European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.161234
Volume 2│Issue 3│2016
DIURNAL VARIATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
COORDINATIVE ABILITIES OF SOCCER PLAYERS
Lalit M. Tiwari1i, Nishan Singh Deol2
Department of Physical Education, Punjabi University Patiala, Punjab, India
1
Dr., Department of Physical Education, Punjabi University Patiala, Punjab, India
2
Abstract:
The purpose of the study was to investigate the Diurnal variation on the performance
of coordinative abilities of soccer players . The study was conducted on
male soccer
players of Punjabi University Patiala, Punjab India, and age ranging from 17 to 24 years.
The subjects were selected from soccer match practice group. The data was collected by
administration of Coordinative Ability test as suggested by Peter Hirtz (1985). The
subjects were tested two times (one time in morning (between 7 AM to 9 AM) and one
time in evening (between 5 PM to 7 PM)). The Coordinative abilities includes
Orientation ability, Differentiation Ability, Reaction Ability, Balance Ability and
Rhythm Ability which was measured by Numbered Medicine Ball Run Test, Backward
Medicine Ball Throw Test, Ball Reaction Exercise Test, Long Nose Balance Test and
Sprint at the given Rhythm Test respectively. It was hypothesized that diurnal variation
would significantly affect the performance of the subjects on Coordinative abilities. The
data collected on Coordinative abilities was analysed by dependent t test. The level of
significance for testing the hypothesis was set at 0.05 level of confidence. The mean
values of Orientation ability in morning and evening were 7.44 seconds and 7.30
seconds respectively. Significant time of day (diurnal variation) effect was found for the
Orientation ability (tcal=2.42>ttab=1.99). The mean values of Reaction ability in morning
and evening were 166.60 Centimetres and 160.70 Centimetres respectively. Significant
time of day (diurnal variation) effect was found for the Reaction Ability
(tcal=4.56>ttab=1.99). The mean values of Balance ability in morning and evening were
7.26 seconds and 7.01 seconds respectively. Significant time of day (diurnal variation)
effect was found for the Balance Ability (tcal=4.15>ttab=1.99). The mean values of Rhythm
ability in morning and evening were 0.51 seconds and 0.44 seconds respectively.
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
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Lalit M. Tiwari, Nishan Singh Deol DIURNAL VARIATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COORDINATIVE ABILITIES OF SOCCER PLAYERS
Rhythm Ability (tcal=5.50>ttab=1.99) shown significant time of day (diurnal variation)
effect among soccer players whereas the mean values of differentiation ability in
morning and evening were 15.14 seconds and 14.80 respectively. No significant time of
day (diurnal variation) effect was found for differentiation ability (t cal=1.04<ttab=1.99)
among soccer players. The result showed that diurnal variation significantly affect the
performance of soccer players on Orientation ability, Reaction Ability, Balance Ability
and Rhythm Ability whereas differentiation ability showed insignificant diurnal effect
among soccer players.
Keywords: diurnal variation, time of day, coordinative abilities, dependent t test, soccer
Introduction
According to Atkinson G and Reilly T. (1996), circadian rhythms refer to variations that
repeat every 24 hours. Many psycho-physiological circadian rhythms at rest are
endogenously controlled and persist when an individual is isolated from environmental
fluctuations. Unlike physiological variables, human performance cannot be monitored
continuously in order to describe circadian rhythmicity. Experimental studies of the
effect of circadian rhythms on performance need to be carefully designed in order to
control for serial fatigue effects and to minimize disturbances in sleep.
There is much indirect evidence that sports-performance capability is highest
close to the time that body temperature nears its peak value. Athletic records tend to be
set in the late afternoon or evening. This partly reflects the fact that record attempts in
track and field events are usually scheduled for evening meeting when the
environmental temperature is more favourable for performance than at midday or in
the early afternoon . Nevertheless, athletes prefer evening contests and consistently
achieve their top performance at this time of day.
Numerous studies have demonstrated the existence of diurnal variation in
human physical performance especially for athletes in training and competition. Souissi
et al. (2004) studied the time of day effect on anaerobic performance and oral
temperature using force-velocity test and Wingate test and reported that body
temperature, maximal power, peak power and mean power varied concomitantly
during the day. For endurance performance, hamstring flexibility and isometric
strength of quadriceps and handgrip time of day effect were observed. Kline et al. (2007)
examined the circadian rhythm in swim performance across 8 times of day independent
of environmental and behavioural masking effects such as sleep, ambient temperature
and energy intake. They reported a significant pattern in swim performance relative to
both environmental and circadian time of day. Brisswalter J. et al. (2007) studied the
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Lalit M. Tiwari, Nishan Singh Deol DIURNAL VARIATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COORDINATIVE ABILITIES OF SOCCER PLAYERS
effect of both an active warm up and the diurnal increase in body temperature on
muscular power. 8 male subject performed maximal cycling sprint in the morning (7 to
