European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.51104
Volume 1│Issue 2│January 2016
EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES
ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY
Zerf Mohammed1i, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali
1
Physical Education Institute Laboratory OPAPS
University of Mostaganem, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria
Abstract:
The goals of this study are to find ways to determine the risks cardiovascular and
respiratory capacity in class obese I, II, III housewife based on them adaptation to effort.
Since obesity has reached epidemic as levels in cholesterol fractions, and triglyceride as
risk factors of metabolic health track into adulthood which confirmed that the body
physical fitness has a significant modifying effect on other risk factors as cardiovascular
disease. Our role is to expose the impact of the class obesity on the level fitness to
health. In order to achieve this objective, in one hand we have chosen the RuffierDickson index and Maximum Heart Rate which are safe bet in the sports medical
baseline budget. On the other hand, our sample was selected by intentional method
represented by 30 women; their homogeneity was calculate based on age
7, ”MI
35,77 and Questionnaire Physical Activity Rating (PA-R) from Non-Exercise Data and
Non-Exercise Fitness Test. Our entire sample selected that prefer staying at home. In
order to classify our sample, we have selected the BMI classification system for adults
Programs and Health Survey for England which classed our sample in three categories
obesity I, II and III. For the statistical processing, we based on Mean, SD, Correlation
Paired Samples, Anova and LSD to determine the effect of overweight on the both
cardio-respiratory capacity failure between the three classes in active exercise as our
safe test.
Based on the analyses statistics we confirm:
-
is a strong positive relationship between the increase BMI and the level of the
variables selected in this study;
-
Class Body Composition reveals the weaker skeletal muscle function, decreases
cardiorespiratory capacity and the low fitness aerobics ability;
i
Corresponding author: Zerf Mohammed, biomeca.zerf@outlook.com
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by European Open Access Research Association ©2015.
20
Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali –
EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY
-
Class Body Composition predict the weaken cardio respiratory capacity related
to the combination of respiratory rate and airway narrowing which lead to fatigue of
the muscles of ventilation.
Keywords: body composition, cardio respiratory capacity, class obese housewife
1.
Introduction
Obesity has important functional implications because it related decline in physical
function, which can lead to frailty and complications. In fact, obesity may be the single
greatest cause of health deterioration according to (Davison, K. K., Ford, E. S., Cogswell,
M. E., Dietz, W. H, 2002) and one of the most important risk factor nowadays that has
become the main public health problem in 21st century according to
(Dennis T.
Villareal, Marian Banks, Catherine Siener, David R. Sinacore, Samuel Klein, 2004 online
2012) and (Meridith R. Blakely, Sarah M. Timmons, 2008).
While the meaning of obesity is as abnormal or excessive accumulations of fat
that may impair health, the World Health Organization (WHO), indicate that, any
individual with a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 kg/m 2 is obese.
(Sanjay Agrawal, 2015) Whereas (Alexandra Kazaks, Judith S. Stern, 2012) explain that
overweight and obesity ranges are determined by using an individual's weight and
height in an equation to calculate BMI. An adult who has a BMI between 25 and 29.9 is
considered overweight based on the study (Norman Edward Robinson,Kim A.
Sprayberry, 2009) which confirm that this syndrome is characterized by a high fat mass
(greater than 30%). We agreed that these women have a higher risk to developing type
2 diabetes mellitus in later life thing confirmed by (Matthew W. Gillman, Lucilla
Poston, 2012). From the proofs where the Health professionals confirm that overweight
have serious health risks for adults (Christina Paxon, 2010). We referee to the data from
the Nurses' Health Study, that obese women have 2.7 times risk of infertility compared
to women with normal weight thing confirmed by (Brigham Young University Utah
Ray M Merrill, Ray M. Merrill, 2010) and (Payal Gidwani Tiwari, 2015) confirm that
housewives must understand their bodies and learn to balance their lifestyle with
exercise according to (Nick Cavill, Sonja Kahlmeier, Francesca Racioppi, 2006).
