European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.205060
Volume 2│Issue 5│2016
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT DISTANCE SWIMMING
PERFORMANCE AND REPEATED SPRINT ABILITY IN SWIMMERS
Ayşegül Yapıcıi, Muharrem Öznalbant
Coaching Education Department, Pamukkale University,
Faculty of Sport Sciences, Denizli, Turkey
Abstract:
The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between short distance
swimming performance and repeated sprint ability in swimmers. 12 male swimmers
between the ages of 14-18 from Denizli Pamukkale University Swimming Sports Club
Performance team voluntarily participated at this study. Freestyle swimming time of
the subjects was measured by using Casio stopwatch. 8x15-m, 25-m, 50-m and 100-m
freestyle swimming degrees of swimmers were recorded. The ideal sprint time (IS), the
total sprint time (TS) and the performance decrement (PD) were determined after
repeated sprint test (RST). Lactate levels were recorded at the end of each test. The Borg
scale was used to determine the perceived difficulty level. For the statistical analysis
Pearson s correlation was used to determine the correlations between
-m, 50-m and
100-m freestyle swimming time and swimming times obtained at the end of RST (IS, TS,
PD). Significant relationships were found between the 25-m, 50-m and 100-m
swimming performance (p<0.01). Significant correlations were found between the IS
and the TS and the 25-m and 50-m swim results (p<0.01) and also the 100-m swim
results (p<0.05). Significant relationships were found between obtained lactate values
end of the 25-m, 50-m and 8x15-m RST (p<0.05). Significant correlations were found
between the 50-m lactate values and 25-m lactate values (p<0.05); also between 50-m
lactate values and 8x15-m RST lactate values (p<0.01). There was no significant
relationship between 100-m lactate values and 25-m, 50-m and 8x15-m RST lactate
values (p>0.05). Significant relationships were found between 8x15-m RST lactate values
and 25-m lactate values (p<0.05). Moreover, strong relations were found between the
8x15-m RST lactate values and 50-m lactate values (p<0.01). The findings of the present
study indicated that repeated sprint ability as well as higher anaerobic capability as
Corresponding author: “yşeg(l Yapıcı, Assistant Professor, PhD., Pamukkale University,
Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kınıklı Kampusu, Denizli, Turkey, Email ayapici@msn.com
i
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
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Ayşegül Yapıcı, Muharrem Öznalbant THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT DISTANCE SWIMMING PERFORMANCE AND
REPEATED SPRINT ABILITY IN SWIMMERS
reflected by the short distance. The results also indicated that repeated sprint ability is
strongly related to swim sprint performance.
Keywords: swimming, repeated sprint ability, short distance swimming performance
1. Introduction
In recent years, the use of repeated sprint tests has gained popularity among coaches
and athletes as a method of evaluating repeated sprint ability. Such tests involve
repetitions of short sprints (mainly running and cycling), with variable short recovery
periods between the sprints. According to Glaister (2005) and Spencer et al. (2005) a
high level of aerobic fitness is a prerequisite for enhanced performance during
repeated-sprint activities. However, the correlation between aerobic fitness (e.g., VO2
max) and indices of repeated sprint ability has been inconsistent. While some authors
have reported significant correlations between the two (Aziz and Chia, 2000; Dawson et
al., 1993), others have failed to do so (Castagna et al., 2007; Wadley and Le Rossignol,
1998). Further research is therefore required, especially with swimming as the exercise
mode, as most repeated-sprint studies have employed running (Aziz and Chia, 2000;
Meckel et al., 2009) or cycling (Bishop et al., 2004; Fitzsimons et al., 1993). To the best of
our knowledge, little studies (Meckel et al., 2012; 2013) have investigated indices of RST
in swimming.
In contrast to the single, continuous efforts typically performed in individual
sports, such as track and field or swimming, team sports are usually characterized by
intense intermittent activity; that is, repeated short-duration, high-intensity efforts,
interspersed with brief recovery periods. Such tests involve repetitions of short sprints
(mainly running and cycling), with variable short recovery periods between the sprints.
Different protocols for this test consist, for example, of 8 to 10 5-second sprint
repetitions starting every 30 seconds (Aziz and Chia, 2000), six 40-m maximal sprints
starting every 30 seconds (Fitzsimons et al., 1993), or twelve 20-m sprints starting every
20 seconds (Wadley and Le Rossignol, 1998). The specific test protocol can be easily
adapted to suit the specific needs and movement patterns of intermittent-type sports or
activities. Therefore, repeated sprint tests are most commonly used in multi-sprint
sports such as soccer, basketball, and hockey and have been reported to be both valid
(Bishop et al., 2001,14) and reliable (Fitzsimons et al., 1993, Spencer, 2006).
