Academia.eduAcademia.edu
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science ISSN: 2501 - 1235 ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235 Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu 10.5281/zenodo.225189 Volume 2│Issue 6│2016 THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED ENDURANCE AMONG MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS Bouhadj Meziane1, Kasmi Bachir2i, Mazari Fatah2, Kaddour Ben Dahma Tarik2 Institute of Sciences and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities, 1 Bouira University, Algeria Institute of Physical and Sport Education, University of Science and Technology, 2 USTO, Algeria Abstract: This study sets up to investigate the importance of physiological traits in relation to metabolism in the development of speed endurance among runners at middledistances. It aims at determining the level of physiological traits which are associated with metabolism among runners; in addition of developing the required physical attributes especially speed endurance. Accordingly, the researchers have administered two main physiological tests: The River index test and the Shannon flash back heart curve test to a sample of 15 runners from the athletics games club of Blida (Algeria). Their age range varies between 17 and 18 years. Keywords: physiological traits, metabolism, speed endurance, middle distances 1. Introduction Athletic games are regarded as an ancient sport in the ancient Olympic Games and the bride of the modern Olympic Games. It is also considered one of the first Olympic sports. It is divided into several competitions, among them (running, throwing, walking and the common competitions); furthermore, it has many benefits as it creates in the individual moral, skillful and physiological harmony which can be realized through the continuity in regular and coordinated drills for different events that are related to this i Correspondence: email kasmi.ustoieps@yahoo.fr Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015. 59 Bouhadj Meziane, Kasmi Bachir, Mazari Fatah, Kaddour Ben Dahma Tarik THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED ENDURANCE AMONG MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS sport activity. Digital achievement for all athletic games competitions and particularly running at middle distances lead us to the discussion about the factors which contribute to the achievement of good results. Hence, we have focused on the role of physical traits that are associated with metabolism in the development of speed endurance as it has many benefits in preparing runners for the races. Furthermore, sport training is considered one of the most important applied sciences and organized orientations for middle distances as compared to other diverse athletic games events in terms of the embodiment of fixed objectives and the runner body adaptation to effort (training program). The majority of instructors in this specialty are facing the phenomenon of lack in sport realizations for their runners, in spite of daily intensive sessions of training. This is nowadays, the case in the fields of training in diverse sport teams especially among athletic games clubs at Blida’s union which represents the sample of this current study. It is important to underline the low level in achievement in the field of the runner’s sport for improving training programs and therefore increase the level of achievements for the runners sport (Hara, Duae, 1982). From this point, we ask the following question: Are physiological traits associated to metabolism important in developing speed endurance? 2. Research methodology 2.1 Research method The researchers have relied upon the experimental method in administering two physiological tests: the River index test and Shannon flash back heart curve. 2.2 Research population Our population consists of a group of runners at middle distances who activate at Blida’s club. Their age is within the range 17-18. They belong to the regional association of Algiers town which include some of the mentioned teams: Blida’s club, Mouloudia of Algiers, Fouka’s club of athletic games, Staouali hopes. 2.3 Research sample The research sample consists of 15 middle-distance runners who belong to Blida’s team of athletic games at the city of Blida (their age is 17-18) European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 6 │ 2016 60 Bouhadj Meziane, Kasmi Bachir, Mazari Fatah, Kaddour Ben Dahma Tarik THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED ENDURANCE AMONG MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS 2.4 Research tools: Physiological test + River index test  The Aim: this test is one of the sport medicine which allows the assessment of the athlete sport state as a result of training; in other words, it is used for measuring cardiac and vessel compatibility with effort and level of fitness as  well as to disengage the extent of adaptation with the applied training program Sport material: Metric tape to adjust the distances within the area of 400 meterstimers- speedometer. 