European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.162315
Volume 2│Issue 4│2016
EXAMINATION OF SELF-CONFIDENCE OF INDIVIDUALS
INTERESTED IN MOUNTAINEERING AND SEARCH AND RESCUE
Selçuk Buğdaycı1, Burak Gürer2,
Hayri Demir1, Uğur Abakay2i
Selçuk University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Konya, Turkey
1
Gaziantep University, Physical Education and Sport Department, Gaziantep, Turkey
2
Abstract:
The aim of this study is to examine the self-confidence relevance of the individuals who
mountaineer and individuals who are part of search and rescue operations. Two
hundred seventy nine persons voluntarily participated in the research. The research
data was collected using the self-confidence scale developed by Akın
. There are a
total of 33 articles in the scale. The scale is composed of two factors. These are the two
sub dimensions being interior self-confidence and exterior self-confidence. The data
collected was analyzed through the statistical package program (SPSS 16.0) and the
results were interpreted. In our study, the Cronbach’s Alpha Value of the scale was
calculated as 0.89. The One Way ANOVA and T-test were used in the evaluation of the
research data. In the research, as regards the gender, branch, experience, age and
marital status, meaningful correlations were identified. As a result, athletes who
performed search and rescue have higher self-confidence than those who mountaineer.
Since both fields involve risky activities, it is recommended for the athletes who are
involved in outdoor sports to be encouraged to get into search and rescue operations.
Regular activities and training would improve self-confidence.
Keywords: mountaineering, search and rescue, self-confidence
1.
Introduction
Sport is the vehicle which consumes the potential energy in the individuals of society in
the most helpful way as body and mind, enables the construction of healthy
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
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Selçuk Buğdaycı, Burak Gürer, Hayri Demir, Uğur Abakay EXAMINATION OF SELF-CONFIDENCE OF INDIVIDUALS INTERESTED IN
MOUNTAINEERING AND SEARCH AND RESCUE
relationships in individuals and in society, leads the person to happiness in a balanced
manner in various cases and brings the society discipline, respect for rules and
individuals believing in social peace Güven,
a Alıncak,
as an aspect of game type Alıncak,
b . In parallel with this, the outdoor sports attract an increasing
attention in recent years. Today, making use of leisure time is becoming a life style in
these times where stress has escalated. For this reason, there are various programs and
projects for increasing the leisure time activities and enhancing the range of valuing
leisure time. In this respect, the leisure activities constructed their own philosophy in a
way to support the psychological, social and physical values the individual possesses.
The activities in which people are, as active or passive, involved assist individuals to be
included in the society by encompassing the efforts that affect the life style in their field
of occupation, and enhance the shared life (Yerlisu Lapa and Ardahan, 2009).
The interest in outdoor sports has been gradually increasing in our country and
the field of application of this sport has varied. These sports may include
mountaineering, hiking, paragliding, water sports, etc. (Kuru, 2000). Turkey offers quite
beneficent opportunities for many outdoor sports. The people who tend towards
alternative sports are now choosing between the sport branches which give them
pleasure, entertain them and push their limits (Voigt, 1998). Mountaineering, the most
preferred one, was defined by Pomfret (2006). As a type of nature-based adventure
tourism which comprises ice and rock climbing and mountain hiking in mountain
regions all around the world. Mountaineering means knowing well the nature of the
mountain. It also imposes the condition of having the ability to overcome the possible
challenges (Moynier, 2004). The increase in this type of hazardous sportive activities
and the resulting accidents and natural disasters prioritized search and rescue. The
search and rescue operations are the operations carried out to find and rescue the
people in danger in mountains, deserts, sea, forest and other tough regions (Stone,
1975). As can be understood by the definitions, mountaineering as well as search and
rescue are operations which involve risk and danger. As in the whole world, occurrence
of disasters has increased in our country as well. Damaging the nature, improper
urbanization and an unconscious society insensitive to the environment all set the
ground for disasters.
Such a risk of disaster brought up the need for search and rescue personnel.