In fact, although some studies reported significant correlations between aerobic
capacity and RST performance indices (Bishop and Edge, 2006; Bishop and Spencer,
2004; Glaister, 2007; Glaister, 2005), others have failed to do so (Aziz et al., 2007; Bishop
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Ayşegül Yapıcı, Muharrem Öznalbant THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT DISTANCE SWIMMING PERFORMANCE AND
REPEATED SPRINT ABILITY IN SWIMMERS
et al., 2003; Castagna et al., 2007). Moreover, the ability to perform repeated sprints was
also closely related to anaerobic attributes such as anaerobic glycolysis (Glaister, 2008),
the ability to buffer hydrogen ions (Bishop et al., 2004; Edge et al., 2006) and muscle
glycogen concentration (Gaitanos et al., 1993). In addition, we examined the
relationships between RST indices and the swimmers' best single short-distance results.
We hypothesized that, swimming RST indices would correlate with short-distance
swim results (as indicators of anaerobic and aerobic capacity respectively).
2. Material and Methods
2.1 Participants
Twelve male swimmers (age 15.5 ± 1.93 y, height 173.91 ± 11.40 cm, body mass 76.58 ±
5.46 kg) specializing in 100-m swim distances, all members from Denizli Pamukkale
University Swimming Sports Club Performance team A, participated in this study.
Standard calibrated scales and stadiometers were used to determine the height and
body mass. Participants had several years of training and competitive experience.
Training experience of the swimmers was similar (average 7.0 years each). Testing
sessions were performed upon completion of the preparatory training period, prior to
the beginning of the competitive season. During this period an average of 10 swimming
sessions were performed by the swimmers every week, covering distances of about 4050 km·week-1. Out of that, about 50% was devoted to long-distance aerobic-type
training, 25% to interval training and 15% to sprint training. The swimmers also spend
some time practicing special technical drills (about 10% of total distance) in the water.
In addition, the swimmers had 3-4 sessions of strength training every week that
included mainly weight lifting of different forms. The swimmers were informed of the
experimental procedures and signed an informed consent form. All the procedures
were conducted in accordance with the standards of the Institutional Ethics Committee.
2.2 Procedures
The participants performed four tests with a 4- days break between each test. The first
test consisted of a 25-m swim, the second consisted of a 50-m swim, the third consisted
of a 100-m swim, and the fourth consisted of the swimming repeated sprint test (RST)
protocol. All four tests were performed in the afternoon, using indoor swimming pools:
the 25-m, 50-m, 100-m test was performed in a 50-m Olympic-size pool and the RST in a
25-m x 15-m pool. The water temperature was 26°C and the air temperature was 2628°C during all tests. In order to prevent the effects of fatigue on the study results,
swimmers were instructed to avoid intense activity for 24 h before each test. The
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Ayşegül Yapıcı, Muharrem Öznalbant THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT DISTANCE SWIMMING PERFORMANCE AND
REPEATED SPRINT ABILITY IN SWIMMERS
participants were also instructed to drink 500 ml of water 30 minutes before each testing
session. None of the participants were taking any food supplements. Prior to each test,
the swimmers performed a standard warm-up that included an 800-m swim and 4x15m sprints, and then rested 15 min before starting the test. A handheld stopwatch (Casio
HS-80TW-1EF) with an accuracy measurement of 1/1000 s, was used for recording time
during each swim. The front crawl swimming style was used in all tests.
2.3 Repeated sprint test
All the swimmers completed 8 repetitions of a 15-m all-out sprint (8x15m), each
separated by a 30-second rest interval. The swimmers started each sprint in the water
with a two-legged push away from the wall. The swimmers were instructed to start
swimming immediately after the feet disengaged from the wall and to avoid diving
under the water, as usually occurs when jumping off starting blocks. During the rest
periods between the sprints, the swimmers swam back slowly to the starting point at an
intensity corresponding to about 50% of their maximal 100-m speed. This speed was
familiar to the swimmers, because they routinely used it for recovery during interval
training sessions. This speed is also considered to be the slowest speed possible with the
use of a proper swimming technique (Toubekis, 2006). After returning to the starting
point, the swimmers took the starting position for the next sprint.
Blood lactate was taken from a earlobe 3 minutes after the completion of the 25m, 50-m, 100-m and RST using a portable lactate analyzer (Lactate Plus, Nova
Biomedical, USA). Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was determined using the
modified 1-10 (1 being the easiest and 10 the hardest) Borg scale (Borg, 1982)
immediately upon the completion of the RST. The three measures of the RST were the
ideal swim time (IS), the total swim time (TS) of the 8 sprints, and the performance
decrement (PD) during the test. Ideal sprint time was calculated as the fastest 15-m
swim time multiplied by 8. The total sprint time was calculated as the sum of all sprint
times. Performance decrement was used as an indication of fatigue and was calculated
as ([TS/IS] X 100) - 100 (Fitzsimons et al., 1993).