9 AM) and afternoon (5 to 7 PM) either after active warm up or controlled condition.
Muscular power was higher in the afternoon than in the morning. Muscular power was
higher after active warm up than in controlled condition. Deschenes et al. (1998)
observed the same pattern for maximal aerobic exercise performance. Atkinson and
Spears (1998) assessed diurnal variation in tennis service and reported that the time of
day affected the performance of tennis serves. Gintchin L.D (1998) studied diurnal
variation in strength and endurance performance among resistance trained males. The
maximal strength and muscular endurance performance do not appear to be greatly
affected by time during the day when measured in the resistance trained individuals.
Dalton et al. (1997) indicated that while some biological rhythms are presented, VO max
was not affected by circadian rhythms.
2.
Methods
2.1.
Subjects
50 male soccer players, age ranging from 17 to 24 years were randomly selected from
soccer match practice group of Punjabi university Patiala, Punjab, India. All subjects
filled out a consent form. Subjects were non-smokers and they did not use any form of
oral ergogenic aids or supplementations at least for 6 months before the study.
2.2.
Hypothesis
It was hypothesized that diurnal variation would significantly affect the performance of
the subjects on Coordinative abilities.
2.3.
Collection of data
The subjects were tested two times (one time in morning (between 7 AM to 9 AM) and
one time in evening (between 5 PM to 7 PM)). Necessary instructions were being passed
on to the subject before the administration of test.
2.4.
Criterion Measures
The following Coordinative ability tests were selected and their scores were considered
as criterion measures for this study:
The Orientation ability was recorded in seconds by Numbered Medicine Ball
Run Test.
The Differentiation Ability was recorded in total point scored by the subject with
the help of Backward Medicine Ball Throw Test.
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Lalit M. Tiwari, Nishan Singh Deol DIURNAL VARIATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COORDINATIVE ABILITIES OF SOCCER PLAYERS
The Reaction Ability was recorded in centimetres by Ball Reaction Exercise Test.
Long Nose balance test.
The Dynamic balance was recorded in terms of the nearest 1/10 of a second by
The Rhythm Ability was recorded in terms of the nearest 1/10 of a second by
Sprint at the given Rhythm Test.
2.5.
Administration of the test
The necessary data was collected by administering various coordinative ability tests as
suggested by Peter Hirtz (1985).
2.5.1. Numbered Medicine Ball Run Test
Purpose: To determine orientation ability of the subjects.
Equipment Required: Five Medicine balls each weighing 3 Kg, One Medicine ball
weighing 4 Kg., Stop Watch, Five Metallic numbered plates, Clappers, Pencil pad and
paper
Description / Procedure: All the medicine balls weighing 3 kgs were arranged as shown
in figure -2 on an even ground in a semi-circle with a distance of 1.5 meters between
those balls. The sixth medicine ball weighing 4 Kgs. kept 3 M. away from the medicine
balls behind all the medicine balls of 3 kgs Weight. Metallic number plates of 1 Sq. foot
size kept from 1 to 5. Before the start of test, the subjects were asked to stand behind the
sixth medicine balls facing towards the opposite direction. On signal, subject turned
and ran towards the number called by the tester and touched the medicine ball and run
back sixth medicine ball immediately another number was called. Similarly, a total of
three times the number called by the tester and the subjects performed accordingly.
Scoring: The time taken to complete the course was noted in seconds. Two trials were
given to each subjects and the better one was recorded as score.
6
3 Kg.
1.5 m.
1.5 m.
6
6
3 m.
1.5 m.
6
3 m.
3 m.
3 m.
1.5 m.
3 m.
A
6
4 Kg.
NUMBERED MEDICINE BALL RUN TEST
ORIENTATION ABILITY
Figure 1: Number of medicine Ball Run Test
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Lalit M. Tiwari, Nishan Singh Deol DIURNAL VARIATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COORDINATIVE ABILITIES OF SOCCER PLAYERS
2.5.2. Backward Medicine Ball Throw Test
Purpose: To assess the differentiation ability of the subjects.
Equipment Required: A gymnastic mat, size 3x6, One Medicine ball weighing 2 Kg,
Five Medicine ball weighing 1 Kg. each
Description / Procedure: A Gymnastic mat kept 2 M. away from the starting line as
shown in figure-3. A circle of 40 cm. radius was drawn in the middle of the mat and a
medicine ball of 2 kgs kept at the centre of the circle. The subjects were asked to stand
behind the starting line facing the opposite direction. They were asked to throw five
medicine balls (1 kgs) over the head to hit the 2 Kg. balls kept on the mat, one after
another by using both the hands.
