European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.59974
Volume 2│Issue 2│2016
AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF MARKET DEMAND IN THE
IRANIAN VOLLEYBALL SUPER LEAGUE, OF THE AUDIENCE AND
EXPERTS IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT
Maryam Rahmani1, Ali Mohammad Amirtash2*
1,2
Department of Sport Management, Science and Research Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to analyse the causes of market demand in the Iranian
Volleyball Super League, of the audience and experts in sports management. The study,
in terms of how to collect data was a descriptive survey done in terms of purpose that
field. The sample consisted of Premier League crowd of 340 is volleyball and sports
management experts. To collect data a standard questionnaire Bion and colleagues
(2010) was used. The questionnaire comprised 17 questions on a Likert scale of five
components market demand. For data analysis was used LISREL, a structural equation
modelling software. The results showed that, in order to promote factors, the opposing
team, economic considerations, planning and other team in the Premier League
volleyball are the most important factors of demand. It is suggested planners and
organizers policies and actions based on the priorities set, to see the audience's presence
increasing in our Volleyball League.
Keywords: market demand, market demand factors, volleyball league, fans
1.
Introduction
One of the most important and effective factors in the growth and development of sport
industry are spectators and fans. The fans with buying tickets, in addition of giving an
identity to sports leagues, they have a prominent role in gaining incomes for sport
leagues. On the one hand watching a sport event requires spending and other
difficulties such that; some fans in order to show their enthusiasm to the sport and their
sport club, sometimes, come a long distance to competition venue and spend a great
part of their money, time and energy for residence, purchasing tickets, food and
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
8
Maryam Rahmani, Ali Mohammad Amirtash AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF MARKET DEMAND IN THE IRANIAN VOLLEYBALL SUPER LEAGUE,
OF THE AUDIENCE AND EXPERTS IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT
parking. Considering a mutual relationship between sport and spectators, using
marketing techniques is inevitable, first considering needs and demands of spectators
and from the other hand income of sport bodies, the duty of sports marketers is, by
study and the exploration of the consumer s needs, analysing their behaviours and
identifying the factors influencing their management, to have more attention to tastes of
the target market which they are different each other in terms of age, income, marriage
and education etc. In this regard, the fans and spectators are among the target market
and audience of sport organizations, which encourage and stimulate them for more
presence. This is of fundamental goals of marketers. With the growth of sport industry
the sport managers are trying to increase incomes. They are always attempt to increase
the number of spectators in the competitions and create loyalty fans. There has been
created an increasing interest for study the motivations and effective factors on
presence of spectators to better understanding of their behaviours in the competitive
races. This item that: what factors are more effective in the presence of spectators? They have
special importance for sport races marketers. If the effective factors in the presence of
sectors are clear the sport marketers would be capable of design more proper marketing
strategies for presence of spectators in the stadiums.
Different studies in different communities and in different sports fields are
focusing to investigate and identify the consuming behaviours of spectators and to
investigate the different aspects of this behaviour. The conducted studies have
identified the internal and external factors about the effective factors to presence of
spectators; among them we can refer to attractive factors such as the position of team in
the table of the league and star players, the environmental factors such as stadium
facilities, the program of the competition, weather conditions, the motivational factors
such as identity of the team, the economic factors such as the price of the ticket and
demographic factors such as age, gender, race and marriage status. All of these studies
are done toward reaching a goal: how is it possible to increase the number of spectators
to be presented in the stadium? Or in the marketing term how it is possible to increase
the customer s demands for buying sport products?
One of the most important duties of a marketing manager is creating demands,
adjusting the level of demand, its timing and offer the specification of demand to access
to organization s goals. Trail & Gibson
explained that the demand of market in
the sport is a collection of essential components that is related to the game and this is a
thing that a sport team can give to prudent customers. In fact a professional sport team
can offer to its spectators a collection of factors inconsistent with the game. In other
words the variables of market demand are directly related to sport team
implementation and selling tickets. Byon et al (2010) proposed a model of creating
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
9
Maryam Rahmani, Ali Mohammad Amirtash AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF MARKET DEMAND IN THE IRANIAN VOLLEYBALL SUPER LEAGUE,
OF THE AUDIENCE AND EXPERTS IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT
market demand in the sport which includes five components of domestic team, the
opposing team, economic considerations, promoting and planning which constitute the
conceptual pattern of current study.
