European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science ISSN: 2501 - 1235 ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235 Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu 10.5281/zenodo.164021 Volume 2│Issue 4│2016 THE EFFECTS OF CORE TRAINING ON SOME PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MALE ADOLESCENT STUDENTSi Hülya Dedecan1ii, Evrim Çakmakçi2, Mürsel Biçer3, Fırat Akcan3 Gaziantep OSB Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School, Gaziantep, Turkey 1 2 Selçuk University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Konya, Turkey Gaziantep University, Physical Education and Sport Department, Gaziantep, Turkey 3 Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate effects of core training on some physical and physiological parameters on adolescent male students. Totally 24 persons were participated in the study as voluntary. Two groups were formed as experimental group (EG, n = 12, age = 15.30 ± 0.66 year, height = 173.80 ± 7.32 cm, body weight = 64.76 ± 11.68 kg) and control group (CG, n = 12, age = 15.05 ± 0.51 year, height = 170.05 ± 6.32 cm, body weight = 65.57 ± 13.07 kg) from volunteers. Eight weeks core training program was applied to EG, four days per a week in addition to their training. CG wasn t participated in core training during 8 weeks. Age, height, weight, back and leg strength, vertical jump, body fat percentage, 20m shuttle run test, 1min push-up and curl-up measurements and tests were performed by volunteers. When compared pre- and postvalues of EG, significances were found in all parameters (p < 0.05), except aerobic power. When compared pre and post values of CG, no significance was found in any parameters (p < 0.05). Between the groups, there were no significant differences in age, height and aerobic power values. Significant differences were found in all other parameters in favour of EG (p < 0.05). As a result, it could be said that there are positive effects of core strength training on some physical and physiological parameters of male students who were between 14-16 years old. Keywords: core training, aerobic power, anaerobic power, adolescents i This study has been summarized from H(lya Dedecan s master s thesis. Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015. 131 Hülya Dedecan, Evrim Çakmakçi, Mürsel Biçer, Fırat Akcan THE EFFECTS OF CORE TRAINING ON SOME PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MALE ADOLESCENT STUDENTS Introduction Core strength trainings and their effects have been analysed by many researchers and results that show that they help development of athletes motor skills, increasing of balance ability and prevention from sports injuries (Biçer et al., 2015; Thomas and William, 2009; Hessari et al., 2011; Takanati, 2011; Sadeghi et al., 2013). Exercise program that aims to strengthen muscle groups in lumbopelvic area and the deep muscles that are responsible for stabilizing spine, and done by athlete s own body weight is called core training (Takanati, 2012). Trainers have been directed to alternative power training methods that they can do by their own body weight, due to developmental and injury related risks that power trainings implemented with free weights may cause in athletes especially in adolescence. With the help of core exercises, controlling spine during dynamic movements is taught (Takanati, 2012). In addition, core training program shows benefits in strengthening the respiratory muscles, especially the m. diaphragm muscle (Özdal, 2016a) which is one of the most important respiratory muscles (Özdal, 2016b; Özdal, 2016c). Core training method shows differences than weight training method in terms of implementation, and also it focuses on improving the muscle strength (Thomas and William, 2009). The aim of this study is to analyse the effects of core strength training which is a kind of strength training, on physical and physiological parameters in male students between 14-16 years old. Material and Method 24 male students between 14-16 age average, who study in Gaziantep OSB Vocational and Technical High School in Gaziantep province, who are actively doing sports and who participated local and/or national level competitions, participated the study voluntarily. Controlled pre-test and post-test experiment design has been used in the study. Subjects were divided into two equal groups as experimental and control groups. First measurements of both groups were taken a day before 8-week training program (pre-test), last measurements were taken a day after 8-week training program (post-test) at the same time period (14:00-18:00). Experiment group was included in the core training program for 8 weeks and 4 days/week and 2 hours/day. No training program was implemented on control group. All subjects were informed about study plan and aim, parents permit with written consent that show the participants participated voluntarily, was obtained. Measurements have been made in Gaziantep University European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 4 │ 2016 132 Hülya