Many rescuers put themselves in jeopardy without hesitating. It is also thought that the
feeling underlying this is self-confidence. On the other hand, the increasing interest in
outdoor sports, particularly in mountaineering, increased the probability of having
accidents in mountains. Passions such as for the wild nature, adventure, being close to
the nature, physical exercise, nature view, desire for being alone, socialization, riskEuropean Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 4 │ 2016
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MOUNTAINEERING AND SEARCH AND RESCUE
taking, challenge, entertainment and pursuing uncertainty are pursued by outdoor
athletes Carr,
. In light of this information, self-confidence which underlies our
research becomes an important matter in search and rescue.
Inherently, we all have the motive to survive instead of die when our lives are in
danger (McManners, 2009). The challenging activities such as climbing mountains or
performing search and rescue require some personality traits. Self-confidence is one of
these traits. Feltz (1988). Defined self-confidence as rather than a general trait, the
belief of an individual to fulfill a specific activity in a successful way and to trust his/her
own judgments, abilities, power and decisions . Self-confidence is a necessity to
succeed in a sportive performance (McAuley and. Gill, 1983). The issue of selfconfidence has been a subject of analysis especially in risky sports. It is told in the
accidents that particularly in dangerous sports such as mountaineering, extreme selfconfidence also leads to fatal mistakes (Krakauer, 2006). The safety measures against the
risk seek to eliminate the existing danger in the field of activity and are subject to
careful evaluation (Maningas and. Simpson, 2003). It comes to mind that the emotion of
self-confidence is effective in risk-taking. Although the number of injuries and deaths
are high in outdoor sports which does not tolerate mistakes, the popularity of these
high-risk sports has ever increased in western societies. Therefore, it is important for
those who engage in high-risk sports to be aware of the factors underlying the
behavioral strategies towards various risks (Martha et al., 2009). This places selfconfidence which is one of the influential traits, at a more critical level. On the other
hand, self-confidence depends on whether the person feels accepted and valued by
others (Jahanbakhsh, Jomehri, Mujembari, 2015). In other words, self-confidence is
influenced by society or groups. Self-confidence has been an important element for
many outdoor sports. Researchers have tried to examine self-confidence in different
ways. Martin et al. (1999) put forward that using visuals is effective in improving
sportive performance. For example, watching the image of a master climber who climbs
over a difficult rock surface may be effective in improving the performance. According
to this, visuals are used in coping with challenging situations, particularly in enhancing
self-competence and self-confidence (Jones et al., 2002; Martin et al, 1999). As it is
understood, self-confidence is a significant factor for mountaineering and search and
rescue.
In the light of the information given above, our research has an important place
since there are not much research available concerning self-confidence of athletes who
perform search and rescue. Since mountaineering and search and rescue involves a
stressful process under tough conditions, it is important to know how much selfconfidence is influential. Every passing year, the number of those who engage in
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outdoor tourism and outdoor sports increase and disasters occur for various reasons.
The emergency cases pointed out the requirement for educated and equipped athletes.
The results of the study are expected to guide the authorities and executives. In parallel
with this, this research is conducted in order to examine self-confidence of those who
engage in mountaineering and search and rescue.
Method
The geographical condition in Turkey offers limitless possibilities for mountaineering.
This increased the number of mountaineering clubs. In parallel with this, the number of
people who engage in mountaineering also increased. This situation makes it difficult to
work and access the athletes in different regions of Turkey. For this reason, the
questionnaire used in the study was conducted in the camps of mountaineering clubs,
in trainings and on athletes who came for mountain climbing.
Besides, the changing climate conditions and the resulting increase in the
number of disasters emphasized the importance of people and associations who
perform search and rescue operations. In such cases, trained personnel are of vital
importance. In our study, the voluntary individuals who regularly attend training and
search and rescue operations were also included in the sample group. A total of 279
athletes from different regions and clubs attended the research. In the study, the
questionnaire technique among the quantitative research techniques was used.
Population and Sample
The research population consists of those who engage in mountaineering and the
voluntary people who engage in search and rescue associations. Taking into account
those who mountaineer and the difficulty in accessing the large number of sports clubs,
the research was limited to athletes who regularly and actively attend mountaineering
activities. For search and rescue associations, those associations which frequently
conduct trainings and operations were preferred. The scales delivered by hand were
applied by the researcher during camping, climbing and training. The research was
limited to voluntary search and rescue associations. Access to volunteers who engage in
search and rescue and who are educated made the research difficult. The sample of the
research consists of the athletes who actively and regularly mountaineer and who
voluntarily carry out search and rescue operations as member of an association. Both
groups consist of trained athletes.
