European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.158095
Volume 2│Issue 3│2016
ETHICAL ISSUES AND PROFESSIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT AS
MORAL AND SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS FOR SPORTS MANAGEMENT
PRACTITIONERS IN NIGERIA: A PAPER WORK
Lawal Yazid Ibrahimi
PhD, Department of Physical and Health Education
Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Abstract:
Every occupation desire recognition as a profession for a variety of reasons, sport
management inclusive for example Law, medicine and Engineering are professions that
traditionally carry with them prestige, respect and autonomy. Ethical code of conduct
are meant to address a variety of ethical issues of the profession such as level of
knowledge and skills; licensing; maintenance of discipline within the profession,
establishment and registration of persons entitle to practice. It is with this in mind that
the paper explored professional society, ethical issues, ethical code of conduct as moral
and social obligation. The paper provides the foundation for a rational application of
the principles of ethics to the ethical problems that confront the sport management
profession in Nigeria. Many would suggest that the present ethical environment in
sport management profession is in an abysmal state as the field does not have a
recognize body (Association/Society) the like of NASSM SMAANZ, EASM, ALGEDE
and AASM. There is the need for the setting up of sport management professional
association to be called Nigerian Sport Management Association (NISMA) as currently
there is no such association in existence. When established, the association should have
a professional creed for consideration of its members and this will require cooperation
with a wide range of other professional bodies in the field, such as NAPHER-SD,
NASSM, NSHA and other closely related occupational and professional group; these is
because developing a code of ethic for sport managers is problematical undertaking.
The breadth of the field makes it very difficult to create a code that has encompassing
relevance.
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
15
Lawal Yazid Ibrahim ETHICAL ISSUES AND PROFESSIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT AS MORAL AND SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS
FOR SPORTS MANAGEMENT PRACTITIONERS IN NIGERIA: A PAPER WORK
Keywords: ethic, ethical issues, profession, sport & management
A profession is an employment not mechanical and requiring some degree of learning.
It is also a collective body of persons engaged in any profession. A profession is
basically a vocation which gets the status of a profession from the society on the basis,
the unique service that it practices, the autonomy with which its members serve, the
acceptance of responsibility for the actions they do, the realization of its members that
their service to the society is not for mere economic rewards and an organization that
controls and reflects the functions of its members (Venkateswarlur, 1987). Every
reported profession has its own code of ethics for its members to follow in their
performance of its members to safe guard against rendering rotten service to the
society. Any candidates who fulfils this criteria, is normally licensed to practice that
profession. Professional organizations are the heartbeat of a profession such
professional includes Nigeria bar association, Nigeria medical association, NAPHER,
AAPHER, NUJ, and NUT, NCS etc. They provide the following unique functional
services to the members of the association, these include
a) They provide opportunities for services;
b) They provide a channel of communication;
c) They provide a means for interpreting the profession;
d) They provide a source of help in solving one’s professional and personal
problems;
e) They provide an opportunity for fellowship;
f) They provide an organ for research;
g) They yield a feeling of belonging;
h) They provide a means for distributing costs.
Similarly the Nigerian bar association, Nigerian association of engineers, the
Nigerian union of journal lists and the Nigerian society of architects have their own
criteria to permit an individual to practice. There are certain responsibilities that each
coach must as some on accepting a position these responsibilities are as follows:
1. Knowing the objectives of the profession;
2. Planning and administering program in the light of these objectives;
3. Proudly effective leadership to achieve these objectives;
4. Scientifically measuring and evaluating the program of the professional
Association to determine the objectives are being accomplished;
5. Re-evaluating the program of Professional Association in the light of results
obtained through measurement and evaluating techniques.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
16
Lawal Yazid Ibrahim ETHICAL ISSUES AND PROFESSIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT AS MORAL AND SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS
FOR SPORTS MANAGEMENT PRACTITIONERS IN NIGERIA: A PAPER WORK
“ccording to the Oxford English Dictionary
96 , the word ethics is derived from
the Greek ethos or the nature or disposition of a culture. Ethics is further characterized
as both a field of study concerned with moral principles and the moral principles that
govern or influence human behaviour. Parhizgar & Parhizgar (2006) define ethics as
the: critical analysis of cultural values to determine the validity of their vigorous
rightness or wrongness in terms of two major criteria: truth and justice. Ethics is
examining the relation of an individual to society, to the nature, and or to God. How do
people make ethical decisions? They are influenced by how they perceive themselves in
relation to goodness and/or excellence. According to McCroskey, Wrench, & Richmond
(2003) means are the tools or behaviours that one employs to achieve a desired
outcome, and ends are those outcome that one desire to achieve. Both means and ends
can be evaluated as either good or bad. Remember, the definition of ethics by Parhizgar
and Parhizgar (2006) involves the attention to behave or actual behaviour in the realm
of goodness.