Different studies have been done in the field of factors creating market demand
and attracting spectators to sport competitions. Yen and Teng (2015) in a research have
investigated the effect of the effective factors on the intention of foreign spectators to
participate in the Korea's professional baseball league which results indicated that in
the view of spectators leisure time, the service during events and the performance of
teams have a prominent effect on the intention of presence of spectators in the
stadiums.
Wu and Li (2014) in the investigation of the motivation of sport spectators found
that the important stimulation for presence of spectators were sports interest of
spectators, the success of teams and the social factors of motivation. In addition the
men s spectators are more interested than women to watch football. Lo´peza et al (2012)
in a research with a title of Spectators in Spain, presence and consumption understood
that economic factors such as personal incomes have a positive relationship with
presence in the sport. For spectators which their goal is entertainment the probability of
their presence in the professional events would be reduced to 30%, in contrast for those
who their goal is excitement this probability would be increased to 30%. The
uncertainty of the outcome of the race and the unpredictability of the race, have a
positive effect on the attendance of spectators in the sport events. For those who their
goal is supporting of favourite team, the probability of attendance in the professional
sport events would be increased to 15%.
Saatchian and Elahi (2
in a research with title The factor analysis of marketing
obstacles of attraction and improvement the fans of professional football league clubs of Iran
classified the obstacles of attraction and improvement of fans in seven classes of
product, location, powers of market, pricing, public relations, process and distribution
channel. Emadi and Naseh (2014) analysed the influencing factors on the satisfaction
and attendance of spectators in the sports of premier League Iranian Football. The
effective factors on the satisfaction of spectators were the quality of result (the quality of
competition and the quality of team performance) and the quality of duty (access to
stadium, security, trust, the quality of services and the condition of the stadium) have
the more meaningful impact on the spectators satisfaction respectively and the
spectators satisfaction was effective on the presence of spectators in the stadium.
Always the lack of spectators at tournament in the league has been raised as an
issue, so that the marketing managers of many stadiums even marketers and
researchers in various fields of marketing with their studies trying to clarify the
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
10
Maryam Rahmani, Ali Mohammad Amirtash AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF MARKET DEMAND IN THE IRANIAN VOLLEYBALL SUPER LEAGUE,
OF THE AUDIENCE AND EXPERTS IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT
different aspects of this subject. The empty positions of spectators and lack of interest
from different sport competitions in Iran and even in the premier leagues in Iran can
indicate this issue very well. In one hand the few existing researches in our country
suggest that a little attention has done to presence of spectators and recognize the
effective factors on attendance or lack of attendance in different sport races. And the
limited research has done in the field of football. Apart from football, during recent
years, other leagues such as volleyball have been considered; it seems that upgrading
the position of volleyball of Iran in the Asia and world level has increased by fans of
this field. Also looking to sport programs in the Iranian media indicates that, the
broadcasting of sport races in Iran has been increased. Therefore it seems that the
contexts of doing different sport events have been provided in Iran.
In this regard the general purpose of the present study is the analysis of the
factors of creating demands in the premier league of volleyball in the view of spectators
and sports management experts.
Material and Methods
The method of present research in terms of data collection is descriptive and in terms of
goal is practical survey which has been done in field. The populations of the study are
spectators of volleyball premier league and sports management experts. The purposes
of sports management are those who have PhD degree in sports management that are
300 individuals.
The sample size for sports management experts were estimated using Morgan
table. Thus the number of sample statistics for sport management experts obtained 170
people. From the other hand 170 spectators of premier volleyball league as statistical
sample will complete the questionnaires of the research. The method of sampling for
spectators was randomly and stratified such that in the eighth weeks of competitions in
the preliminary level which 6 matches will be done the 30 questionnaires in each match
would be distributed and collected. The sampling method for experts of sport
management was a randomly one.
For data collection the standard questionnaire of Bion et al (2010) were used. This
questionnaire in the 5 value scale of Likret was measured with 17 items of the factors
creating market demand in 5 components of domestic team (3 items), opposite team (5
items), economic considerations (3 items), promoting game (3 items) and planning (3
items). In the foreign researches its design and validity has confirmed in different sport
fields.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
11
Maryam Rahmani, Ali Mohammad Amirtash AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF MARKET DEMAND IN THE IRANIAN VOLLEYBALL SUPER LEAGUE,
OF THE AUDIENCE AND EXPERTS IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT
Haydari (2013) has validated and localized this questionnaire in Iran. However
for more precaution the validity of questionnaire was confirmed by11 specialists and
masters of sport management experts who were active in the field of sport marketing
and fans management. By using Cronbach alpha the general reliability of research tool
was obtained 0.83. The analysing was done in two levels of descriptive and inferential
statistics. In the level of descriptive statistics has used tables and figures of frequency,
percentage, mean and standard deviation and in the level of inferential statistics the
Structural Equation Modelling was used. This calculation has done using the Lisrel
software.