The participants are composed of 211 (75.6%) men and 68 (24.4%) women. 65.9%
(184) of the research group is university graduate. 65.9% of participants is single. The
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age group with the largest percentage in the research is the group aged 41 and above
(61 persons, 21.9%). One hundred seventy nine mountaineers and 100 athletes, who
engage in search and rescue, participated in the research. Forty three percent (120) of
the participants has mountaineering or search and rescue history of 1-4 years.
Data Collection Tool
The self-confidence scale used in the research is developed by Akın
. As a result
of the factor analysis, 33 items under two factors were obtained. The scale consists of
two sub dimensions being internal self-confidence and external self-confidence.
Analyzing the items fewer than two factors obtained, the items under the first factor
were identified to be related to self-confidence of individuals towards the individuals
themselves and this factor was considered under the name internal self-confidence. The
items under this factor evaluates the traits of the individual such as self-love, selfconsciousness, setting explicit goals, possessing the ability of positive thinking,
recognizing strengths and weaknesses.
Since the items under the second factor are more related to the self-confidence of
individuals regarding their external environment and social life, this factor was named
as external self-confidence. The items under the dimension of external self-confidence
include traits such as easy communication, sound self-expression, control of emotions
and ability to take risks. The high score from this scale which does not include any
negative item indicates a high level of self-confidence. In the self-confidence scale, a
score lower than 2.5 indicate low self-confidence, between 2.5 and 3.5 indicates medium
and above 3.5 indicates high self-confidence. The total number of items in SelfConfidence Scale is 33. The highest score that can be received from this scale prepared
using the 5-degree Likert type is 165 and lowest score is 33. The scale is never scored in
such manner as Never
, Seldom
, Often
, Usually
and Always
Akın,
2007).
Data Collection
Information such as the purpose of the research, how the questionnaire form is to be
marked and what should be paid attention in marking and the name, surname and title
of the person conducting the research and of the consultant and the name of the
organization where they work was given on top of the questionnaire forms used in the
research. The scale was applied on the mountaineers who came to climb the AntiTaurus Mountains on dates August 25 to October 20, 2014 in the International
Mountaineering Association Coherence Camp of Zirve Mountain and Outdoor Sports
Club in Kaynaklar, Izmir on December 26-27, 2014 in the International Petzl Roc Trip
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climbing fest carried out in Olimpos, Antalya on October 16-19, 2014. The scale applied
on search and rescue groups was applied on the members of SAR search and rescue
association on dates August 25-26, 2015 in the trainer training camp of AKUT search
and rescue association carried out in Olimpos, Antalya on November 13-16, 2014. The
scale was applied by the researcher during climbing and in training camps on those
who voluntarily participated in the research.
Reliability and Validity Analyses of Data Collection Tool
For general reliability, Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was calculated, like some other
studies (Cinpolat et al., 2016). The most common method used in the examination of
reliability is Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient. In our study, Cronbach’s Alpha Value of the
scale was calculated as 0.89. Significance was defined as p ≤ 0.05.
Data Evaluation
The data collected through self-confidence scale and demographic information
questionnaire was analyzed through the statistical package program (SPSS 16.0) and the
results were interpreted. Firstly, the demographic information and, for having an idea
about questions, the descriptor statistics including arithmetic mean, standard deviation,
frequency and percentage distribution were presented, like some other studies (Abakay,
Polat et al.,
Yıkılmaz et al.,
. The data showed normal and
homogeneous distribution. In the analysis of athletes’ self-confidence, in the case of two
groups in comparing quantitative data, in intergroup comparison, the Independent
Samples t test was used. In case of more than two groups, the one way ANOVA test
was used in intergroup comparison of parameters. Significance was defined as p ≤ 0.05,
like some other studies (Özdal, 2016a; Özdal, 2016b; Bilgiç et al., 2016).