Many occupations, including those in sport management, desire recognition as a
profession for a variety of reasons. Law and medicine are prime examples of
professions that traditionally carry with them prestige, respect, status, and autonomy
(De-George, 1982), although the desire for professional status is important and certainly
understandable. As sport management strives to move toward a greater professional
status, the aspect of autonomy does have particularly relevance with regard to ethics.
Professions have traditionally been allowed more control to set their own standards and
be self-regulating and self-disciplining. The standards are frequently expressed in the
form of an ethical code, often developed and enforced a professional organization.
Many business and professional business organizations have also developed ethical
codes and creeds. One of the characteristics of profession is the anatomy that provides
opportunity for self-regulation. This is often manifesting itself in a formulized approach
to ethical standards and conduct. Various sports and recreation organizations have
made modest efforts to deal with pertinent ethical concerns, but only very meager
beginnings can be reported regarding efforts at formalizing the treatment of ethics in
sports management. Zeigler, (1989) expressed the need for those involved in sports
management to develop a sound approach to ethics as it relates to their duties and
responsibilities and suggests that a comprehensive code of ethics is urgently required.
But developing a code of ethics for sports management is problematic undertaking; the
breath of the field makes it very difficult to create a code that has an all-encompassing
relevance. In addition, no organization fully accommodates the tremendous variety of
practitioners and academics in the field.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
17
Lawal Yazid Ibrahim ETHICAL ISSUES AND PROFESSIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT AS MORAL AND SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS
FOR SPORTS MANAGEMENT PRACTITIONERS IN NIGERIA: A PAPER WORK
Ethical Issues in Sports Management
Ethical Issues that may arise in sports management profession are when three factors
exist according to Johannesen, Valde & Whedbee (2008) identified these factors as:
Sports management professionals’ behaviour could have a significant impact on
other persons;
Sports management professionals’ behaviour involves conscious choice of means
and end;
Sports management professionals’ behaviour can be judged by standards of right
and wrong. Zeigler, (1987) also recognized the potential conflicts between practitioners
and scientists early on and this issue affects the sports management field and profession
today; Other issues according to Reynolds (2003) includes issues associated with
licensing of sports management professionals, for example it is unclear who should
manage the content and administration of licensing exams; there is no administrative
body to do accreditation of professional education program; there is no administrative
body to assess and assure competence of individual professionals. Other ethical issues
are of professional relationship that must be managed according to Reynolds (2006)
professionals typically becomes involved in many types of relationships that include:
Professional vs employer; Professional vs client; Professional vs supplier; Professional
vs professional; Professional vs professional society.
“ professional association is for the promotion of members’ professional growth,
financial Welfare, security of tenure, advancement of the general professional status
and collective bargaining. North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM)
was the first scholarly organization formed to meet the unique interests of persons
within sport management academia (scientific study and professional preparation).