2.5 Method of administering the test We ask the runner to make 30 movements of the legs bend during 45 seconds. We measure his heart beat at rest before work (N1) then we measure his heart beat straight away after the test (N2); after that, he rests for 1 minute, then we take his heart beat after this operation (N3). We calculate the result by applying the following equation: River index (1) = (N1+N2+N3) – 200: 10 Index result Fitness level Heart adjustment with effort 0 Excellent Sporting heart From 1 to 5 Very good Trained strong heart From 5-1 to 10 Good Strong capable heart From 10.1 to 15 Average Heart of bad adjustment Table 1: Then we use the following River table in assessing this test 2.6 Shannon flash back heart (1965) The Aim: is to generally assess the runner’s flash back heart and their level of physical fitness. Research tools: Stop watch for measuring heart beat at a distance 1000 meters Method of making the race: The runner runs a distance of 1000 meters with utmost effort and at just upon arrival we take his heart beat after every 30 seconds of the flash back period until reaching 5 minutes. At the end and according to these results, we establish a curve that shows us the retrospective sequences of European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 6 │ 2016 61 Bouhadj Meziane, Kasmi Bachir, Mazari Fatah, Kaddour Ben Dahma Tarik THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED ENDURANCE AMONG MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS Heart beat 180 160 140 120 Sequence3  100 Sequence1  80 Sequence2  60 40 20 0 At the arrival 0 30" 1' 1'30" 2' 2'30" 3' 3"30" 4' 4'30" 5' Time in seconds Chart 1: Shows the variations in the heart beat within a retrospective sequence (5 mn) after making utmost effort (1000 meters) 2.7 Statistical methods Percentages: In our analysis, we used the percentages-the method of working it out is as follows: % = number of frequencies x 100 / the total sample. Percentage (%) = A*K/ N Where: A = number of frequencies K = Basis-100 N= sample 3. Presentation and analysis of River results 3.1 River test It shows the level of physical fitness in the pre-test phase. Level of physical fitness Individual scores Pre-test Number of sample Percentage Pro-test Number of sample Percentage Excellent Very good Good Average Weak Total 0 0 5 8 2 15 0% 0% 33.33% 53.33% 13.34% 100% 1 5 7 0 0 13 07.69% 38.46% 53.85% 0% 0% 100% Table 2: The evolution which occurs at the physical fitness level of the sample runners through the proposed training program European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 6 │ 2016 62 Bouhadj Meziane, Kasmi Bachir, Mazari Fatah, Kaddour Ben Dahma Tarik THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED ENDURANCE AMONG MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS This table shows a significant improvement in the level of physical fitness as the protest results reveal a 07.69 % where two runners have obtained an excellent level of physical fitness; meanwhile 38.46% have attained a very good level whereas the other 7 runners who represent 53.85% have obtained a good level. However, it appears from the pre-test results that the highest level is good with 33.33% corresponding to a total of 5 runners. On the other hand, the level of physical fitness was average concerning 53.33% that is to say 8 runners. The result has also revealed that 13.34% 2 runners have obtained a weak level in their fitness. This evolution in the level of physical fitness shows the runners considerable adaptation to the applied training program. 3.2 Shannon Flash back heart Heart beat 180 160 140 120 Sequence3  100 Sequence1  80 Sequence2  60 40 20 0 At the arrival 0 30" 1' 1'30" 2' 2'30" 3' 3"30" 4' 4'30" 5' Time in seconds Chart 2: The variations which occur to the heart beat during the flash back phase (5 mn) after accomplishing an utmost effort (1000 meters) 3.2 Analysis of Shannon’s flash back heart curve This test was administered in three phases and a curve was established on the heart retrospective sequences for each stage. Hence, one can notice a gradual increase in the heart beat when ending utmost effort during each phase. As the curve chart indicates, an utmost beat was reached in the third phase 68.61H/B. This gradual increase in the beat has coincided with reducing in the record time for each runner at 1000 meters distance. The retrieval has evolved from one phase to another as the heart beat has, after 5 minutes of the retrieval in the first phase, reached 97.06 H/B. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 6 │ 2016 63 Bouhadj Meziane, Kasmi Bachir, Mazari Fatah, Kaddour Ben Dahma Tarik THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED ENDURANCE AMONG MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS As far as the second phase is concerned, it has attained 84.26 H/B minute da. However, the retrieval has appeared in the third phase in a more sophisticated way as it has attained 71.07 H/B. This rapid retrieval is generally due to the development in the level of physical fitness. But particularly, the physiological explanation of the change which occurred in the retrieval sequences in the third phase, as it is shown in the chart curve, demonstrates the increase in the heart size besides the amount of inflated high blood per minute, in addition to the reflection of the benefits in the evolution of endurance trait as a result of intensive training on the rapid slowing down of the heart beat after the execution of high intensity load. The slowdown in cadence is due to the large quantity of blood for each heart beat and the stretching in the vascular system as well as the increase in diameter artery and the rest of the blood vessels. 