the theoretical framework and the results of previous studies and concluded with a set of proposals.
The study aimed to identify factors predicting self-efficacy in a sample of 248 Italian handball referees. The main hypothesis was that perception of teamwork efficacy would be a significant predictor of self-efficacy in handball referees. Participants completed an online questionnaire including Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (α = 0.85), Self-Determination Scale (α = 0.78), and an adaptation for Referees of the Sport Commitment Model (α = 0.80). Two hierarchical regression analyses have identified: (1) Enjoyment (β = 0.226), Couple Efficacy (β = 0.233), and Personal Awareness (β = 0.243), as predictors of Self-Efficacy; (2) Span of Co-Refereeing (β = 0.253), Perceived Quality of the Relationship (β = 0.239), and Mutual Agreement (β = 0.274), as predictors of Couple Self-Efficacy. A further SEM analysis confirmed the fit of a structural model of Self-efficacy considering the reciprocal influence of Couple Efficacy, Enjoyment and Awareness (χ 2 : 5.67; RMSEA: 0.000; SRMR: 0.019). The study underlines the importance of teamwork (or co-refereeing) as it relates to enjoyment and awareness in officiating and how it enhances the psychological well-being of handball referees. Future studies should investigate the relationship between factors influencing perceived teamwork efficacy and officiating performance outcome.
2011 •
An exploratory investigation of 25 basketball officials’ perceptions of trait anxiety, and state anxiety before, during (half time), and after a basketball game was conducted. Twenty-five male high school and college basketball officials were administered a demographic questionnaire and basketball officiating-modified version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2; Martens, Vealey, & Burton, 1990). The participants completed the CSAI-2 within 30 minutes of the start, during half time, and within 15 minutes after the completion of the game. Also after the game, the basketball officials completed a basketball officiating-modified version of the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT; Martens et al., 1990). Results indicated that the officials reported feeling significantly less cognitive anxiety after a contest than before a contest (p=.018). Also, no significant changes in self-confidence and somatic anxiety across the three contest administrations. Comparisons are made between the officials’ scores with the norms provided with the CSAI-2 and SCAT (Martens et al., 1990).
South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation
STRESSORS AMONG SOUTH AFRICAN SOCCER OFFICIALS: A PROFILE ANALYSIS2012 •
PsycEXTRA Dataset
Motivational climate interventions: What have we learned till now?Football fans’ perceptions of their role in the home advantage were obtained by questioning fans from supporters clubs using a paper and pencil questionnaire. 357 highly identified fans were questioned towards the end of the season, from clubs facing either certain (already promoted, relegated, or due to finish mid-table) or uncertain (possible promotion or relegation) outcomes in the English football league. All fans rated their fellow fans as significantly more supportive, loyal, emotional, and passionate than fans of other teams. All fans also rated their team kits, aspects of their home stadiums (view, comfort, atmosphere, facilities, attractiveness), and match-day catering, significantly higher than those of all other teams. There were no differences between the certain and uncertain groups. It is thought that this type of ‘positive illusion’ allows fans to maintain the positive outcomes of allegiance to their team, but reduces the potential discomfort of losing. However, fans of teams facing uncertain outcomes rated their identification with their fellow fans significantly higher than the fans of the teams facing certain outcomes, suggesting that fans of teams with an uncertain future come to identify more strongly with their fellow fans. These results concur with uncertainty reduction theory, which indicates that people identify more strongly with groups of high entitativity when they are feeling uncertain; this may be an efficient and immediate way of reducing self-conceptual uncertainty. The questionnaire was repeated with fans of teams playing in the Helenic Football Federation in Greece, this data is yet to be analysed.
2005 •
Psychology of Sport and Exercise
Sources of acute sport stress scale for sports officials: Rasch calibration2013 •
International Journal of Sport Communication (Vol. 7, Iss. 2)
Skilled interaction: Concepts of communication and player management in the development of sport officialsRevista de Psicología del Deporte
Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Referee Self-Ecacy Scale (REFS2019 •
Journal of Sports Sciences
Decision-making skills and deliberate practice in elite association football referees2007 •
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 10413200 2012 726935
Factors Underpinning Football Officiating Excellence: Perceptions of English Premier League Referees2013 •
Okul Öncesi Öğretmenlerinin Spor Etkinliklerine İlişkin Görüşleri: İstanbul Örneği/Pre-school Teachers Views On Sport Activities: İstanbul Example-15. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi
Okul Öncesi Öğretmenlerinin Spor Etkinliklerine İlişkin Görüşleri: İstanbul Örneği/Pre-school Teachers Views On Sport Activities: İstanbul Example-15. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Kongresi2017 •
2009 •
15. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Kongresi
Üniversiteler Arası Basketbol Şampiyonasına Katılan Sporcuların Yaşam Doyumları ile2017 •
Psychology of Sport and Exercise
Sports performance judgments from a social cognitive perspective2006 •
Journal of sport & exercise psychology
Passion in referees: examining their affective and cognitive experiences in sport situations2009 •
2009 •
The Qualitative Report
Threats and aggression directed at soccer referees: an empirical phenomenological psychological study2004 •
The 14th European Association for Sociology of Sport Conference The Values of Sport: Between tradition and (post)modernity Abstract book Irena Slepičková (Ed.) June 14-17, 2017 Prague, Czech
The Baku European Games as public relations undertaking of post-Soviet Azerbaijan2017 •
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
The effect of match standard and referee experience on the objective and subjective match workload of English Premier League referees2006 •
Movement & Sport Sciences
Editorial Introduction to the special issue: Officials in sports2015 •
Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité
Introduction to the special issue: Officials in sports2015 •
… and football VI: the proceedings of …
Match analyses of australian international female soccer players using an athlete tracking device2008 •