NASSM operates according to the following canons or principles:
1. That sport managers shall (a) hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of
individuals; perform services only in areas of competence; issue public
statements in an objective and truthful manner; seek employment only where a
need for service exists; maintain high standards of personal conduct; strive to
become and remain proficient in professional practice and in the performance of
professional functions; and act in accordance with the highest standards of
professional integrity;
2. That professionals shall (a) hold as primary their obligations and responsibilities
to students/clients; be a faithful agent or trustee when acting in a professional
matter; (b) make every effort to foster maximum self-determination on the part
of students/clients; (c) respect the privacy of students/clients and hold in
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
18
Lawal Yazid Ibrahim ETHICAL ISSUES AND PROFESSIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT AS MORAL AND SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS
FOR SPORTS MANAGEMENT PRACTITIONERS IN NIGERIA: A PAPER WORK
confidence all information obtained in the course of professional service; and, (d)
ensure that private or commercial service fees are fair, reasonable, considerate,
and commensurate with the service performed and with due respect to the
student/clients to pay;
3. That professionals' ethical responsibilities to employers/employing organizations
are characterized by fairness, non-malfeasance, and truthfulness;
4. That professionals (a) treat colleagues with respect, courtesy, fairness, and good
faith; (b) relate to the students/clients of colleagues with full professional
consideration, (c) uphold and advance the values and ethical standards, the
knowledge, and the mission of the profession; (d) take responsibility for
identifying, developing, and fully utilizing established knowledge for
professional practice; and (e) shall, when engaged in study and/or research, be
guided by the accepted convention of scholarly inquiry;
5. That professional shall (a) promote the general welfare of society; (b) regard
professional service to others as primary; and (c) report minor and major
infractions by colleagues to the appropriate committee of the professional society
when and where such a mechanism exists.
It recognizes that sport management, in both its academic discipline and
professional practice, is highly interdisciplinary, thus, many facets of it use unique
terminology/accurate language as a function of particular focus of attention. Because
hundredths of thousands of sports managements worldwide engage in activities that
affect the lives of millions of people, and because this power carries with it significant
social responsibilities, the sport management developed the code of Ethical for
Professional sports management. The code is based on three different yet interrelated
principles of professional communication that apply throughout the world. These
principles assume that just societies are governed by a profound respect for human
rights and the rule of law, that ethics, the criteria for determining what is right and
wrong, can be agreed upon by members of an organization: and, that understanding
matters of taste requires sensitivity to cultural norms.
According to Yazid (2009) these principles are essential in the following respect:
Sports management is legal;
Sports management is ethical;
Sports management is in good taste;
Recognizing these principles, members of the society for sports management of
Nigeria will:
Engage in sports management activities that is not only legal but also ethical and
sensitive to cultural values and beliefs;
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
19
Lawal Yazid Ibrahim ETHICAL ISSUES AND PROFESSIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT AS MORAL AND SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS
FOR SPORTS MANAGEMENT PRACTITIONERS IN NIGERIA: A PAPER WORK
Engage in truthful, accurate and fair management of sports that facilitates respect
and mutual understanding;
Adhere to the articles of the code of Ethics for Professional Communication.
Ethical code of conduct as moral and social obligation
Every established profession has a set of code of Ethics which guides and guard its
modus operandi commonly known as Professional Ethics. The code is normally
formulated, interpreted, and enforced by the professional association. According to
Carmody, (1970) it serves as a guide to the newly initiated members of the profession as
to their rights obligations privileges and responsibilities. Ethics is essentially social
responsibility. It also serves as a guide to laymen for understanding particular
professional conduct. It is professional etiquette which regulates conduct among
professionals themselves as well as between them and their clients in the performance
of their duties. Although a code of ethic is not a public Law, its criteria and goal are like
good Laws, and it is tenable at the court of Law. It has the force of Law for the erring
officer if he is found guilty to professional misconduct by professional association. The
formulation of a professional ethics is based on the following moral and social
principles among others:
i. It must be clearly spelt out and specific: should not be ambiguous so that it may
not be amenable to individual interpretation;
ii. It must aim at rendering efficient services even where and when the client may
not be able to pay for the service;
iii. It must not be used to regulate the private lives of its members. Rather it must
have bearing strictly on the efficient performance of professional duties;
iv. It prescribes adequate penalty for contravention of any of the code of ethics;
v. It protects and promotes member’s professional integrity against unwarranted
criticisms, and defends member’s professional conduct in the context of the
Code of Ethics;
vi. The goals must be professional efficiency;
vii. Because a code of conduct is a guide to professional practice in terms of e.g. how
is/should it to be done? The code provides the answer. And experts in the
profession must come together and direct their practice. The calls for virile
profession associations.