Findings
Table 1: The Distribution of Athletes’ Self-confidence Value According to Branch Variable
Sport Branch
Internal Self-Confidence
External Self-Confidence
Total Points
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Mountaineering
179 4,0891
,45176
Search and Rescue
100 4,3224
,37637
Mountaineering
179 4,0765
,46458
Search and Rescue
100 4,2212
,32426
Mountaineering
179 4,0830
,43594
Search and Rescue
100 4,2733
,32352
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 4 │ 2016
t
P
-4,383 ,000
-2,762 ,006
-3,818 ,000
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Selçuk Buğdaycı, Burak Gürer, Hayri Demir, Uğur Abakay EXAMINATION OF SELF-CONFIDENCE OF INDIVIDUALS INTERESTED IN
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Table 2: Comparison of Athletes’ Self-confidence According to Gender Variable
Sport Branch
Internal Self-Confidence
External Self-Confidence
Total Points
Female
Mean
Std. Deviation
Mountaineering
49
3,9928
,50497
Search and Rescue
19
4,3746
,32587
Mountaineering
49
3,9898
,47244
Search and Rescue
19
4,3454
,23420
Mountaineering
49
3,9913
,46309
Search and Rescue
19
4,3604
,27568
Male
Mean
Std. Deviation
Mountaineering
130
4,1253
,42648
Search and Rescue
81
4,3101
,38808
Mountaineering
130
4,1091
,45917
Search and Rescue
81
4,1921
,33654
Mountaineering
130
4,1175
,42195
Search and Rescue
81
4,2529
,33196
Sport Branch
Internal Self-Confidence
External Self-Confidence
Total Points
t
P
-3,051 ,003
-3,125 ,003
-3,249 ,002
t
P
-3,166 ,002
-1,408 ,161
-2,453 ,015
In Table 2, the points obtained by the research group in self-confidence sub dimension
and the results of Independent Samples t test according to gender variable were given.
68 women and 211 men participated in the research. The women and men who perform
search and rescue have higher self-confidence than women and men who mountaineer.
According to gender, no significant correlation was observed (P<0.05).
Table 3: Comparison of Athletes’ Self-confidence According to Their Experience
Sport Branch
Internal Self-Confidence
External Self-Confidence
Total Points
N Mean
Std. Deviation
Mountaineering
82 4,1011
,44050
Search and Rescue
38 4,1579
,35188
82 4,0968
,45077
38 4,1694
,36521
Mountaineering
82 4,0990
,47974
Search and Rescue
38 4,1635
,36528
N Mean
Std. Deviation
Mountaineering
43 4,0561
,47908
Search and Rescue
29 4,4544
,34583
43 4,0131
,43292
Search and Rescue
29 4,3491
,30183
Mountaineering
43 4,0352
,43833
Mountaineering
Search and Rescue
Sport Branch
Internal Self-Confidence
External Self-Confidence
Total Points
Mountaineering
Experience
1-4 Year
Experience
5-9 Year
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t
P
-,792 ,430
-,679 ,498
-,828 ,410
t
P
-3,848 ,000
-3,624 ,001
-3,966 ,000
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Selçuk Buğdaycı, Burak Gürer, Hayri Demir, Uğur Abakay EXAMINATION OF SELF-CONFIDENCE OF INDIVIDUALS INTERESTED IN
MOUNTAINEERING AND SEARCH AND RESCUE
Search and Rescue
29 4,4033
,29134
N Mean
Std. Deviation
Mountaineering
23 4,2481
,44338
Search and Rescue
17 4,5398
,23181
23 4,2826
,47928
17 4,2610
,23200
Mountaineering
23 4,2648
,43110
Search and Rescue
17 4,4046
,16281
N Mean
Std. Deviation
Mountaineering
25 3,9365
,43423
Search and Rescue
16 4,2426
,40349
25 3,9000
,39487
16 4,0703
,26991
Mountaineering
25 3,9188
,40474
Search and Rescue
16 4,1591
,31926
Sport Branch
Internal Self-Confidence
External Self-Confidence
Total Points
Mountaineering
Search and Rescue
Sport Branch
Internal Self-Confidence
External Self-Confidence
Total Points
Mountaineering
Search and Rescue
Experience
9-13 Year
Experience
14-18 Year
t
P
-2,469 ,018
,171
,865
-1,268 ,212
t
P
-2,263 ,029
-1,511 ,139
-2,006 ,052
In Table 3, the points obtained by research group in the sub dimensions of selfconfidence and the results of Independent Samples t test according to experience were
given. Six mountaineers with 19 or more years of experience also participated in the
research. There are no athletes with 19 or more years of experience in search and rescue.