Scoring: Medicine ball touching the mat:-1 point was awarded.
Medicine ball touching the circle line: - 2 points were awarded.
Medicine ball touching inside the circle:-3 points were awarded.
Medicine ball touching the 2 kg Medicine ball kept at the center of the circle:-4 points
were awarded. Points were decided considering the 1st pitch of the ball. The total points
scored in all the five throws were the final score of the subject.
Gymnastic Mat
Circle
40
Medicine
Ball 2 Kg.
Starting Line
DIFFERENTIAL ABILITY
Figure 1: Backward Medicine Ball Throw Test
2.5.3. Ball Reaction Exercise Test
Purpose: To measure the reaction ability of the subjects.
Equipment Required: Two wooden planks each of 4 cm. length, one inflated volleyball,
a supporting stand.
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Lalit M. Tiwari, Nishan Singh Deol DIURNAL VARIATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COORDINATIVE ABILITIES OF SOCCER PLAYERS
Description / Procedure: Two wooden planks of four meters each kept in a lined by a
supporting stand having a height of one meter and twenty centimetres as shown in
figure-4 so that it could enable volleyball to roll freely from a height of 1.20 m. The
lower ends of the planks were graduated in centimetres. Volleyball was kept by the
tester at the top of the planks. The subject was asked to stand behind the starting line,
facing opposite to the planks. On clapping the subject took a turn and ran towards the
planks and stopped the ball with both the hands which was dropped on the signal.
Scoring: The distance was measured in cms. from the top of the planks to a point where
the subject stopped the ball.
4 m.
1.2 m.
Supporting
Stand
1.5 m.
Starting
Line
Wooden
REACTION ABILITY
Figure 3: Ball Reaction Exercise Test
2.5.4. Long Nose Balance test
Purpose: To assess the ability to balance the body in dynamic condition.
Equipment Required: Balancing beam, One Medicine ball weighing 2Kg, One Medicine
ball Weighing 1Kg, Stopwatch, Paper and Pencil.
Description / Procedure: A balancing beam of standard size was kept on the floor, one
and half mete away from the starting line as shown in figure-5. The subject was asked
to stand behind the starting line with one kg. Medicine ball on his strong hand fully
stretched forward and the other hand holding the opposite ear lobe. On clapping, the
subject moved over the balancing beam towards the two Kg. Medicine Ball which was
kept at the other end of the beam pushed down the medicine ball with any of the leg
and then come back of the starting line without losing the balance.
Scoring: The time taken in seconds to complete the course was the final score of the
subject. The score is the best of three attempts.
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Lalit M. Tiwari, Nishan Singh Deol DIURNAL VARIATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COORDINATIVE ABILITIES OF SOCCER PLAYERS
LONG NOSE TEST
Medicine Ball 2 Kg.
Balancing Beam
BALANCING ABILITY TEST
Figure 4: Long Nose Balance Test
2.5.5. Sprint at the Given Rhythm Test:
Purpose: To measure the rhythm ability of the subjects.
Equipment Required: Eleven gymnastic hoops each 1 M. in diameter, One Stop Watch,
One Measuring taps.
Description / Procedure: The subject had to run a distance of 30 m. with maximum
sprinting speed marked between two lines. The sprinting time of the subject was
recorded by stop watch. In the second attempt the subject had to run at particular
rhythm with maximum speed through eleven hoops which were arranged
systematically as shown in figure-6. Three hoops were kept in a sequence adjacent to
each other at a distance of 5 M. from the finishing line. Five more hoops were kept in a
sequence in the middle of the running distance.
Scoring: The difference between the timing of 1st and 2nd attempt was the final score of
the subject.
5 m.
5 m.
10 m.
10
20 m.
Figure 4: Sprint at the Given Rhythm Test
2.6. Statistical Analysis
In this study, SPSS was used to analyse the data. A paired sample t-test was used to
compare diurnal variation between the two phases of the day. The data collected on
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Coordinative abilities was analysed by dependent t test. The level of significance for
testing the hypothesis was set at 0.05 level of significance (p < 0.05).
2.7. Tester’s Competency and Reliability of test:
Tester s Competency was established by test retest method whereas consistency of
result was obtained by product moment correlation. The data collected from a random
selection of male volleyball players by test- re-test process were computed for each
variable and are presented in Table-1.
Table 1: Relationships of Co-efficient of test re-test Scores
S.no.
Test items
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Co-efficient of test re-test
Orientation ability
Differentiation Ability
Reaction Ability
Balance Ability
Rhythm Ability
0.92
0.93
0.89
0.92
0.88
3. Findings
Findings pertaining to each of the variables in different time of day which were
subjected to the t ratio has been given in Table .