Dedecan, Evrim Çakmakçi, Mürsel Biçer, Fırat Akcan THE EFFECTS OF CORE TRAINING ON SOME PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MALE ADOLESCENT STUDENTS Performance Laboratory. This research has been made with the 09.05.2016 dated no.26 board of ethics decision of Selcuk University Faculty of Sports Science. Collection of Data Measurement of length and body weight (Polat et al., 2011), back and leg strength measurement Akcan and Biçer, , hand grip strength Yıkılmaz et al., 015), long jump test by standing (Tamer, 2000), one minute push-up Yıldız et al., minute curl-up test Yıldız et al., , one , subcutaneous fat thickness measurements (Akcan and Biçer, 2015), vertical jump measurement and anaerobic strength test measurements (Bilgiç et al., 2016; Akcan and Biçer, 2015), 20m shuttle run test (Bilgiç et al., 2016) was practiced on subjects. Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis of this study was made by using SPSS 22.0 statistical program (SPSS Inc., ABD). Statistical results was evaluated according to p < 0.05 significance level. Average and standard deviation as identifier values were used. Before starting the statistical processes Shapiro-Wilk test was implemented for normal distribution control. For data sets that show non-normal distribution, Skewness and Kurtosis values were checked. Independent Sample T and Mann-Whitney U tests were used in comparison of dual groups. For the analysis of differences between pre and post-tests of the groups, Paired Samples T and Wilcoxon tests were used. Results Measured features of participants in pre and post-tests have been examined and analysed in this section. Intra-group and inter-groups comparisons are presented below. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 4 │ 2016 133 Hülya Dedecan, Evrim Çakmakçi, Mürsel Biçer, Fırat Akcan THE EFFECTS OF CORE TRAINING ON SOME PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MALE ADOLESCENT STUDENTS Table 1: Pre- and post-test analysis of experiment group EG (n = 12) Ave. SS Body Weight Pre-test 64.76 11,68 (kg) Post-test 61.51 12,02 Back strength Pre-test 114.62 30,41 (kg) Post-test 133.46 36,24 Right Hand Grip Strength Pre-test 34.62 5,86 (kg) Post-test 39.15 6,77 Left Hand Grip Strength Pre-test 33.17 4,44 (kg) Post-test 35.30 4,61 Leg strength Pre-test 103.22 26,00 (kg) Post-test 141.20 35,39 Body fat Pre-test 14.85 3,24 (%) Post-test 13.63 2,78 Standing long jump Pre-test 197.10 28,94 (cm) Post-test 214.15 29,46 Vertical jump Pre-test 37.00 6,68 (cm) Post-test 39.65 4,46 Anaerobic Power Pre-test 80.18 14,71 (kg.m/sec) Post-test 86.85 11,01 MaxVO2 Pre-test 3.07 0,29 (lt/min) Post-test 3.09 0,19 1 min push-up Pre-test 22.75 10,40 (unit) Post-test 25.55 13,44 1 min curl-up Pre-test 26.55 8,17 (unit) Post-test 32.75 7,99 CG (n = 12) P 0,042 0,002 0,001 0,002 0,000 0,012 0,001 0,017 0,046 0,746 0,043 0,008 Ave. SS 65.57 13.07 68.73 13.69 99.05 32.11 107.12 28.44 33.72 18.15 36.09 10.92 25.65 4.51 25.80 4.35 90.07 25.20 95.40 32.92 18.37 6.49 17.71 4.18 174.15 21.22 171.10 25.63 30.65 3.65 29.60 4.82 80.84 14.34 82.32 16.96 2.68 0.06 2.69 0.05 18.40 7.70 16.20 5.51 15.55 6.33 15.65 5.91 P 0.125 0.163 0.131 0.739 0.462 0.164 0.513 0.157 0.411 0.240 0.150 0.953 Analysis between pre and post-tests of the experiment group s measured features are given in Table 1. No significant difference was determined between the pre and posttests of maxVO2 parameter of experiment group (p > 0.05). No significant change was observed between the pre and post-tests of all physical and physiological parameters measured for experiment group (p < 0.05). Analysis between pre and post-tests of the control group s measured features are given in Table 1. No significant change was observed between all physical and physiological parameters measured for control group (p > 0.05). European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 4 │ 2016 134 Hülya Dedecan, Evrim Çakmakçi, Mürsel Biçer, Fırat Akcan THE EFFECTS OF CORE TRAINING ON SOME PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MALE ADOLESCENT STUDENTS Table 2: Comparison of differences of pre and post-tests of EG and CG Group Ave. SS Body weight CG 1.65 5.97 (kg) EG -3.25 13.69 Back strength CG 8.07 40.97 (kg) EG 18.84 24.18 Right hand grip str. CG 2.36 21.30 (kg) EG 4.53 4.59 Left hand grip str. CG 0.15 1.98 (kg) EG 2.12 2.62 Leg strength CG 5.32 31.75 (kg) EG 37.97 24.44 Body fat CG -0.66 6.06 (%) EG -1.23 1.99 Standing long jump CG -3.50 20.44 (cm) EG 17.05 12.17 Vertical jump CG -1.05 3.19 (cm) EG 2.65 4.53 Anaerobic Power CG 0.52 8.59 (kg.m/sec) EG 1.67 15.13 MaxVO2 CG 0.01 0.02 (lt/min) EG -0.02 0.31 1 min push-up CG -2.20 6.56 (unit) EG 2.80 7.08 1 min curl-up CG 0.10 7.43 (unit) EG 6.20 9.35 p 0.043 0.043 0.039 0.010 0.001 0.046 0.001 0.005 0.043 0.684 0.026 0.028 Analysis between pre and post-tests of the experiment group s and control group s measured features are given in Table 1. Significant difference is seen between experiment and control groups in terms of measured weight, back strength, right and left hand grip strength, leg