4. Conclusion The aim of this study is to highlight how important the development of physiological traits associated to metabolism through the application of a training program is in the development of speed endurance among runners at middle-distances, in other words, our research came as a treatment for continuous sport handicap which tends to prevail at the level of this category of runners. Thus, we try to follow the evolutions which are inherent in metabolic traits since we noticed a weak level in kinetic achievements among the runners of this specialty: which are the lack of the trainers effectiveness; the lack of interest in training and retraining coachers in this specialty. In administering the pre and pro-test to the sample of runners, it appeared that the development of technical level for all athletes is no longer limited to the development of physical fitness and technical skills but focus on research and recent physiological studies. The latter have clarified the positive relationship between each trait and another; furthermore, it does enable the adjustment of devices with the contents of the physical training in order to increase the functional and physiological capacity specific to each device. Thus, the lack of coaches’ interest in this scientific domain is the fundamental independent variable which explains the runner’s underachievement at middledistances. It was also concluded from the experimental study that a considerable development in the level of traits associated with metabolism and in the level of physical fitness among the sample runners as it turned out how important the European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 6 │ 2016 64 Bouhadj Meziane, Kasmi Bachir, Mazari Fatah, Kaddour Ben Dahma Tarik THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED ENDURANCE AMONG MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS development of traits in relation to metabolism is in breaking the barrier in front of the prevailing handicap at the runner’s level. References 1. Claude Baunique et al . Memonto de l’educateur sportif, INSEP. Paris. 2. Claude Bayer (1986). L’enseignement des jeux sportif collectifs, Edition Vigot, Paris. 3. David Costif (1991). La course de fond, approche scientifique, Edition Vigot, Paris. 4. Dessons et al (1991). Traité d’athlétisme volume . Les courses éme Edition Vigot, Paris. . L’entrainement dans les sport .imprimé au Canada. 5. Daniel Levesque 6. Eric Jousselin et Patric Le Gros (1990). : Exploitation du métabolisme énergétique chez le sportif de haut niveau, métabolisme aérobie, résultats par spots coordonné, Paris. 7. Entreprise National de communication au commerçant. Sport magazin N°13. 1992. Dely Brahim. Alger. 8. Edgar Thill & al . Manuel d l’éducateur sportif : Préparation au brevet d’état,. Edition Vigot, Paris 9. Faycal Chehat (1993). Le livre d’or du sport Algérien, Edition ANEP. Rouiba. Algérie 10. Fox EL et D.K. Matveiv (1986). Interval training 1986. Edition Vigot Paris. 11. Georges Lamdert (1985). La musculation, le guide de l’entraineur Edition Vigot .Pris 12. Jean Ferie. PH. Leroux . Préparation au brevet d’état de l’éducateur sportif Tome . Base physiologique de l’entrainement, Edition Amphora France. 13. Juregen Weineck 14. Matveiv L.P. . Manuel d’entrainement, Edition Vigot. Paris . La base de l’entrainement . Edition Vigot. Paris 15. NourEddine Dekker et al (1990).Technique d’évaluation physiologique des athlètes,. Imprimerie du Paris sportif Algérien Daly Brahim. Algérie. 16. Philipe Mayer (1983). Physiologie humaine.1983.Flammarion médecine sciences Paris. 17. Rassian Majid Kharit, Encyclopedia of measurements and tests in physical education-Volume one- year not mentioned European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 6 │ 2016 65 Bouhadj Meziane, Kasmi Bachir, Mazari Fatah, Kaddour Ben Dahma Tarik THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED ENDURANCE AMONG MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS 18. Kacem El Mandlawi and al (1986). Tests, measurements and assessment in physical Education, 1986, Higher Education Press-Baghdad 19. Kacem El Mandlawi and al (1990).Training bases for athletic games efficiencies, Higher Education Press-Baghdad University 20. Kortmanil; Abdelali Nassif (1987). Direction home Edition and publication of books , Mossul University, Baghdad European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 6 │ 2016 66 Bouhadj Meziane, Kasmi Bachir, Mazari Fatah, Kaddour Ben Dahma Tarik THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED ENDURANCE AMONG MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS Creative Commons licensing terms Authors will retain the copyright of their published articles agreeing that a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) terms will be applied to their work. Under the terms of this license, no permission is required from the author(s) or publisher for members of the community to copy, distribute, transmit or adapt the article content, providing a proper, prominent and unambiguous attribution to the authors in a manner that makes clear that the materials are being reused under permission of a Creative Commons License. Views, opinions and conclusions expressed in this research article are views, opinions and conclusions of the author(s). Open Access Publishing Group and European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science shall not be responsible or answerable for any loss, damage or liability caused in relation to/arising out of conflict of interests, copyright violations and inappropriate or inaccurate use of any kind content related or integrated on the research work. All the published works are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and noncommercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 6 │ 2016 67