Apart from professional competence in terms of acquired knowledge and skills
through academic and professional preparation, ethical code of conduct is of
paramount importance in professionalism. The code of conduct guides professional
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
20
Lawal Yazid Ibrahim ETHICAL ISSUES AND PROFESSIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT AS MORAL AND SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS
FOR SPORTS MANAGEMENT PRACTITIONERS IN NIGERIA: A PAPER WORK
practice in a technical sense as professional ethics is essentially a summation of the
ideals, aspirations, training and conduct of the practitioners and which, ultimately,
determines the quality of the profession.
The significance of professional ethics is highlighted as follows:
i.
It aims at ensuring profession efficiency as its goal in order that the
practitioners may be guided by the morality of their profession;
ii.
It codifies moral behaviour in professional practice, and forms a bridge
between professional competence and professional practice in the field;
iii.
It protects and guarantees the dignity and integrity of the profession and
defends the professional conduct of the members;
iv.
It is a mechanism for self-caution and control in the moral aspect of
professional practice;
v.
It is a mechanism for guaranteeing and monitoring moral respect in
professional practice;
vi.
It codifies the right of, privileges and responsibilities of professionals;
vii.
It is a mechanism for discourage charlatans and quacks among professionals.
viii.
It is a mechanism for fishing out and disciplining or punishing the erring
practitioners-the practitioners found guilty of professional misconduct. And,
in professional ethics, any such punishment has or carries a legal force and
status.
Robin & Reidenbanch, 1989; De-Goerge (1982) recommends that a code should
(1) be regulative, not simply a statement of ideas, (2) project public interests and not be
self-serving, (3) be specific and relevant to the specialized concerns of the members, and
(4) be enforceable and enforced. Given the differences among organizations, it is
unlikely that a generalized code will be widely applicable. This leaves it to each
organization to evaluate the ethical implications of its own activities and to develop
appropriate guidelines. This process alone will help sensitize the organization to the
individual and group responsibilities involved in operating in an ethical manner (Behrman, 1988). There is little in the literature of sport management that provides any
formal treatment of ethics within the field. Zeigler (1989) has expressed the need for
those involved in sport management to develop a sound approach to ethics as it relates
to their duties and responsibilities and suggests that a comprehensive code of ethics is
urgently required.
The code if designed it will show the magnitude of a profession and allow one to
judge one selves and colleagues in accordance with the provisions of this code. To
understand the different functions codes, there is the need to distinguish between three
different types of code:- code of ethics, codes of conduct and codes of practice and we
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
21
Lawal Yazid Ibrahim ETHICAL ISSUES AND PROFESSIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT AS MORAL AND SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS
FOR SPORTS MANAGEMENT PRACTITIONERS IN NIGERIA: A PAPER WORK
need to distinguish three levels of professional ethics (Duncan, 2000). Codes of ethics
are more inspirational they are mission statements for the professional providing,
vision and objectives. Statements in codes of conduct are more oriented toward the
professional and professional attitudes, they do not describe in detail how to carry out a
particular action but they make clear the issues at stake in different specialized fields.
Codes of practice on the other hand fix some accepted state of the art (Berleur,
1994) and relate to current operational activities. The degree of enforcement possible is
dependent on the type of code, codes of ethics, which are primarily inspirational use no
more than light coercion, while codes of conduct violations generally carry sanctions
ranging from warnings to exclusion from the professional body. Violations of codes of
practice may lead to legal action on the ground of malpractice or negligence.
The hierarchy of codes parallels the three levels of ethical obligation owed by
professionals:- The first level identified is a set of ethical values, such as integrity and
justice, which professionals share with other human beings by virtue of their shared
humanity, codes statements at this level are statements of aspiration that provide vision
and objectives. The second level obliges professionals to more challenging obligations
than those required at the first level. At the second level, by virtue of their role as
professionals and their special skills they owe a higher order of care to those affected by
their work. This second level of ethical obligation is also shared by every type of
professional. Code statements at this level express the obligations of all professionals
and professional attitudes. Again they do not describe specific behavior details, but
their clearly indicate professional responsibilities. Duncan (2000) further elucidates that
the third and deeper level comprises several obligations that derive directly from
elements unique to the particular practice.