Findings
After reviewing the data first identified that about 69% of spectators were single and
31% were married. The most of spectators that is 38% of them were 21 to 30 years old.
Then the people under 20 years old were 32%, the people 31 to 40 years old were 19%
and people over than 40 years old were 10%. 40% of spectators had education lower
than associated degree, 35% had BS degree, 20% had MA degree and 4% had Ph.D
degree.
Most of the spectators that is 1 to 3 games, 21% 4 to 6 games, 12% that is 7 to 9
games, 10% 10 to 12 games, 8% 13 to 15 games and 9% more than 16 games, had
attended in the stadium. 27% of spectators lower than one year, 30% between 2 to 5
years, 23% between 6 to 9 years, 11% between 10 to 13 years and 8% more than 14 years
had the attendance record in the stadium for watching volleyball games. In terms of job
26% of spectators had free job, 9% were employee, 10% were worker, 20% were student,
25% were school student and 10% were unemployed.
In terms of age, 15% of experts were lower than 30 years old, 36% were between
31 to 40 years old, and 38% between 41 and 50 and 11% of them had more than 51 years
old. Lower than 10% of experts until now at least one time has directly attended in the
stadium, in terms of favour special field 19% of experts has interested in events
management, 12% to places management, 9% media management, 23% marketing
management, 29% strategic management and 8% had interested in leisure time
management.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
12
Maryam Rahmani, Ali Mohammad Amirtash AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF MARKET DEMAND IN THE IRANIAN VOLLEYBALL SUPER LEAGUE,
OF THE AUDIENCE AND EXPERTS IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT
Table 1: Mean, SD, coefficient and reliability among market demand factors
Factors
Number of
mean
variables
SD
Cronbach
Alpha
1
2
3
4
5
Domestic team
3
1.78 0.74
0.87
Opposed team
5
2.31 0.63
0.87 0.42
Economic
3
2.25 0.99
0.72 0.17 0.30
promoting
3
2.53 0.81
0.79 0.37 0.49 0.46
planning
3
2.16 0.88
0.77 0.22 0.32 0.32 0.39
17
2.21 0.56
0.87 0.60 0.75 0.67 0.77 0.65
considerations
Market demand
1
1
1
1
1
Results of table indicates that there is a proper correlation between the factors of market
demand, also there is a proper correlation between these factors and the main variable
(market demand)
Figure 1: The model of first level explaining creating demand in the Premier league of
volleyball
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
13
Maryam Rahmani, Ali Mohammad Amirtash AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF MARKET DEMAND IN THE IRANIAN VOLLEYBALL SUPER LEAGUE,
OF THE AUDIENCE AND EXPERTS IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT
Table 2: fitness measuring the first level of model creating demand in the Premier league of
volleyball
The fitness in the model
The values of indexes
Chi-Square
df
RMSEA
AGFI
GFI
P- value
171.43
109
0.057
0.92
0.01
0.001
As it is clear in the table the values of all indexes indicates proper and acceptable
fitness of create demand model
Figure 2: The second level model of results implementing structural model of market
demand and its aspects
In the second phase of factor analysis, we are going to know whether there is
meaningful relationship or not between latent exogenous (independent variable) of
market demand with its 5 aspects as endogenously variable (dependent variable) which
the model of factor analysis of second phase of research, shows the suggested the casual
relationship between market demand and its aspects (domestic team, opposite team,
economic considerations, promote and planning)
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
14
Maryam Rahmani, Ali Mohammad Amirtash AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF MARKET DEMAND IN THE IRANIAN VOLLEYBALL SUPER LEAGUE,
OF THE AUDIENCE AND EXPERTS IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT
Table 3: Evaluating the fitness of the second level model of creating demand in the volleyball
premier league
The fitness in the model
Chi-Square
df
RMSEA
AGFI
GFI
P- value
185.41
114
0.059
0.94
0.92
0.001
The values of indexes
As it is clear in the table the values of indexes indicating acceptable and proper fitness
of demand model.