Our background confirm that obesity diseases is related to lifestyle in
particularly cardiovascular disorders according to (Hugh Barton, Susan Thompson,
Sarah Burgess, Marcus Grant 2015). Our aims in this modest study come to determine
the impact of lifestyle on relationship physical activity and diet (Kelli McCormack
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
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Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali –
EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY
Brown, David Q. Thomas, Jerome Edward Koteck 2002) where (Shah, Sanjiv
Shah, Donna K. Arnett, 2014) confirm that it has long been recognized that certain
lifestyle factors can significantly influence health status since obesity has reached
epidemic in the Algerian population according to (Saker M, Merzouk H, Merzouk SA,
Ahmed SB, Narce M., 2011). Similar studies confirmed that obese subjects may have a
higher cardiac output, oxygen consumption and minute ventilation at a given work rate
by heat intolerance, dyspnoea/hyperpnea, movement restrictions, joint pain, muscle
weakness or balance problems according to (John Gormley, Juliette Hussey, 2009).
Similar studies on physical activity and health are confirming the benefits of
exercise in prevention and treatment of health conditions (Majed A Alabbad, Qassim I
Muaidi, 2016). (Adrianne E. Hardman, David J. Stensel 2009) emphasize the women
active as steps to maintain good health according to (Claire Etaugh, Judith S. Bridges,
2015). (James C. Grotta, Gregory W. Albers, Joseph P. Broderick, 2015) confirm that a
regular aerobic exercise is recognized as an important factor in the prevention and
control of obesity (Ronald Ross Watson, 2014).
Our interventions in this search come to expose in one hand the accurately of the
field test approved by the tests laboratory (Frank D. Rosato, 1995) (Gregory J.
Welk, William R. Corbin, Ruth Lindsey, 2003) (T. Reilly, 2013) and the similar studies
(Luke Edwardes-Evans, 2013) , (Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idris, Biengoua
Ali, Bendahmane Med Nasreddin, 2015) which confirm that these procedures are very
costly for Algerian families. Our interstate are to use simple equipment of the field tests,
which estimate level Health Fitness and Wellness (Frank D. Rosato, 2000) (Ali
Narvani, Panos Thomas, Bruce Lynn , 2014) to predict the outcome of the ability of
body work regarding an obese housewife.
2.
Material and Methods
Our sample was selected by intentional method represented in 30 women their
homogeneity was calculate based on age
7 and Questionnaire Physical “ctivity
Rating (PA-R and level of the index average ”MI
5,77.
For the assessments, we used:
A. The Physical Activity Rating (PA-R) Jackson et al. (1990).
(Jackson, A. S., Blair, S. N., Mahar, M. T., Wier, L. T., Rossand, R. M., & Stuteville, J. E.,
1990). This questionnaire tool is for categorizing a person's level of physical activity. It is
used in the equations for the Non-Exercise Fitness Test. Your PAR score is between 0
and 7.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
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Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali –
EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY
Select the number that best describes your overall level of physical activity for
the previous 6 MONTHS:
-
0 points: the subject avoids walking or exercise (for example, always uses
elevators, drives whenever possible instead of walking);
-
2 points: the subject walks and/or exercises 10 60 minutes per week;
-
3 points: the subject walks and/or exercises over 1 hour per week;
-
4 points: runs less than 1 mile per week or spends less than 30 minutes per week
in comparable physical activity;
-
5 points: runs 1 5 miles per week or spends 30 60 minutes per week in
comparable physical activity;
-
6 points: runs 5 10 miles per week or spends 1 3 hours per week in comparable
physical activity;
-
7 points: runs more than 10 miles per week or spends more than 3 hours per
week in comparable physical activity.
B.
The BMI classification system for adults (Public Health England, 2016)
It represents the most common method of measuring obesity is the Body Mass Index
(BMI). BMI is calculated by dividing body weight (kilograms) by height (meters)
squared. An adult BMI of between 25 and 29.9 is classified as overweight and a BMI of
30 or over is classified as obese (Table 1).
Table 1: World Health Organization BMI classification system for adults
Classification
BM range
Under
Heath
weight
weight
<18.5
18.5-24.9
Overweight
Obesity I
Obesity II
Obesity III
25-29.9
30_34.9
35-39.9
=40
To calculate BMI = weight (kg) height (m) or weight (Ib) height (in)1 x 704.5.
Body mass index (BMI) Body weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of height (in
meters), expressed in units of kg/m.