Table 2: Significant Difference of the Mean of Coordinative Ability on Different Time of Day
Variables
Orientation ability
Mean±SD
Mean±SD
(Morning)
(Evening)
t value
7.44±0.63
7.30±0.70
2.42*
15.14±1.65
14.40±1.71
1.04
166.60±18.08
160.70±15.02
4.56*
Balance Ability
7.26±1.00
7.01±0.80
4.15*
Rhythm Ability
0.51±0.20
0.44±0.21
5.50*
Differentiation Ability
Reaction Ability
df= 98
Level of significance at 0.05
t tab= 1.99
N=50
Table 2 reveals that mean and standard deviation with regard to Orientation ability in
the morning and evening, which were recorded 7.44±0.63 and 7.30±0.70 respectively,
whereas t value which was calculated as 2.42, it was greater than the table value (t =
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Lalit M. Tiwari, Nishan Singh Deol DIURNAL VARIATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COORDINATIVE ABILITIES OF SOCCER PLAYERS
1.99). So the results showed that there has been significant effect of diurnal variation on
Orientation ability between different times of day.
It again reveals that mean and standard deviation with regard to Differentiation
Ability in the morning and evening, which were recorded as 15.14±1.65 and 14.40±1.71
respectively, whereas t value which was calculated as 1.04, it was less than the table
value (t = 1.99). So the results showed that there has been no significant effect of diurnal
variation on Differentiation Ability between different times of day.
The table also reveals that mean and standard deviation with regard to Reaction
Ability in the morning and evening, which were recorded 166.60±18.08 and
160.70±15.02 respectively, Whereas t value which was calculated as 4.56, it was greater
than the table value (t = 1.99). So the results showed that there has been significant effect
of diurnal variation on Reaction Ability between different times of day.
It further reveals that mean and standard deviation with regard to Balance
Ability in the morning and evening, which were recorded 7.26±1.00 and 7.01±0.80
respectively, Whereas t value which was calculated as 4.15, it was greater than the table
value (t = 1.99). So the results showed that there has been significant effect of diurnal
variation on Balance Ability between different times of day.
At last, Table 2 reveals that mean and standard deviation with regard to Rhythm
Ability in the morning and evening, which were recorded 0.51±0.20 and 0.44±0.21
respectively Whereas t value which was calculated as 5.50, it was greater than the table
value (t = 1.99). So the results showed that there has been significant effect of diurnal
variation on Rhythm Ability between different times of day.
4. Discussion
Man s performance in sports or any other field depends on his movement-oriented
behaviour, all these actions which can be noted by other with or without the aid of
instruments and which have their roots in the biological phenomenon. In other words
the performance of an individual is the result of the integrated and harmonious
functioning of the several dynamic process of the body, which are physiological,
psychological and psycho-physiological and are biomechanical in nature. But the
research studies showed that the diurnal variation significantly affect the performance
of soccer players on coordinative abilities.
The analysis of data reveals that significant effect of diurnal variation on
Orientation ability, Reaction Ability, balance ability and rhythm ability was found at the
0.05 level of significance, which establishes that diurnal variation; significantly affect
the performance of soccer players on different coordinative abilities. The analysis of
data also reveals that no significant effect of diurnal variation on differentiation ability
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Lalit M. Tiwari, Nishan Singh Deol DIURNAL VARIATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COORDINATIVE ABILITIES OF SOCCER PLAYERS
was found at the 0.05 level of significance, which establishes that diurnal variation, does
not affect the performance of athlete on differentiation ability.
Researcher could not justify the findings of the study due to lack of literature available
related to effect of diurnal variation on coordinative abilities. It may be due to the
fluctuation of biological clock or circadian rhythm of athlete.
5. Discussion of Hypothesis
In the light of findings of the study, the hypothesis that diurnal variation would
significantly affect the performance of the subjects on coordinative abilities was
accepted except differentiation ability.
6. Conclusions
Within the limitations of the study, it is concluded that, the diurnal variation affect the
performance of soccer players on Orientation ability, Reaction Ability, balance ability
and rhythm ability whereas diurnal variation does not affect the performance of soccer
players on differentiation ability. Soccer players showed better performance in the
evening on Orientation ability, balance ability, rhythm ability and differentiation ability
whereas exhibited better performance in the morning on reaction ability.
Author Profile
Lalit M. Tiwari received the B.P.Ed. from Lucknow Christian College and M.P.Ed. from
Banaras Hindu University Varanasi in 2007 and 2009, respectively. He is working as an
Assistant Professor of Physical Education in the Department of Physical Education
Punjabi University Patiala, Punjab India. His are of specialization is exercise
physiology, sports psychology and volleyball.
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