strength, body fat, standing long jump, vertical jump, anaerobic jump, 1 min push-up and 1 min curl-up parameters (p < 0.05). No significant difference is seen between groups in maxVO2 test (p > 0.05). European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 4 │ 2016 135 Hülya Dedecan, Evrim Çakmakçi, Mürsel Biçer, Fırat Akcan THE EFFECTS OF CORE TRAINING ON SOME PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MALE ADOLESCENT STUDENTS Figure 1: Differences between pre and post-tests of measured features Discussion In this study, core training s effects on some physical and physiological features on male students during adolescence were examined. Findings that were obtained in this section have been discussed by comparing with the literature. After core training program implemented in this study, when pre-test and posttest differences of body weight averages of experiment and control group are compared, a significant difference is obtained in favour of experiment group (p < 0.05). Reductions in body fat percentage are seen as a result of burning high amounts of calories (Koç, 2010). Power trainings cause changes on body composition by increasing fat-free body weight with anabolic effect and by decreasing body fat percentage (Harbili, 1999). Similar studies in literature point out this result (Otto et al. 2012; Gremeaux et al., 2012; Abe et al., 2014). It could be said that the significant decline in the body weight is related to the decline in the body fat percentage (p < 0.05). After the core training program implemented in this study, when pre-test and post-test differences of back strength are compared, significant difference is found between two groups in favour of experiment group (p < 0.05). Obtained results have similar results with the previous studies done by the researchers (Cosio-Lima et al., 2003; Sekendiz et al., 2010; Carpes et al., 2008; Granacher et al., 2012; Durall et al., 2009; Sukalinggam et al., 2012; Kline et al., 2013). Although it is known that core training that cause this significant change affects mainly core muscles and that it causes exhaustion European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 4 │ 2016 136 Hülya Dedecan, Evrim Çakmakçi, Mürsel Biçer, Fırat Akcan THE EFFECTS OF CORE TRAINING ON SOME PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MALE ADOLESCENT STUDENTS in exercise power acutely (Özdal, 2015), it can be said that it is affected by long-term effects of power training with progressively increasing tax. After the core training program implemented in this study, when pre-test and post-test differences of right and left hand grip strength averages, a significant difference is found in favour of experiment group (p < 0.05). It is thought that these results are consistent with the literature (Faigenbaum et al., 2002; Sartorio et al., 2002; Damush et al., 1999). After the core training program implemented in this study, when pre-test and post-test differences of leg strength averages of experiment and control group are compared, a significant difference is found in favour of experiment group (p<0.05). Results have similarities with the literature (Cosio-Lima et al., 2003; Myer et al., 2008; Drinkwater et al., 2007; Fowler et al., 1995). Trunk and pelvic are the areas that core training intensely taxed. Build-up of these muscles will affect both balance and power features of the body positively (Faries and Greenwood, 2007, Reed et al., 2012). Marshall and Murphy stated that after they implement exercises with Swiss ball, abdominal muscles have higher activation during leg strength test and its contributions on test results have been increased (Marshall and Murphy, 2005). In framework of this result, it is thought that core area muscles, by contributing during the test, affects leg strength test results positively. After the core training program implemented in this study, when pre-test and post-test differences of body fat measurement averages of experiment and control group are compared, a significant difference is found in favour of experiment group (p < 0.05). Obtained results show similarities with the previous studies (Prabhakaran et al., 1999; Sillanpää et al., 2008; Tsuzuku et al., 2007). Joshi et al. (2012) stated that fat volume and percentage is an indicator for fitness level in school children (Joshi et al., 2012). Body fat decline obtained in this study is thought to be important due to this reason. Power trainings cause changes on body composition by increasing fat-free body weight with anabolic effect and by decreasing body fat percentage (Harbili, 1999). It could be said that body fat percentage is due to this reason. After the core training program implemented in this study, when pre-test and post-test differences of standing long jump and vertical jump performance averages of experiment and control group are compared, a significant difference is found in favour of experiment group (p < 0.05). Researchers have reported significant increases in lower extremity performance with core power training and stability trainings implemented