It is also called Quetelet index. (Paul M. Insel, R. Elaine Turner, Don Ross , 2004)
whereas Robert K. Creasy & all confirm our classification in Table 10-1 Obesity Class,
Body Mass Index (BMI) (Robert K. Creasy, Robert Resnik, Jay D. Iams, 2013) while Sana
Loue Body Mass Index is still valued as much as she was prior to the physical loss (Sana
Loue, Martha Sajatovic, 2004) (Judith Worell, 2002). Some medical research on men, and
later on women as well, found that individuals with a high percentage of body fat
(reflected in a high waist-to-hip ratio) were more likely to have high levels of lowdensity cholesterol associated with heart disease.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
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Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali –
EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY
C.
The Maximum Heart Rate
Estimation of VO2max from the ratio between HRmax and HRrest-the Heart Rate
Ratio Method (Larry Hoover, 2013) the Research was conducted by Uth et al. (2004)
(UTH, N. et al, 2004) found that VO2 max can be estimated indirectly from an
individual’s maximum heart rate HRmax) and resting heart rate (HRrest) with an
accuracy that compares favorably with other common VO2 max tests. It is given by:
VO2max estimate
VO2 max = 15 x (HRmax ÷ HRrest)
VO2max from Non-Exercise Data (George, J.D et al, 1997) (Jennifer G. Plebani,
2015). The following equation can be used to obtain an estimate of the athletes VO2max
based on:
VO2max = 44.895 + (7.042 x Sex) – (0.823 x BMI) + (0.688 x PAR) + (0.738 x PFA1) + PFA3
where: 4 Weight in kilograms 4 Height in meters 4 BMI = Weight / (Height x Height) 4
Sex = Male = 1 and Female = 0 4 PAR = Physical Activity Rating 4 PFA1 = Perceived
Functional Ability
1 mile 4 PFA3 = Perceived Functional Ability
3 miles. In our case,
we calculate Physical Activity Rating (PA-R) and compared it with Jackson et al.
The standard error of estimate for predicting VO2max = ± 3.44 ml/kg/min
D.
The Ruffier functional Dickson index test (Roy J. Shephard, 2014)
The efficiency of cardiovascular system is possible to evaluate optimally (beside a
detection and assessment of the heart rate zones) by making use of the functional tests.
One of them is The Ruffier test, which in simple way and with sufficient rate of
reliability sets the functional state of the cardiovascular system and readiness of
organism for load. The Ruffier functional test consists of three parts.
In the first part, after the 5 minutes relax, we conduct the measuring of the heart
rate in the sitting position (we measure for 10 sec and multiply by 6, or for 15 sec and
multiply by 4).
In the second part, we do 30 squats in 45 sec and immediately measure the HR,
similarly as in part one.
The last part of the test is again calming down in the sitting position for 1 minute
and consecutive measuring of HR.
The index value is calculated from formula: RI = [(S1 + S2 + S3) - 200]/10 (H.
Matthys, 2013). The evaluation of the Ruffier functional test:
-
till 3,0 - Excellent functional condition;
-
3,1 - 7,0 - Good functional condition;
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
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Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali –
EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY
-
7,1 12 - Average functional condition;
-
12,1 - 15,0 - Pour functional condition;
-
Over 15,1 - Very poor functional condition (Ramdane Almansba, Stanislaw
Sterkowicz, R. Belkacem Katarzyna Sterkowicz-Przybycien, D. Mahdad, 2010)
For the conditions, we a focus on:
-
The same marital lifestyle education social status;
-
Does not participate regularly in programed recreation, sport, or physical
activity
-
Their BMI are sub-classifications obese class I, II and II;
-
In good health based on diagnostic of them doctors;
-
The same level Physical Activity Rating (PA-R).
4.
Subjects
Our Samples are housewives Selected by intentional method Represented BY 30 women
with their age
7 and ”MI greater than 5,77 classified as Obese Class I, II, III and
selected they avoids walking or physical activity at home listed in Table 2.
Table 2: Expose the Descriptive Statistics
Variables
Mean
Class 1 N
SD
Mean
Class 2 N
SD
Mean
Class 3 N
SD
Mean
Total
N
SD
5.