A significant correlation was observed between search and rescue attendees with 5-9
years of experience and mountaineers with 5-9 years of experience. Search and rescue
attendees with 5-9 years of experience have higher self-confidence than mountaineers.
Moreover, significant differences were also encountered in the internal self-confidence
of those with 9-13 and 14-18 years of experience (P<0.05).
Table 4: Comparison of Athletes’ Self-confidence Values According to age Variable
Sport Branch
Internal Self-Confidence
External Self-Confidence
Total Points
Internal Self-Confidence
Age
N Mean Std. Deviation
Mountaineering
7 3,9076
,36397
Search and Rescue
9 4,1373
,25641
7 3,7946
,45172
9 4,1181
,25664
Mountaineering
7 3,8528
,38188
Search and Rescue
9 4,1279
,23850
Mountaineering
Search and Rescue
16-20 Age
Sport Branch
Age
N Mean Std. Deviation
Mountaineering
21-25 Age
43 4,0958
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,35434
t
P
-1,484 ,160
-1,815 ,091
-1,771 ,098
t
P
-,985 ,329
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Selçuk Buğdaycı, Burak Gürer, Hayri Demir, Uğur Abakay EXAMINATION OF SELF-CONFIDENCE OF INDIVIDUALS INTERESTED IN
MOUNTAINEERING AND SEARCH AND RESCUE
External Self-Confidence
Total Points
Search and Rescue
16 4,1985
,36126
Mountaineering
43 4,0669
,45222
Search and Rescue
16 4,1602
,38458
Mountaineering
43 4,0817
,36791
Search and Rescue
16 4,1799
,35208
Sport Branch
Internal Self-Confidence
External Self-Confidence
Total Points
External Self-Confidence
Total Points
40 4,1912
,48813
Search and Rescue
14 4,5882
,27783
40 4,1828
,43999
14 4,5179
,23568
Mountaineering
40 4,1871
,45249
Search and Rescue
14 4,5541
,24802
Mountaineering
Search and Rescue
External Self-Confidence
Total Points
External Self-Confidence
Total Points
Age
N Mean Std. Deviation
30 4,0451
,53327
Search and Rescue
16 4,1765
,38603
30 4,0000
,51145
16 4,2188
,23049
Mountaineering
30 4,0232
,50158
Search and Rescue
16 4,1970
,28448
Mountaineering
Search and Rescue
31-35 Age
Age
N Mean Std. Deviation
Mountaineering
22 4,1337
,63229
Search and Rescue
21 4,1653
,40096
22 4,1761
,65965
21 4,0357
,30076
Mountaineering
22 4,1543
,63426
Search and Rescue
21 4,1025
,32616
Mountaineering
Search and Rescue
Sport Branch
Internal Self-Confidence
26-30 Age
Mountaineering
Sport Branch
Internal Self-Confidence
N Mean Std. Deviation
Mountaineering
Sport Branch
Internal Self-Confidence
Age
36-40 Age
Age
N Mean Std. Deviation
Mountaineering
37 4,0143
,30578
Search and Rescue
24 4,5539
,24648
37 4,0287
,28090
24 4,2917
,30265
Mountaineering
37 4,0213
,25682
Search and Rescue
24 4,4268
,22851
Mountaineering
Search and Rescue
41 Age and older
-,732 ,467
-,922 ,361
t
P
-2,874 ,006
-2,705 ,009
-2,875 ,006
t
P
-,869 ,389
-1,619 ,113
-1,276 ,209
t
P
-,194 ,847
,891 ,378
,334 ,740
t
P
-7,246 ,000
-3,465 ,001
-6,284 ,000
In Table 4, the points that the research group obtained in the self-confidence sub
dimensions and the results according to age variable were given. In the study, a
significant correlation was observed between mountaineers and search and rescue
attendees aged 26-30 and aged 41 or above (P<0.05). It is seen that the averages of search
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and rescue attendees are higher. Those who perform search and rescue operations have
higher self-confidence.