Why Ethical Code of Conduct for Sport Management Practitioners
According to Majasan (1996) to be registered as a sport management practitioner and to
have his/her name retained in the register a person required to comply with the
following
a.
Intended persons seeking to become a member of the profession should have
sufficient knowledge and skill for the practice of the profession;
b. Licensing;
c. Mandatory Continuing professional Development;
d. Annual subscription;
e. Certificate of Experience.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
22
Lawal Yazid Ibrahim ETHICAL ISSUES AND PROFESSIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT AS MORAL AND SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS
FOR SPORTS MANAGEMENT PRACTITIONERS IN NIGERIA: A PAPER WORK
Why code of conduct Sport management practitioners is the need to promote
ethical behaviour encouraging Sport Management Practitioners to act ethically in the
discharge of their responsibilities and when making ethical decisions and by supporting
them when they do so;
1. To protect the organization and it employees from legal action;
2. To create an organization that operate consistently;
3. To produce good sport management practices;
4. To avoid unfavourable publicity;
5. To gain the goodwill of the community;
6. To operate with honesty and integrity, staying true to what to what we believe;
7. Operate according to our standards of ethical conduct-both in words and action
walk the talk ;
8. Treat our colleagues, customers, and consumers as we want to be treated;
9. Strive to be the best at what matters most to our profession;
10. Accept personal responsibility for our actions;
11. Value diversity;
12. Make fact-based, principle-based decisions;
Objectives of the code of conduct for sport management practitioner
According to Majasan, (1996) the objectives of code of conduct for sports management
professionals are:
a. To guide the sport management practitioner in maintaining standards of ethical
behaviour in his relationship with state and society, clients, profession and
colleagues and oneself;
b. To guide registered sport management practitioner in their daily discharge of
duties as it will help to regulate professional behaviour in terms of safeguarding
the interests of the community/school;
c. To provide objective benchmarks for assessing sport management practitioner
conduct and discharge of professional duties;
d. To clarify the sport management practitioner rights, privilege, obligations and
their legal bases;
e. To re-awaking the sense of self-esteem, dignity, honour, service and moral
rectitude of the sport management practitioner and re-affirm the sport
management practitioner age-long position of leadership;
f. To boost public confidence in the ability of the sport management practitioner
profession
to
regulate itself
and
contribute
meaningfully
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
to
national
23
Lawal Yazid Ibrahim ETHICAL ISSUES AND PROFESSIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT AS MORAL AND SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS
FOR SPORTS MANAGEMENT PRACTITIONERS IN NIGERIA: A PAPER WORK
development in order to enhance the professional image of sport management
practitioners;
g. To build a strong moral and ethical foundation for the actualization of sport
society.
Major Ethical Perspectives
Table 1: Eleven major philosophical perspectives used to determine what is and what is not
ethical as identified (Arnet, & Lewis, 2009)
Ethical Perspective
Basic Premises
Sports Management
Application
Altruism
The standard is based on doing Ethical
what is best or good for others.
business
behaviour
must be good for other people.
Categorical
The standard is based on the There
are
clear
sports
Imperative/Deontology
notion that moral duties should be management behaviours that
obeyed without exception. This are and are not ethical, so all
perspective is very clear on good individuals
and
what
is
bad-no
should
avoid
middle behaving unethically in sports.
ground.
Communitarianism
The standard is based on weather Sport manger must behave in a
behaviour helps to restore the manner that helps the social
social fabric of society.
Cultural relativism
fabric of society.
The standard is an individual’s 1) The law determines sports
cultural or legal system of value. management ethics.
These
standards
differ
from
culture to culture.
One’s nationalistic culture
determines what is what is
ethical.
One’s organizational culture
determines what is ethical.
Ethical Egonism
The standard is an individual’s People in sports management
self-interest. Emphasis is on how should
one
should
behave,
or
behave
in
whatever
it manner is most effective to
encourages people to look out for achieve their self-interests
their own self-interests.