BMI
HR1
HR2
31,32 139,82
HR3
Ruffier-Dickson index
73,82 113,82
Maximum Herat Rate
12,75
28,41
11
11
11
11
11
11
1,45
4,51
1,66
4,51
1,06
,35674
77,77 123,77
15,13
28,88
35,80 149,77
9
9
9
9
9
9
,479
2,11
1,20
2,12
,52
,29
78,80 128,00
16,08
29,32
40,64 154,00
10
10
10
10
10
10
1,99
2,49
1,03
2,49
,57
,34
76,66 121,53
14,57
28,85
35,77 147,533
30
30
30
30
30
30
4,21
6,98
2,59
6,98
1,64
,50
Data Analysis
Based on the data retests and the data analysis procedures used in this study consisted
of the computation of the means, standard deviations, the Regression, Anova & LSD
and Correlation Paired Samples. We have chosen the Descriptive statistics where we
have calculated the conditions chosen for this experience. With a Significance level was
set at 0.05. Statistical procedures were done using SPSS 21.0.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
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Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali –
EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY
6.
Results
From the Table 2 in general our sample are Overweight or obese Class I, II and III
based on their BMI thing confirmed by Carolyn Coker Ross (Carolyn Coker Ross,
2009)and Liane Summerfield (Liane Summerfield, 2015). For values VO2max estimate
all ours sample are in 50 max hearth rates% based on relates max hearth rates to
vo2max listed in table 6.3 according to (John Shepherd, 2013) based on (Corey H. Evans,
Russell D. White 2009) it is found that our sample is classified in category poor
according to the values standards described by American College of Sports Medicine
Standards for man and woman. Whereas the index Ruffier-Dickson is in the benefit of
class I which is insufficient adapted to stress in the opposite of class II&III which are
poor adapted to effort (Patrick Ledrappier, 2006) from that we calculate the Pearson
Correlations to determine the base scientist of these differences.
Table 3: Expose Pearson Correlations of the variables chosen to study
Variables
BMI
HR1
HR2
HR3
Ruffier-Dickson
Maximum Herat
BMI
1
HR1
,850**
1
,963**
,963**
,974**
,695**
HR2
,913**
,963**
1
1,000**
,999**
,862**
,913**
,963** 1,000**
1
,999**
,862**
Ruffier-Dickson index
,908**
,974**
,999**
,999**
1
,840**
Maximum Herat Rate
,840**
,695**
,862**
,862**
,840**
1
,850
**
,913
**
,913
**
,908
**
,840**
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
From the table 3 where we have calculated the Pearson correlation our find confirms:
1. There is a strong positive relationship between the BMI, level index RuffierDickson and vo2max esteemed by Maximum Heart Rate.
2. Based on the level of Ruffier-Dickson and Maximum Heart Rate our sample are
poor due to the higher cardiac output, oxygen consumption and minute
ventilation at a given work rate (John Porcari, Cedric Bryant, Fabio Comana,
2015) attributable to the ratio of alveolar ventilation (VA) over cardiac output
(Q) or ventilation/perfusion ratio (VA/Q) is increased. When dead space/tidal
volume ratio is increased, minute ventilation is typically inordinately high for
the work rate (Michael S. Sagiv, 2012)
3. Our finding reflects the willingness and ability cardio respiratory capacity (Paul
Gamble, 2013) where our field tests revealed the low physical fitness of our
obese women due to low levels of habitual physical activity. (Brigham Young
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
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Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali –
EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY
University Alton L Thygerson, Steven M Thygerson, 2015) (Mikael Forglolm,
2001)
4. all variables chosen to study have strong positive correlation. Our results
confirm that obese subjects have a higher cardiac output, oxygen consumption
and minute ventilation at a given work rate. Our find is correlated to the
subjection of Caroline J & all (Caroline J. Hollins Martin, Ronald Ross
Watson, Victor R. Preedy, 2013) to classify the the obese person accordingly to
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) can score a decrease in maximal oxygen uptake
capacity (VO2max).
Based on testes applied in this experience through Table 2 we referee to Vincent
Antonetti, PhD (Vincent Antonetti, PhD, 2013) that the field tests are not a laboratory
tests. (Vincent Antonetti, PhD, 2013) (Peter B. Bennett, Frans Cronjé, Ernest S. Campbell,
2006) can under predict the aerobic capacity (Susan M. Schembre, PhD, RD and
Deborah A. Riebe, PhD, 2011). We confirm that the values obtained from the formulas
do not lose them quite accurately due to level fitness of our sample which is poor [36].