Table 5: Comparison of Athletes’ Self-confidence Values According to Marital Status
Sport Branch
Internal Self-Confidence
External Self-Confidence
Total Points
External Self-Confidence
Total Points
(Married)
Mean Std. Deviation
Mountaineering
39
4,1252
,50044
Search and Rescue
56
4,3960
,36821
Mountaineering
39
4,1378
,40509
Search and Rescue
56
4,2478
,33646
Mountaineering
39
4,1313
,42998
Search and Rescue
56
4,3241
,32230
Sport Branch
Internal Self-Confidence
Marital Status
Marital Status
(Single)
Mean Std. Deviation
Mountaineering
140
4,0790
,43865
Search and Rescue
44
4,2286
,36969
Mountaineering
140
4,0594
,47977
Search and Rescue
44
4,1875
,30855
Mountaineering
140
4,0695
,43816
Search and Rescue
44
4,2087
,31696
t
P
-3,039 ,003
-1,440 ,154
-2,498 ,014
t
P
-2,045 ,042
-1,665 ,098
-1,951 ,053
In Table 5, the points obtained by the research group in the sub dimension of selfconfidence and the results according to marital status were given. In the study, it is seen
that married search and rescue attendees have higher average in internal selfconfidence and in total. For single persons, the significant correlation was observed
only in internal self-confidence (P<0.05).
Discussion and Conclusion
In our study, the differences between individuals who perform mountaineering sports
and who perform search and rescue operations were identified. Mountaineering and
search and rescue operations involve high risks and require a high level of training and
experience. Considering the dangerous cases and risk arising from this situation, the
manner in which persons behave during climbing or in a search and rescue operation
gains an important size. Without a doubt, factors such as decision-making, acting
quickly, team work, self-confidence and leadership during these activities are
influential. In risky activities such as mountaineering and search and rescue, the fact
that it should be pointed out how to cope with problems and how to act when faced
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with such situations and the fact that this field lacks literature add importance to this
research.
Self-confidence is important in mountaineering as in any sport branch. In
mountaineering, the risk decreases when the necessary trainings are obtained and the
difficulty limits are known. Likewise, search and rescue operations also require training
and involve exercise in order not to forget the abilities. When the necessary training is
obtained, it was thought that self-confidence will be prominent as a factor which would
create details.
In the study, an advanced level of correlation was observed between those who
perform mountaineering sports and those who perform search and rescue operations
(Table 1) (p<0.01). The self-confidence of those who perform search and rescue
operations are higher than those who perform mountaineering. Akın
divided
self-confidence in two sub dimensions. For both internal and external self-confidence,
search and rescue attendees have higher self-confidence. Internal self-confidence
reflects the traits of the individual such as self-love, self-knowledge, setting explicit
goals, possessing the ability of positive thinking, being aware of strengths and
weaknesses, easily communicating with others, sound self-expression, emotion control
and risk taking Akın,
. In the study, the reason for the self-confidence of those
who perform search and rescue operations to be higher is thought to be related to
experience, training and being ready for emergency cases. Training and experience is, of
course, also important in mountaineering. But in search and rescue operations, it is a
matter of human life. It is thought that this difference is a factor increasing selfconfidence. Personality traits are important in high risk sport branches. In his study,
Gürer (2012) highlighted that those who perform search and rescue operations are also
interested in any outdoor sports and also highlighted the importance of self-confidence.
Self-confidence and the common characteristics of both branches might be the reason
for mountaineers to also engage in search and rescue. The reason is that both
mountaineering and search and rescue are activities that involve risk and excitement
and require making snap decisions when necessary. Mountaineering sport and search
and rescue operations contain challenging circumstances. In their study, McGrane et al.
(2015) observed significant and positive correlation between physical self-confidence
and sportive competence. This result supports the results in our study in terms of the
importance of self-confidence for sport. The self-confidence performance shows up as a
determinant factor.
In our research, significant correlations were observed in terms of gender (Table
2). In both women and men, the self-confidence of those who perform search and rescue
operations is higher than that of mountaineers. As mentioned before, making vital
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decisions is a critical detail for search and rescue attendees. The researchers mentioned
that women have more limited opportunities in recreational activities due to the roles
they assume (Manning, 1999). The matter of time is another topic that should be
researched. It is known that men perform outdoor activities more than women due their
social role. In many studies, it was deduced that gender affects motivation in
recreational activities and men are more active and comfortable in mostly recreational
preferences due to the structures supported by social institutions such as family, job
and social habits (Ardahan and Yerlisu Lapa, 2011).