Table 4: Results of implement the structural model of market demand and its aspects
The
Component
factor
Items
load of
items
Domestic team
The rank of favour team in the
0.89
table
0.76
Celebrity of favourite team
The records of win and lose
The factor
load of
components
tvalue
Coefficient
0.87
7.31
0.53
0.62
7.05
0.38
0.61
6.34
0.37
0.51
5.77
0.28
0.54
5.79
0.30
0.87
of favourite team
Opposite team
The celebrity of opposite team
0.86
The general performance of
0.81
opposite team
0.83
The general quality of players
0.64
of opposite team
The
technical
quality
of
0.68
Your ability in purchasing
0.84
Economic
ticket
0.64
considerations
Discount on ticket prices
opposite team
0.80
The price of personal ticket
Promoting
Promoting purchase(Existence
0.60
prizes and sweepstakes)
0.78
The direct informing of game
(e-mail and message)
Existing proper ads in the
0.61
game
The proper time of game in
the days of week
Planning
Announcement
of
the
program of the whole session
before the start of the league
0.85
0.63
0.62
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
15
Maryam Rahmani, Ali Mohammad Amirtash AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF MARKET DEMAND IN THE IRANIAN VOLLEYBALL SUPER LEAGUE,
OF THE AUDIENCE AND EXPERTS IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT
season
Holding
games
in
the
appropriate hours of the day
The relationship of coefficient of determination or R2 for components of domestic team,
opposing team, economic considerations, promotion and planning are 0.53, 0.38, 0.37,
0.28 and 0.30 respectively. This means that respectively demand of market can be
explained by: 0.53 domestic team, 0.38 opposing team, 0.37 economic considerations,
0.28 promotions and 0.30 of planning.
Discussion and Conclusion
In prioritize the factors creating market demand in the Premier League volleyball has
become clear that the factors of domestic team, opposing team, economic
considerations, planning and promotion were the most important factors, respectively
which is consistent with the results of Wang (2011) and Emadi (2014) research. But is
conflict with results of Nemati (2011) study. That may the reason of this conflict can
assign to different statistical society. Since these studies are mostly done in the field
football and the population of this study is volleyball. Thus we can conclude that factors
related to domestic team, opposing team and economic considerations have more share
in creating spectators demands for attend in watching volleyball competitions and the
factors of planning and promotion, in comparison with three mentioned factors have
lower shares.
In the domestic team component, the rank of favoured team in the table, the
records of lose and win of the team and the celebrity of favour team have more
importance in create demand in the premier volleyball team, respectively. About
domestic team prioritize of factors was completely consistent with Christian et al (2012)
study. Lopez et al (2012) found that the probability of attendance in sport event for
those who their main motivation was support from favoured team would increases to
15%. According to Christian et al (2010) the importance of domestic team may be is that
spectators by supporting a particular team are searching an identity of a person that
shaped from the sense of belonging to a group. If a fan belongs he to a powerful team as
a result knows the success of a team to his success. Bauer et al (2008) stated that
reputation, value and credit of a team have a special impact on the attitudes and even
behaviours of fans. We can say that if the position and power of a team is higher and its
athletics also have this condition the spectators also would be more enthusiastic to
that.in fact if the results of a sport team be along with win and success the more amount
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
16
Maryam Rahmani, Ali Mohammad Amirtash AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF MARKET DEMAND IN THE IRANIAN VOLLEYBALL SUPER LEAGUE,
OF THE AUDIENCE AND EXPERTS IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT
of spectators would attend to follow the matches.in total the attacking play of opposing
team and its technical quality were the most factors of demand in the premier volleyball
team. Raeesi et al (2013) in this regard stated that presence of star player, competition
with a known and traditional team can be resulted to attendance of spectators.
Nemati et al (2012) found that the attractiveness of the game and the
unpredictability of the game are effective on presence of the spectators. In analysing
this part of research findings we can say that the attractive sport competition and
unpredictable results are the quality factors of sport competitions which take more
attention of sport audiences and results to increase the demands of spectators for
presence in the stadium. In the component of economic considerations, ability to
purchase ticket, the price of ticket and discount in the ticket price are the most
important factors of creating demand in the premier league of volleyball, respectively.