Justice
The standard is based on three Sport
principles
person
of
has
a
management
decisions
justice:
1)
each should be made on how the
right
to
basic decisions will affect all relevant
liberties; 2) everyone ought to be stakeholders equally. However,
given the same chance to quality when stakeholders’ needs are in
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
24
Lawal Yazid Ibrahim ETHICAL ISSUES AND PROFESSIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT AS MORAL AND SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS
FOR SPORTS MANAGEMENT PRACTITIONERS IN NIGERIA: A PAPER WORK
for offices and jons; and 3) when conflict,
priority
should
be
inequalities exist, a priority should given to meeting the needs of
be given to meeting the needs of these in subjugated stakeholder
the disadvantaged.
Nihilism
groups.
Ethic innately prevent individuals Smart
sport
management
from creating new ideas and people should not be hampered
values that challenge the status in
their
behaviour
quo, so individual of superior archaic
intellect
should
disavow
any notions
or
of
by
any
contemporary
good
and
bad
attempt by other to subject them management behaviour.
to an ethical perspective.
Psychological Egoism
The standard is an individual’s People in sports management
self-interest. Emphasis is on how actually behave in whatever
one
actually
behaves,
or
in manner is most effective to
everything we do is influenced by manner is manner is most
self-interested motives.
effective
achieve
their
self-
interests.
Social Relativism
The standard is the interests of my People
friends, group, or community.
sports
management
should behave in a manner that
is consistent with the interests
of their social networks and
communities.
Subjectivism
The standard is based on an Whatever
an
individual
in
individual’s personal opinion of sports management determines
moral judgment. For this reason, is
ethical
for
her
or
his
perceptions of ethics differ from behaviour is ethical for that
person to person.
Utilitarianism
individual.
The standard is the greatest good People in sports management
for the greatest number of people.
should behave in a manner that
does the greatest amount of
good for the greatest number of
people.
The eleven major philosophical traditions or ethical perspectives discussed in Table 1.
Help to illustrate how varied the perspectives on ethics have been by various
philosophical thinkers (Arnet &Lewis, 2009). The table is designed to briefly explain
the philosophical perspective and then demonstrate how it can be applied in
professional associations. Unfortunately, there is not one clear determination for what
is or what is not ethical (Anderson 2007). What is term unethical behaviour in the
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
25
Lawal Yazid Ibrahim ETHICAL ISSUES AND PROFESSIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT AS MORAL AND SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS
FOR SPORTS MANAGEMENT PRACTITIONERS IN NIGERIA: A PAPER WORK
ethical matrix? Often times, however, determining the ethical nature of behaviour is
difficult. Wrench, Thomas-Maddox, Richmond & McCroskey (2008) explain the
Machiavellian ethic derives its name from Niccolo Machiavelli who believed that the
ends justify the means.
Conclusion and Recommendations
The mission of sport management association is the attainment of professional
excellence by determining who is a sport management practitioner; the standard of
knowledge and skills required for registration and practice; guidelines for accreditation
and minimum standards for sport management practitioner, organizing Mandatory
Continuing Professional discipline among sport management practitioner. Professional
association is for the promotion of the member’s professional growth, freedom,
professional right and privilege also call for professional responsibilities it is in this
context that professional code of ethic are formulated. Codes statements assert more
specific behaviour responsibilities and serve many functions, some of which are:Inspiration, Guidance, Education, Support for positive action, Deterrence and
discipline, Enhance the profession’s public image.
Based on the above assertions the following recommendations were made that:
1. There is the need for the setting up of sport management professional association
to be call Nigerian Sport Management Association (NISMA) as currently there
is no such association in existence;
2. When established, the association should have a professional creed or cannon for
consideration of its members and this will require cooperation with a wide
range of other professional bodies in the field, such as NAPHER-SD, NASSM,
NSHA and other closely related occupational and professional group; these is
because developing a code of ethic for sport managers is problematical
undertaking;
3. That NISMA should state out all the characteristic of professionals and
government should consider that when making appointment;
4. That awareness should be created so that individuals become aware of things
they stand to gain from best practice in professional sports management;
5. That sports management association ethics are the collective behaviours of its
members, if each member acts ethically in the discharge of his professional
conduct the action of the association will be ethical too, these implies that the
starting place for ethics therefore is you. The ethical issue here is, are you an
ethical person?