Jones and Chairman (2005) addressed the need for the search and rescue leader
to interpret every case where he/she faces a problem as a life and death case. It is
thought that the reasons for the high level of self-confidence in male and female search
and rescue attendees are the fact that they act as a team, their wide equipment and use
of technology. Different conclusions were also encountered in researches. In her study,
Lois (2003) considered the gender difference in search and rescue attendees and arrived
at the conclusion that male attendees are more experienced than female ones. She also
stated that men feel more comfortable than female in the environment they are in. This
supports the self-confidence of search and rescue attendees. Besides, it is known that
mountaineering is a more individual sport. It is known that, in case of an accident, the
mountaineer has no one else to receive help other than his/her partner and that he/she is
supposed to tackle with vital situations on his/her own. These kinds of situations might
affect the self-confidence of those who engage in mountaineering.
Huey et al. (2007) examined the age and gender factors in their study concerning
mountaineering. He mentioned that the death rates of men and women on high
mountains are close to each other. In other words, gender does not appear as an
effective variable in high mountains. Search and rescue leaders try to fulfill their duties
under stress in emergency cases. It is thought that these leaders can keep their members
under control and use them more effectively under these circumstances (Lois, 2003).
Being under such stress continuously and working with good leaders may influence
self-confidence positively and improve it both in male and in female search and rescue
attendees. It is also thought that being frequently in the nature would affect selfconfidence both in men and in women. The problematic situations caused by sudden
environmental changes in outdoor sports activities frequently show up (Graydon and
Hanson, 2010). This could be thought of as a factor improving and promoting selfconfidence. Self-confidence is an important personality trait. Especially for those who
engage in outdoor sports, it is an essential quality. All the information above supports
our research.
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Experience is a quite important feature for both mountaineering and search and
rescue. We frequently face with faulty rescue operations that result in death on social
media and on screens. In our study, a significant correlation was encountered between
search and rescue attendees and mountaineers with 5-9 years of experience (p<0.01).
The search and rescue attendees with 5-9 years of experience have higher selfconfidence than mountaineers (Table 3). Other than this, significant differences were
found in internal self-confidence between search and rescue attendees and
mountaineers with 9-13 years of experience and in internal self-confidence between
search and rescue attendees and mountaineers with 14-18 years of experience (p<0.05).
As mentioned before, internal self-confidence refers to the traits of the individual such
as self-love, self-knowledge, setting explicit goals, possessing the ability of positive
thinking, being aware of strengths and weaknesses, easily communicating with others,
sound self-expression, emotion control and risk taking Akın,
. It is thought that as
experience increases, self-confidence increases as well. In particular, as experience
increases, internal self-confidence increases.
In other words, individuals know themselves better, think better and control
their emotions better. The cases which require search and rescue are far less
encountered than mountaineering activities. The reason for search and rescue attendees
to have higher self-confidence in spite of this is thought to be the frequent exercises and
trainings. These exercise and training activities may be improving self-confidence. The
researchers have frequently addressed the matter of experience. In their research
concerning high risk sports, Martha and Laurendeau (2010) arrived at the conclusion
that the perceived case of being harmed upon a serious case of accident is in negative
correlation with the perceived ability of the individual to manage risks and in positive
correlation with injury history, sport experience and pushing limits. The self-confidence
is also thought to be in positive correlation with physical condition. A good physical
condition might be a factor improving self-confidence. Athletes with great experience
mentioned the importance of being in good physical condition in both search and
rescue and mountaineering (Gurer, 2012). In another research, Benjamin (2014)
mentioned that mountaineers possess high self-confidence. Considering the necessity
for search and rescue teams to be in such a condition that they can regularly and
continuously perform an intervention (Collins, 2010), being in a good physical
condition is one of the requirements for search and rescue. This is a factor improving
self-confidence.