The 25-m, 50-m and 100-m swim trials were performed according to official
competition rules to determine the best performance time for these distances. The
swimmers started each trial jumping off starting blocks into the water. To simulate
competitive-like conditions, the swimming trials were performed with groups of 4-5
participants according to the swimmers personal records and current fitness level.
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REPEATED SPRINT ABILITY IN SWIMMERS
2.4 Statistical Analysis
The data are reported as means and standard deviations. Pearson linear correlation
analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between each of the RST indices (IS, TS,
and PD) and the 25-m, 50-m and 100-m swimming times. Pearson correlation was also
used to evaluate the relationship between the 25-m, 50-m and 100-m swimming times
and between blood lactate concentration responses end of the 25-m 50-m, 100-m and
8x15-m. All analysis was executed in SPSS for Windows version 17.0 and the statistical
significance was set at p < 0.05.
3. Results
The participants blood lactate concentration responses, RPE,
-m 50-m and 100-m
swim times, and performance indices from the swimming RST are presented in Table 1.
Table 1
The participants’ blood lactate concentration responses, swimming times, RPE, and RST performance indices
25-m swim time (s)
13.49±1.06
50-m swim time (s)
28.82±2.02
100-m swim time (s)
58.71±1.67
8x15-m swim time (s)
7.94±0.03
Post 25-m blood lactate (mmol.L )
3.55±1.35
Post 50-m blood lactate (mmol.L )
7.3±3.14
-1
-1
Post 100-m blood lactate (mmol.L )
7.26±2.89
Post 8x15-m blood lactate (mmol.L )
3.05±2.48
-1
-1
RPE (1-10)
5±1.20
Ideal sprint time (s)
62.11±5.28
Total sprint time (s)
64.36±5.76
Performance decrement (%)
3.61±1.99
RST: repeated srint test; RPE: rating of perceived exertion
Values are given as mean ± SD
Table 2 shows the correlations between 25-m 50-m and 100-m swim times are
presented. Significant relationships were found between the 25-m, 50-m and 100-m
swimming performance (p<0.01).
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Ayşegül Yapıcı, Muharrem Öznalbant THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT DISTANCE SWIMMING PERFORMANCE AND
REPEATED SPRINT ABILITY IN SWIMMERS
Table 2
Correlations between swimming times
Distance
25-m (s)
50-m (s)
100-m (s)
25-m (s)
1
0.894(**)
0.799(**)
50-m (s)
0.894(**)
1
0.855(**)
100-m (s)
0.799(**)
0.855(**)
1
* p< 0.05; ** p<0.01
Table 3 shows the relationships between RST performance indices (IS, TS, and PD) and
25-m, 50-m and 100-m swimming times of the study participants are presented.
Significant correlations were found between the IS and the TS and the 25-m and 50-m
swim results (p<0.01) and also the 100-m swim results (p<0.05).
Table 3
Relationship between RST performance indices and 25-m, 50-m and 100-m swimming times
Distance
Ideal sprint time (s)
Total sprint time (s)
Performance decrement (%)
25-m (s)
0.723(**)
0.894(**)
0.050
50-m (s)
0.713(**)
0.713(**)
0.118
100-m (s)
0.605(*)
0.669(*)
0.409
* p< 0.05; ** p<0.01
Significant relationships were found between obtained lactate values end of the 25-m,
50-m and 8x15-m RST (p<0.05). Significant correlations were found between the 50-m
lactate values and 25-m lactate values (p<0.05); also between 50-m lactate values and
8x15-m RST lactate values (p<0.01). There was no significant relationship between 100m lactate values and 25-m, 50-m and 8x15-m RST lactate values (p>0.05). Significant
relationships were found between 8x15-m RST lactate values and 25-m lactate values
(p<0.05). Moreover, strong relations were found between the 8x15-m RST lactate values
and 50-m lactate values (p<0.01), as it can be seen in Table 4.
Table 4
Relationship between 25-m, 50-m 100-m and 8x15-m blood lactate measurements
Blood lactate (mmol.L-1)
25-m
50-m
100-m
8x15-m
25-m
1
0.652(*)
0.455
0.610(*)
50-m
0.652(*)
1
00300
0.829(**)
0.455
0.300
1
-0.011
0.610(*)
0.829(**)
-0.011
1
100-m
8x15-m
* p< 0.05; ** p<0.01
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REPEATED SPRINT ABILITY IN SWIMMERS
4. Discussion
The study examined the relationship between short distance swimming performance
(25-m, 50-m and 100-m) and the performance indices of repeated sprint test (RST) in
swimmers. Significant relationships were found between the 25-m, 50-m and 100-m
swimming performance. The correlations between the IS and the TS and the 25-m and
50-m swim results and also the 100-m swim results were significant.