on core area (Myer et al., 2008, Drinkwater et al., 2007, Cosio-Lima et al., 2003). In the light of this information, changes in standing long jump and vertical jump test performances European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 4 │ 2016 137 Hülya Dedecan, Evrim Çakmakçi, Mürsel Biçer, Fırat Akcan THE EFFECTS OF CORE TRAINING ON SOME PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MALE ADOLESCENT STUDENTS can be explained by positively affected leg strength as a result of core training s increase in body and hip power. Anaerobic power is an important factor for athletic performance (Özdal et al., 2016). After the core training program implemented in this study, when pre-test and post-test differences of anaerobic power performance averages of experiment and control group are compared, a significant difference is found in favour of experiment group (p < 0.05). These results show similarities with the similar studies in the literature (Fatouros et al., 2005; Miszko et al., 2003; Slade et al., 2002; Chromiak et al., 2004). As obtained anaerobic power value is obtained by vertical jump, anaerobic power increase is an expected situation with the increase in distance of jump and leg power. It could be said that anaerobic power increase in experiment group is directly related to implement 8-week core training. After the core training program implemented in this study, when pre-test and post-test differences of maxVO2 value averages of experiment and control group are compared, no significant difference is found between groups (p > 0.05). Results support the literature (Chtara et al., 2005; Sale et al., 1990). Cardiorespiratory compliance amount of exercise is primarily related to training intensity, time and frequency. If intensity is adequate in power training, increase in aerobic capacity will be inadequate. 10-12 weeks training period is suggested for formation of positive effects on aerobic capacity with power training (Chtara et al., 2005). In this study, above mentioned deficiencies are thought to be the reasons for obtaining significant differences in aerobic capacity in experiment group. After the core training program implemented in this study, when pre-test and post-test differences of 1 minute push-up and 1 minute shuttle performance averages of experiment and control group are compared, a significant difference is found in favour of experiment group (p < 0.05). Previous studies did by the researchers support these results (Escamilla et al., 2010; Escamilla et al., 2006; Cosio-Lima et al., 2003). Core strength training has been used quite widely in strength and condition areas (Sato and Mokha, 2009). Core training has positive effects on strengthening core area of the body (Sato and Mokha, 2009; Stanton et al., 2004). Abdominal muscles, paraspinal muscles, gluteal muscles, oblique muscles, pelvic-hip muscles and diaphragm muscle can be represented as body s core area Shinkle et al., . These explanations can be shown as reasons for this large increase caused by core training implemented in this study on 1 minute shuttle test. In addition, power increase in m.rectus abdominis muscle can be transferred to upper extremities via its collagen tissue (Akuthota and Nadler, 2004; Konin et al., 2003) and this could explain the significant increase in 1 minute push-up test in experiment group. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 4 │ 2016 138 Hülya Dedecan, Evrim Çakmakçi, Mürsel Biçer, Fırat Akcan THE EFFECTS OF CORE TRAINING ON SOME PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MALE ADOLESCENT STUDENTS In framework of the findings obtained in this study, with the help of core training program, positive changes were determined in body, power parameters of upper and lower extremities, body composition features and anaerobic power. Although implemented training program is oriented at body s core area, upper and lower extremities are positively affected too, and this reveals that the core training program supports development ambidextrously. 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European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 4 │ 2016 143 Hülya Dedecan, Evrim Çakmakçi, Mürsel Biçer, Fırat Akcan THE EFFECTS OF CORE TRAINING ON SOME PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MALE ADOLESCENT STUDENTS Creative Commons licensing terms Authors will retain the copyright of their published articles agreeing that a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) terms will be applied to their work. Under the terms of this license, no permission is required from the author(s) or publisher for members of the community to copy, distribute, transmit or adapt the article content, providing a proper, prominent and unambiguous attribution to the authors in a manner that makes clear that the materials are being reused under permission of a Creative Commons License. Views, opinions and conclusions expressed in this research article are views, opinions and conclusions of the author(s). 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