In our study, one of the variables for which a significant correlation was found is
age (Table 4). Significant correlations were observed between mountaineers and search
and rescue attendees aged 26-30 and aged 41 and above (P<0.05). It is seen that the selfEuropean Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 4 │ 2016
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confidence of search and rescue attendees are higher. Particularly during the periods
where physical condition is at its best level (age 26-30), it is thought that the high selfconfidence of search and rescue attendees are caused by the high level of interest and
enthusiasm. In some researches, it was concluded that individuals in 20s show more
risky behavior and individuals in 30s or above show less risky behavior (Gretchen,
2004). The results of our study bring to mind that self-confidence is positively correlated
with experience and age. This result matches with the result of our study that search
and rescue attendees aged 41 and above have higher self-confidence. Again in another
research, Huey et al. (2007) pointed out that mountaineers aged 40 or higher are less
likely to reach the peak. They emphasized that young mountaineers could reach the
peak more frequently. As can be seen, the age factor appears an important criterion in
extreme activities. Considering the age intervals, self-confidence seems to show change
as age increases. As the cause for this change, the factors such as physical competence,
frequency of attending mountain climbing or rescue operations and team cohesion can
be shown. In this context, as an element improving self-confidence, the researchers
showed that individuals can benefit from attending outdoor sports activities and attain
positive approaches for improving self-competence (Kalkan, 2012).
Another finding of our research is that marital status has an effect on selfconfidence (Table 5). The significant correlation was found in internal and total selfconfidence for married search and rescue attendees and only in internal self-confidence
for single search and rescue attendees. In other words, traits such as self-love, selfknowledge, setting explicit goals, possess the ability of positive thinking Akın,
are correlated with marital status. As opposed to what was expected, the selfconfidence of married search and rescue attendees is higher than that of married
mountaineers and this is a surprising result. According to this, family does not
adversely affect the self-confidence of an individual who engage in search and rescue
operations. On the contrary, it was thought that married athletes would show an
avoidant approach against such risky situations. It was pointed out in researches that
the risky sports are conducted more frequently by single individuals. This could be
caused by the fact that single people have more free time. Jack and Roman (1998)
mentioned that people who attend in high-risk unusual sportive activities, especially
mountaineers and parachutists, possess higher levels of tendency to seek general and
unusual excitement than those who attend in low-risk usual sports. It would not be
wrong to say that the high self-confidence of mountaineers and search and rescue
attendees are caused by that they spend more time nature. In particular, single people
are able to spare more time for risky sports since their responsibility limits are lower. It
is thought that this variable is affected by factors such as how mountaineers spend time
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Selçuk Buğdaycı, Burak Gürer, Hayri Demir, Uğur Abakay EXAMINATION OF SELF-CONFIDENCE OF INDIVIDUALS INTERESTED IN
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in their daily lives, their circle of friends, climbing partners and work life. Risk-taking
can be an independent variable of sports. The spiritual comforting offered by extreme
sports cannot be ignored (Olivier, 2006). All these results reveal the importance of selfconfidence for challenging sports such as mountaineering and search and rescue. While
marital status affects mountaineering and search and rescue, it also increases selfconfidence for both branches.
In conclusion, it is showed that those who engage in mountaineering and search
and rescue operations have high self-confidence. Besides, search and rescue attendees
have higher self-confidence than mountaineers. Mountaineering and search and rescue
attendees require self-confidence due to their inherent risks. Moreover, the
responsibility of the group increases these risks. The reason for the necessity of selfconfidence is the existence of danger in the activities. It is revealed that individuals who
engage in search and rescue operations have higher self-confidence than mountaineers.
It is thought that decision-making in emergency cases and the accuracy of decisions
affect the level of self-confidence. Especially experience and age are important for selfconfidence in these activities. Improving self-confidence and avoiding risks and
dangers accordingly can be achieved only through going to the mountains and getting
inside the nature. In light of this, regular mountaineering activities search and rescue
exercise and training contribute to improving self-confidence. Depending on
experience, in mountaineering and in search and rescue, self-confidence is thought to
improve abilities such as risk-taking, decision-making, evaluation and judgment. It is
suggested that being in good physical condition would be important in improving selfconfidence. Our study is important for it may shed light on new studies. Analyzing the
emotion of self-confidence related to different outdoor sports would enrich literature.
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