Meckel et al. (2012) failed to find any significant relationships between 100-m
swim times (an index of anaerobic performance) and the RST performance indices, even
when combined in a multilinear regression model. This may be related to the fact that
the 55-60 s 100-m swim relies largely on the glycolysis energy system, while the 11-12 s
25-m swim relies mostly on the ATP-CP phosphagen system for energy supply.
Moreover, it has been documented that in a competitive event such as the 400-m run,
with a performance time similar to the 100-m swim time (~50 seconds), the aerobic
system contributes up to 40% of the total energy requirements (Duffield et al., 2005).
This is in contrast to a previous study that reported significant correlations between
RST performance indices and anaerobic power (Dawson et al., 1993). A possible
explanation for this discrepancy is that although Dawson et al. (Dawson et al., 1993)
used short anaerobic tests (10- and 40-m running time, lasting, 10 seconds), the 100-m
swim time that was used in this study lasted about 56 seconds. Thus, although further
research is required, RST (in both swimming and running) may be more strongly
correlated with
anaerobic power
anaerobic capacity
all-out tests lasting, 10 seconds) than with
all-out tests lasting 30-60 seconds). This could be assessed in our
research by correlating the performance indices derived from the current RST protocol
with a 25-m sprint time.
Meckel et al. (2013) were found significant correlations between the 25-m swim
time and the TS or the IS. These findings are in line with other RST studies that have
investigated the relationships between repeated sprint ability and anaerobic capabilities
(Dawson et al., 1993; Mendez-Villanueva et al., 2007; 2008; Wadley and Le Rossignol,
1998). This may emphasize the important contribution of anaerobic metabolism to these
exercise types in swimmers. These relationships, however, depend on specific
performance variables, such as length and number of intervals, rest time, mode of
exercise and the type of aerobic/anaerobic measure.
Significant relationships were found between obtained lactate values end of the
25-m, 50-m and 8x15-m RST. Significant correlations were found between the 50-m
lactate values and 25-m lactate values; also between 50-m lactate values and 8x15-m
RST lactate values. There was no significant relationship between 100-m lactate values
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Ayşegül Yapıcı, Muharrem Öznalbant THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT DISTANCE SWIMMING PERFORMANCE AND
REPEATED SPRINT ABILITY IN SWIMMERS
and 25-m, 50-m and 8x15-m RST lactate values. Significant relationships were found
between 8x15-m RST lactate values and 25-m lactate values. Moreover, strong relations
were found between the 8x15-m RST lactate values and 50-m lactate values. Meckel et
al. (2012) were found their study the mean peak blood lactate level after the present
swimming RST (5.5 mmol.L-1) was also lower than the level found in previous running
(10-14 mmol.L-1) (Meckel, 2009) or cycling (9-12 mmol.L-1) (Fitzsimons et al., 1993) RST.
In line with this, blood lactate concentration was found to be as low as 3 mmol.L -1after
forty 25-m swims at a 100-m race pace in highly trained swimmers (Gullstrand, 1987).
Once again, the lower lactate values are likely, at least partially, attributed to the
recruitment of a smaller muscle mass during swimming.
The extent to which an individual can maintain swimmers sprint performance is
known as
repeated sprint ability
RS“
Dawson et al.,
which is largely
dependent on the extent of Phosphocreatine (PCr) resynthesis (Bogdanis et al, 1996) and
the removal of hydrogen ions (H+) from the muscle during recovery between bouts. It
has previously been proposed that an individual s RS“ may be aided by their aerobic
capacity (Aziz, 2000) as an enhanced aerobic capacity may increase the ability to
tolerate, remove, and buffer H+ from the working muscle (Sahlin, 1984) and also
enhance PCr and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) resynthesis from inorganic phosphates
post-exercise.
Mujika et al. (2009) investigated the age-related differences in repeated-sprint
ability and blood lactate responses in 134 youth football players. They examined
repeated sprint ability and lactate concentration. They were found significant
correlations between peak lactate concentration was moderately correlated with sprint
time (r=0,78, p=0,001). This results show us in lactate find answers indirectly allows us
to be able to have information on anaerobic performance shows repeated sprint test
may be used.
In conclusion, this study has shown that repeated sprint ability as well as higher
anaerobic capability as reflected by the short distance. It is possible that aerobic
performance is not main factor that has effect on repeated sprint test. The results also
indicated that repeated sprint ability is strongly related to swim sprint performance.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank all swimmers for their willingness to participate in this
study.
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REPEATED SPRINT ABILITY IN SWIMMERS
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REPEATED SPRINT ABILITY IN SWIMMERS
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