In other hand, we confirm based on the similar studies that Field Tests can give a
fairly good estimate level of Fitness and health (Vincent Antonetti, PhD, 2013), which is
widely used because it requires less effort from the subject (Tommy Boone, 2013). We
conclude that cardio respiratory capacity leads to better health and a higher quality of
life according to (Wener Hoeger, Sharon Hoeger, 2015) whereas (Frank Rosato, 2011)
confirms that Field tests as running and walking tests, have been reported to be highly
correlated to VO2max (David P. Johns, Koenraad J. Lindner, 2006). From the approved
we recommend our housewives to use the Field tests to predict their Aerobic Fitness
and Wellness a test based on cardio respiratory capacity because their level ability of
consumption to VO2max do not fit with the intensity of test practiced (Henrik Loe,
Sigurd Steinshamn, Ulrik Wisløff, 2014). In order to verify the effects of obese class on
cardio respiratory capacity ability we used Anova by LSD to predict reasons for the
poor level in a family activity (U. Frey, P.J.F.M. Merkus, 2010) (Karen Mazzeo, Lauren
Mangili, 2012) .
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
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Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali –
EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY
Table 4: Effects of body composition by class obese on cardio respiratory capacity
F
BMI
sig
105,15
HR1
51,14
HR3
51,14
IDEX
51,19
vo2Max
class I
, 00 class I
40,36
HR2
LSD
19,39
class II
class III
----
-4,48*
-9,32*
class II
4,48*
-------
-4,84*
class III
9,32*
4,84*
----
----
-3,95*
-4,98*
class II
3,95*
----
-1,02
class III
4,98*
1,02
----
----
-9,95*
-14,18*
class II
9,95*
----
-4,22*
class III
14,18*
4,22*
----
----
-9,96*
-14,18*
class II
9,96*
----
-4,22*
class III
14,18*
4,22*
----
----
-2,38*
-3,33*
class II
2,38*
----
-,95*
class III
3,33*
,95*
----
class I
----
-,48*
-,91*
class II
,48*
----
-,43*
class III
,91*
,43*
----
class I
class I
class I
class I
Across the Table 4 we confirm the credibility of our data by Baumgartner (Brigham
Young University Alton L Thygerson, Steven M Thygerson, 2015) (Q. Ashton Acton,
PhD, 2013) which confirm that the effort test must would probably be more suitable for
less fit participants. From that we agreed the judgment of Melinda S. Sothern [48] that
potential roles of cardiovascular fitness is lies on the highest rate of oxygen use by the
body during a progressive exercise test (VO2 max) where VO2max is a physiological
predict the healthy level girls, thing which correspond with Rowland et al. found a
direct correlation between body mass index and absolute maximal cardiac output thing
confirmed by Peter J. Maud (Peter J. Maud, Carl Foster, 2006). An estimation of
VO2max can be determined using the distance and time achieved in these events or
duration of the event or activity [50]. Whereas (Ted A. Baumgartner, Matthew T.
Mahar, Andrew S. Jackson, 2015) confirm that an interaction term that improves
prediction accuracy of aerobic fitness, but an important question concerns the validity
estimates to predict health risk in our case we select the level BMI where our data
confirms deficits caused by this resistance (Zerf Mohammed, 2015). From that we
agreed that Aerobic capacity (VO2 max) in obesity in adults, a high fat oxidation rate
has been suggested as protecting against subsequent weight gain as well as against
body
weight
gain
following
slimming
(Ted
A.
Baumgartner,
Matthew
T.