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
26
Lawal Yazid Ibrahim ETHICAL ISSUES AND PROFESSIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT AS MORAL AND SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS
FOR SPORTS MANAGEMENT PRACTITIONERS IN NIGERIA: A PAPER WORK
Reference
1. Anderson, K.E.; (2007) Exploring communication ethics: Interviews with
influential Scholars in the field; New York: Peter Lang
2. Arnet,
D.;
&
Lewis,
S.;
(2009)
Major
Ethical
Perspectives:
http://acjournal.org/holdings/vol5/iss1/special/seeger.htm
3. Berleur, J.; (1994), Codes of ethics or of conduct within IFIP and in other
computer
4. Societies, proceedings in the 13th computer congress IFIP94, Elsevier science B.V.
North-Holland: Amsterdam
5. Carmody, J.; (1970) Ethical issues in Health services: National Centre for Health
Services Research and Development; Department of Health Education and
welfare, Rockville, Maryland: Report HSRD 70.
6. DeGeorge, R.; (1982) Business ethics: New York: Macmillan
7. Duncan, L.; (2000), Internet ethics; MacMillan Press ltd; London
8. Majasan, J.A. (1996), Teaching as a profession. Ibadan: Hiswill Information
Resource Management Ltd
9. McCroskey, J.C.; Wrench, J.S. & Richmond, V.P.; (2003), Principles of Public
Speaking; Indianapolis, IN: The College Network
10. North American society for Sports Management (1989) Creed of professional
ethics:
https://www.nassm.com/InfoAbout/NASSM/History#sthash.50Sm5KP5.dpu
11. Oxford English Dictionary, (1963) Oxford Britain; Clarendon Press
12. Parhizgar, K.D.; & Parhizgar, R.; (2006), Multicultural business ethics and global
managerial moral reasoning; Lanham, MD: University Press of America
13. Reynolds, G.; (2003) Ethics in Information sport Technology: Thomson Course
Technology: A Division of Thomson Learning Inc
14. Robin, D. & Reidenbanch, R.; (1989) Business ethics: Where profits meet value
systems: Eaglewood cliffs, New Jersey Prentice Hall
15. Schick, T.; & Vaughn, l.; (2000) Doing Philosophy; An Introduction through
thought Experiments; McGraw- Higher Education Inc Boston
16. Velasquez, M.; (2002) Philosophy; A text with readings, eighth edition;
Wadsworth, Thomson Learning Inc Belmont C A
17. Venkateswarlur, K.; (1987) Is NAPHER-SD Performing like other Professionals
organizations Such as NBA, NMA, NUJ & NUT: Paper presented at the
departmental seminar; Department of Physical & Health Education; Ahmadu
Bello University, Zaria Nigeria
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
27
Lawal Yazid Ibrahim ETHICAL ISSUES AND PROFESSIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT AS MORAL AND SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS
FOR SPORTS MANAGEMENT PRACTITIONERS IN NIGERIA: A PAPER WORK
18. Wrench, J.S., Thomas-Maddox, C., Richmond, V.P., & McCroskey, J.C.; (2008)
Qualitative Methods for Communication researchers: A hands on approach,
New York; Oxford University Press
19. Yazid, L.I. (2007) Philosophical Foundations of Physical Education & Sports;
Ahmadu Bello University Press; Zaria; Nigeria
20. Zeigler, E.; (1989) Proposed creed and code of professional ethics for North
American Society for Sports Management; Journal of Sports Management, 3, 2-4
Creative Commons licensing terms
Authors will retain the copyright of their published articles agreeing that a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) terms
will be applied to their work. Under the terms of this license, no permission is required from the author(s) or publisher for members of the community
to copy, distribute, transmit or adapt the article content, providing a proper, prominent and unambiguous attribution to the authors in a manner that
makes clear that the materials are being reused under permission of a Creative Commons License. Views, opinions and conclusions expressed in this
research article are views, opinions and conclusions of the author(s). Open Access Publishing Group and European Journal of Physical Education and
Sport Science shall not be responsible or answerable for any loss, damage or liability caused in relation to/arising out of conflict of interests, copyright
violations and inappropriate or inaccurate use of any kind content related or integrated on the research work. All the published works are meeting the
Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and noncommercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
28