Peace and Jhang (2009) suggested three factors of economic, attractiveness and
planning as the most important effective factors on the presence of spectators. in the
Fallahi study (2008) among economic factors, the stadium facilities, dependence to
team, encouragers, entertainment, opposing team and aggression, the economic factor
(the price of ticket and transportation) have the most effect on attendance of spectators
which is inconsistent with results of this study. The high price of the ticket can be a
reason for this disparity. In the planning component, the time of game in the proper
days of the week, announcement of whole program of the session before starting the
league and holding the game in the proper times are the most important factors of
creating demands in the league of volleyball.
In Elahi study (2008) also, the timing factor of holding competitions have the low
importance in comparison with other factors. Results of Karo et al (2009) research
indicated that about spectators which were considered as fans and come to the stadium
for supporting their favour team, the planning has no direct relationship with desire to
attend and these spectators whenever the matches are hold they attend to the stadium.
In the Nemati et al (2012) study although the planning factor (precise planning, the time
and location of the games, play in the weekends, the weather conditions and access to
parking) had a causal relationship with attendance of spectators but it is a third priority
after economic factor and attractiveness.
Also, Raeesi et al (2013) found that regularly holding competitions has a direct
impact on presence of the spectator, although it is not the more useful factor .in the
component of promotion, existing the proper advertising about game and promote
purchase (Prizes, raffle and music) respectively, were the most factors of creating
market demand in the premier volleyball league. The promotion component had the
least importance in the factors of creating market demand in the volleyball league.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
17
Maryam Rahmani, Ali Mohammad Amirtash AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF MARKET DEMAND IN THE IRANIAN VOLLEYBALL SUPER LEAGUE,
OF THE AUDIENCE AND EXPERTS IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT
Grinol et al (2009) found that the stimulating factor only relates to the trending of
attendance of some spectators which only has come to the stadium for leisure. And
even they may a fan of a team; they have not a special bigotry to that team. But about
fans that they are fanatically fan a team, the stimulating factor has no meaningful
relationship with tendency to attendance. Aminodi & Lee (2008) considered the proper
informing as one of the most important components of the quality of sports event
services which affects the tendency of attendance of spectators. About the low
importance of promotion factor Kim & Trill (2011) stated that although the promotions
such as fireworks, giving the club goods, gifts, the side events and music are attractive
for spectators but the fans attend in the club to see the continuously success of their
team.
Finally it can be stated that according to essential of forming win-win
relationship between spectators and the sport that is, considering needs and
requirements of spectators in one hand and incoming of sport organizations from the
other hand, using marketing techniques would be inevitable. It is the duty of sports
marketers to have more focus on the taste of target market by study and explore the
needs of consumers, the analysis of the process of their behaviour and identify effective
factors on its management. According to results of this study the factors of domestic
team, opposing team, economic considerations, planning and promoting are the most
important factors of creating market demand in the premier league of volleyball which
recommended that planners and the organizers of policies and measures adjust
themselves according to these priorities to be witnessed of increasing spectators in the
premier league of volleyball.
References
1. “bel. Correia., & Sandra, Esteves .
. “n Exploratory Study of Spectators
Motivation in Football . Sport Management and Marketing, , -6.
2. Aminuddin, Yusof. Lee. & Hooi, See.
. Spectator Perceptions of Physical
Facility and Team Quality “ Study of a Malaysian Super League Soccer Match ,
Research Journal of International Studies, 8, 132-140.
3. ”auer, H. H. Sauer, N. E. Exler, S.
. ”rand Image and Fan Loyalty in
Professional Team Sport “ Refined Model and Empirical “ssessment . Journal
of Sport Management, 22, 205-226.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
18
Maryam Rahmani, Ali Mohammad Amirtash AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF MARKET DEMAND IN THE IRANIAN VOLLEYBALL SUPER LEAGUE,
OF THE AUDIENCE AND EXPERTS IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT
4. ”yon, Kevin Zhang, James Connaughton, Daniel.
.
Dimensions of
general market demand associated with professional team sports Development
of a scale Sport Management Review, 13, 142–157.
5. Caro, L. M., & Garcia, J. “. M.
. Consumer satisfaction with a periodic
reoccurring sport event and the moderating effect of motivations . Sport
Marketing Quarterly, 16(2), 70-81.
6. Christian, M. End., & Natalie, J. Foster.
. The Effect of Seat Location,
Ticket Cost, and Team Identification on Sport Fans` Instrumental and Hostile
“ggression , North “merican Journal of Psychology,
,
-432 .
7. Elahi, AR. (2008). "Obstacles and strategies for economic development in the
Islamic Republic of Iran football industry."PhD thesis, University of Physical
Education and Sport Sciences Thran, 22-78.