Mahar, Andrew S. Jackson, 2015) In other obese individuals tend to have lower VO2
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
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Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali –
EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY
max per kilogram body weight than non-obese individuals (C Dorathea Andrews, East
Carolina University Matthew Mahar, Ted Baumgartner, Dr David Rowe, Andrew S
Jackson, 2015), Where the VO2 max is a measure of work capacity. If the obesity is
severe, the VO2max may be lower than predicted, indicating impairment (Asbestos
Medicine on Trial-A Medical/Legal Outline, 1995) (Frank Hu Associate Professor of
Nutrition and Epidemiology Harvard School of Public Health , 2008). Whereas Ronald
B. George (Ronald B. George, 2005) confirm the leveling off of Vo2 provides objective
evidence that the subject has attained maximal aerobic power. Which explain the
decrease VO2 max HRmax and HRrest due to % of BMI form that we agreed the results
of James S. Skinner (James S. Skinner, 2005) that aerobic power (VO2max) is reduced in
obesity appears to depend on how VO2max is expressed, when it's expressed relative to
body. From that we agreed the judgment (Debasis Bagchi, 2010) of Debasis Bagchi that
maximum oxygen update (VO2max) is the most common marker of cardiovascular
fitness; however, there has commonly been confusion regarding the most appropriate
way of expressing VO2max in the obese (Ronald J. Maughan, 2009). Where these finds
we confirmed the found of (Melinda S. Sothern, Stewart T. Gordon, T. Kristian von
Almen, 2006) that VO2 max is inversely related to body fat
obesity depresses mass-
relative aerobic fitness. From the proof, we confirm the credibility of our data based on
the Regression of Hawley & Noakes (1992) (HEYWOOD, V, 2006)
On the bottom of our references through table 2, 3 and 4 we confirm that our
data statistical analysis line with confirmation of (V.Courtney Broaddus, Robert C
Mason, Joel D Ernst, 2015) V. Courtney Broaddus the obese individuals lacking
underlying cardiac or pulmonary disease display VO2max lower than predicted
whereas Kathleen Keller (Kathleen Keller, 2008) said oxygen uptake (VO2Max), which
is an assessment of the greatest rate at which oxygen can be taken in, distributed, and
Other components of health-related fitness that are less often correlated with obesity.
For that reasons, the risk for multiple diseases, including coronary heart disease,
hypertension, osteoporosis, obesity, depression, and Maximum oxygen composition
(Vo2 max) is lower in women, largely because of differences in body composition in our
case the class of obesity.
7.
Discussion
From the approve we confirm that the class obese is important predict of the weakens
in the obese individuals where the Obese individuals in general have higher lung
volumes (Klaus F. Rabe, Jadwiga A. Wedzicha, Emiel F.M. Wouters 2013) and increased
minute ventilation (Forrest O. Moore, Peter M. Rhee, Samuel A. Tisherman, 2012) (Ali
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
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Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali –
EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY
El Solh, 2012) due to lower respiratory rate which we confirms the found of (Joel A.
DeLisa, Bruce M. Gans, Nicholas E. Walsh, 2005) in the concept cardiovascular disease
due to overweight class and the Physical inactivity as lifestyle where (Kazuyuki
Kanosue, Satomi Oshima, Zhen-Bo Cao, 2015) confirm that aerobic exercise is
recommended for the prevention of obesity and lifestyle-related diseases. Whereas our
results confirm that, the overweight relative to oxygen consumption (VO2max) in obese
persons is significantly (David X. Cifu, 2015). For that reason, our data analyses line
with confirmation (Undurti N. Das, 2010) that a phenotypic variation is due to energy
expenditure and energy intake.
In other hand, we agreed by (T. Douglas Bradley, John S. Floras, 2009) that, the
respiratory function in the obese, leptin-resistant zucker rat is characterized by a
derangement in structural, neural, and metabolic function. Which we confirm that the
effect of obesity on ventilatory response and anaerobic threshold during exercise. while
(Claudio Donner, Roger Goldstein, Nicolino Ambrosino, 2005) confirm that growing of
the body indicates that, women experience improved health-related physical fitness
through exercise physical as well that, Exercise also promotes decreases in body weight
and fat stores. From that we line with (Sana Loue, Martha Sajatovic, Keith B. Armitage,
2004) that physical activity is a key factor for improving physical fitness related to
health, and has been indicated as a major determinant of bone mass throughout life
according to
(Kohrt WM, Bloomfield SA, Little KD, Nelson MEYV, 2004) and
(Anderson Marques de Moraes,Ezequiel Moreira Gonçalves,Vinicius Justino de Oliveira
Barbeta,Gil Guerra, 2013).
8.