8. Emadi, M., Mahtab, Naseh. (2014). "Analysis of the factors influencing
satisfaction and spectators at the grounds of Premier League football." Journal of
Sport Management and Development, Number 2(5), 75-63.
9. Fallahi, A. (2008). "Factors influencing presence Premier League football fans."
Thesis Master of Physical Education Tehran University, 28-68.
10. Greenwell, T. C., Lee, J., & Naeger, D.
.
Using the critical incident
technique to understand critical aspects of the minor league spectator s
experience . Sport Marketing Quarterly,
,
-198.
11. Joker, Siavash. (2008). "The motivation and the factors affecting the presence of
fans at a football game." Thesis Master of Physical Education and Sport Sciences
University Mdrs, 10-85.
12. Kim, Y. K., & Trail, G.
. “ conceptual framework for understanding
relationships between sport consumers and sport organizations: A relationship
quality approach . Journal of Sport Management,
,
-69.
13. Lo´peza, Fernando Lera; Lo´pezb, Andrea Ollo & Ga´ratea, Manuel Rapu´n.
spectatorship in Spain attendance and consumption . European Sport
Management Quarterly, 12(3), 278-281.
14. Mathius, M., Samer, F., Fink, J. S.
. Factor and differential demographic
effect on purchses of season tickets for professional league football. Journal of
Sport Behavior, 41, 225 – 236, 8.
15. Neale, Larry Funk, Daniel.
. Investigating motivation, attitudinal loyalty
and attendance behavior with fans of “ustralian Football . International Journal
of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 7, 307-317.
16. Nemati, Nematollah, Tojjari, F., Ashraf Ganjoui, f. (2012). "Factors affecting test
theoretical models of football fans in Iran". Sport Management Studies, 13, 15-1.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
19
Maryam Rahmani, Ali Mohammad Amirtash AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF MARKET DEMAND IN THE IRANIAN VOLLEYBALL SUPER LEAGUE,
OF THE AUDIENCE AND EXPERTS IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT
17. Pease, D. G., & Zhang, J. J.
. Socio-motivational factors affecting spectator
attendance at professional basketball games . International Journal of Sport
Management, 2, 31-59, 5-6.
18. Raeisi, Mojtaba “lam, Shahram & Khodayari, “bbas
. “ comparison
between affecting factors in football and volleyball spectator attendance study of
Saipa-Alborz club Scholars Research Library 4 (5), 56-61-58-60.
19. Saatchian Wahid Ali Elahi. (2014). "Marketing barriers absorption analysis and
the development of professional league football fans clubs." Sports Management
Studies, 6 (22), 124-85.
20. Stephen, Reysen., & Nyla, R. ”ransombe.
.
Fanship and Fandom
Comparison between Sport and Non-Sport Fans , Journal of Sport ”ehavior,
33(2), 176-193 .
21. Trail, G. T., & Gibson, H. J.
. Dimensions of market demand associated
with pre-season training: Development of a scale for major league baseball
spring training . Sport Management Review, 8, 271–296.
22. Wang R. T., Zhang J. J., & Tsuji Y.
. Examining Fan Motives and Loyalty
for the Chinese Professional ”aseball League of Taiwan . Published by Elsevier
Ltd on behalf of Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand,
24-68.
23. Wu, H.-C., & Li, T.
. “ study of experiential quality, perceived value,
heritage image, experiential satisfaction, and behavioral intentions for heritage
tourists . Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research,
24. Yen, C.-H., & Teng, H.-Y.
,
-89.
. Celebrity involvement, perceived value, and
behavioral intentions in popular media-induced tourism . Journal of Hospitality
& Tourism Research, 39(2), 225-244.
Creative Commons licensing terms
Authors will retain the copyright of their published articles agreeing that a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) terms
will be applied to their work. Under the terms of this license, no permission is required from the author(s) or publisher for members of the community
to copy, distribute, transmit or adapt the article content, providing a proper, prominent and unambiguous attribution to the authors in a manner that
makes clear that the materials are being reused under permission of a Creative Commons License. Views, opinions and conclusions expressed in this
research article are views, opinions and conclusions of the author(s). Open Access Publishing Group and European Journal of Physical Education and
Sport Science shall not be responsible or answerable for any loss, damage or liability caused in relation to/arising out of conflict of interests, copyright
violations and inappropriate or inaccurate use of any kind content related or integrated on the research work. All the published works are meeting the
Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and noncommercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
20