Conclusion
Our concluded lead us to obese levels which confirmed the finding of Robert W (Robert
W. Wilmott, Thomas F. Boat, Andrew Bush, 2012) obesity is responsible for stiffening of
the respiratory system, due to decreased lung compliance, which lead to disease
conditions, increasing the depth of each breath and increases respiratory rate. whereas
Melinda S. Sothern (Melinda S. Sothern, 2014) said that regular physical activity as
walking (Shaji John Kachanathu, Sami S Alabdulwahab, Nidhi Negi, Pooja Anand,
Ashraf R Hafeez, 2016) is shown to lessen the burden of obesity-related comorbidities,
including reductions in blood.
The achievement of cardiorespiratory (aerobic) fitness in particular may provide
protection against developing obesity. While overweight and obese individuals are
more likely to be sedentary and have lower aerobic fitness levels than non-overweight
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
30
Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali –
EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY
persons in both sedentary lifestyle and low aerobic fitness (which can be altered
independently of weight loss). (Glenn Gaesser, 2013)
However, an increase in overweight and obesity (Walter Burniat,Tim J.
Cole,Inge, 2006) was associated with the decrease in aerobic fitness (P.R. Huotari, 2012).
For our experience on this topic, we agreed the recommendation (John Pucher, Ralph
Buehler, 2012) John Pucher, Ralph Buehler that the energy cycling requires is provided
directly by the traveler, contributing to daily physical activity, aerobic fitness, and
cardiovascular health while helping protect against obesity, diabetes, and various other
diseases. In other, the lack of physical activity is cardiovascular disease where the
Aerobic training involves regular aerobic exercise sessions that are frequent enough to
improve cardiorespiratory fitness. Because the VO2 max is the maximum amount of
oxygen, (mL) consumed per minute per kg body weight, and is a measure of
cardiovascular fitness. (Jeffrey I. Mechanick, Elise M. Brett, 2006)
9.
Recommendations
Our results are consistent with Neil Armstrong (2008), (Neil Armstrong, Willem van
Mechelen 2008) that, the effectiveness of body mass ratio to produce a size-free
performance variable can be judged by the relationship between consummation V02
and representation anaerobic power. In other words, the relationship between work
output, oxygen consumption, heart rate, and cardiac output during exercise is linear
(James T Willerson, Jay N. Cohn, Hein J. J. Wellens 2007). Whereas we expressing this
relationship to body weight and studies consistently show a reduced of VO2max in
obese person (James S. Skinner, 2005). Through the above that exercise and physical
activity have long been associated with a healthy lifestyle, (Irfan Rahman, Debasis
Bagchi, 2013) where an active lifestyle can help eliminate health risk factors, (Luke E.
Kelly, Vincent J. Melograno, 2014) our finding agreed that the advice of Vincent
Antoinette (Vincent Antonetti, PhD, 2013) that women must should have a medical
assessment and physical fitness program. From the proofs, we suggest:
The level Aerobic fitness reflects the overall body physiological capacity.
(Marcela González-Gross, y otros , 2014)
The Physical inactivity contributes to increase oxygen consumption rate due to
weight gain who becomes a resistance Furthermore (Zerf Mohammed, 2015)in
the repetitive motion work which increases the requirements higher cardiac
output, oxygen consumption and minute ventilation at a given work rate.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
31
Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali –
EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY
VO2max reflects both physiological function (cardiorespiratory power) their
level Predict the level of the individual economy in performance Ruffier-
Dickson index
The level Ruffier-Dickson reflects the problems maximal rate of oxygen
consumption between inspiration and expiration in exercising where the level
of aerobic functioning component provides a better reflection about quality of
tasks life. (Winnick, Joseph P., Short, Francis, 2014)
The level cardiorespiratory fitness reflects the integrative ability of the
components of the cardiopulmonary system (i.e., heart, lungs, and blood
system) to deliver oxygen to the metabolically active skeletal muscles which
(Milenda L lrwin, 2011) provides a better reflection about the status healthy
lifestyle housewife
The ability of the body to do work is Anaerobic system performance which can
be reflected in measurements of anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity to
predict a healthy lifestyle (Haywood, Kathleen, Getchell, Nancy -, 2014)
10.
Our results and aims
Monitoring the degree of obesity
Vo2Max
study the problem posed in other similar studies
Using aerobics sport or aerobics daily active physical tasks More than 50
integrated physical testing in Medical clinics and health centers
Take advantage of this study in the assessment health fitness and wellness
housewives
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