European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.225189
Volume 2│Issue 6│2016
THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN ASSOCIATION
WITH METABOLISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED
ENDURANCE AMONG MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS
Bouhadj Meziane1, Kasmi Bachir2i,
Mazari Fatah2, Kaddour Ben Dahma Tarik2
Institute of Sciences and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities,
1
Bouira University, Algeria
Institute of Physical and Sport Education, University of Science and Technology,
2
USTO, Algeria
Abstract:
This study sets up to investigate the importance of physiological traits in relation to
metabolism in the development of speed endurance among runners at middledistances. It aims at determining the level of physiological traits which are associated
with metabolism among runners; in addition of developing the required physical
attributes especially speed endurance. Accordingly, the researchers have administered
two main physiological tests: The River index test and the Shannon flash back heart
curve test to a sample of 15 runners from the athletics games club of Blida (Algeria).
Their age range varies between 17 and 18 years.
Keywords: physiological traits, metabolism, speed endurance, middle distances
1. Introduction
Athletic games are regarded as an ancient sport in the ancient Olympic Games and the
bride of the modern Olympic Games. It is also considered one of the first Olympic
sports. It is divided into several competitions, among them (running, throwing, walking
and the common competitions); furthermore, it has many benefits as it creates in the
individual moral, skillful and physiological harmony which can be realized through the
continuity in regular and coordinated drills for different events that are related to this
i
Correspondence: email kasmi.ustoieps@yahoo.fr
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
59
Bouhadj Meziane, Kasmi Bachir, Mazari Fatah, Kaddour Ben Dahma Tarik THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLISM IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED ENDURANCE AMONG MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS
sport activity. Digital achievement for all athletic games competitions and particularly
running at middle distances lead us to the discussion about the factors which contribute
to the achievement of good results.
Hence, we have focused on the role of physical traits that are associated with
metabolism in the development of speed endurance as it has many benefits in
preparing runners for the races.
Furthermore, sport training is considered one of the most important applied
sciences and organized orientations for middle distances as compared to other diverse
athletic games events in terms of the embodiment of fixed objectives and the runner
body adaptation to effort (training program).
The majority of instructors in this specialty are facing the phenomenon of lack in
sport realizations for their runners, in spite of daily intensive sessions of training. This
is nowadays, the case in the fields of training in diverse sport teams especially among
athletic games clubs at Blida’s union which represents the sample of this current study.
It is important to underline the low level in achievement in the field of the
runner’s sport for improving training programs and therefore increase the level of
achievements for the runners sport (Hara, Duae, 1982).
From this point, we ask the following question: Are physiological traits
associated to metabolism important in developing speed endurance?
2. Research methodology
2.1 Research method
The researchers have relied upon the experimental method in administering two
physiological tests: the River index test and Shannon flash back heart curve.
2.2 Research population
Our population consists of a group of runners at middle distances who activate at
Blida’s club. Their age is within the range 17-18. They belong to the regional association
of Algiers town which include some of the mentioned teams: Blida’s club, Mouloudia of
Algiers, Fouka’s club of athletic games, Staouali hopes.
2.3 Research sample
The research sample consists of 15 middle-distance runners who belong to Blida’s team
of athletic games at the city of Blida (their age is 17-18)
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 6 │ 2016
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Bouhadj Meziane, Kasmi Bachir, Mazari Fatah, Kaddour Ben Dahma Tarik THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLISM IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED ENDURANCE AMONG MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS
2.4 Research tools: Physiological test + River index test
The Aim: this test is one of the sport medicine which allows the assessment of
the athlete sport state as a result of training; in other words, it is used for
measuring cardiac and vessel compatibility with effort and level of fitness as
well as to disengage the extent of adaptation with the applied training program
Sport material: Metric tape to adjust the distances within the area of 400 meterstimers- speedometer.
2.5 Method of administering the test
We ask the runner to make 30 movements of the legs bend during 45 seconds. We
measure his heart beat at rest before work (N1) then we measure his heart beat straight
away after the test (N2); after that, he rests for 1 minute, then we take his heart beat
after this operation (N3).
We calculate the result by applying the following equation:
River index (1) = (N1+N2+N3) – 200: 10
Index result
Fitness level
Heart adjustment with effort
0
Excellent
Sporting heart
From 1 to 5
Very good
Trained strong heart
From 5-1 to 10
Good
Strong capable heart
From 10.1 to 15
Average
Heart of bad adjustment
Table 1: Then we use the following River table in assessing this test
2.6 Shannon flash back heart (1965)
The Aim: is to generally assess the runner’s flash back heart and their level of physical
fitness.
Research tools: Stop watch for measuring heart beat at a distance 1000 meters
Method of making the race: The runner runs a distance of 1000 meters with utmost
effort and at just upon arrival we take his heart beat after every 30 seconds of the flash
back period until reaching 5 minutes. At the end and according to these results, we
establish a curve that shows us the retrospective sequences of
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 6 │ 2016
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Bouhadj Meziane, Kasmi Bachir, Mazari Fatah, Kaddour Ben Dahma Tarik THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLISM IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED ENDURANCE AMONG MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS
Heart beat
180
160
140
120
Sequence3
100
Sequence1
80
Sequence2
60
40
20
0
At the arrival 0
30"
1'
1'30"
2'
2'30"
3' 3"30" 4'
4'30"
5' Time in seconds
Chart 1: Shows the variations in the heart beat within a retrospective sequence (5 mn)
after making utmost effort (1000 meters)
2.7 Statistical methods
Percentages: In our analysis, we used the percentages-the method of working it out is
as follows:
% = number of frequencies x 100 / the total sample.
Percentage (%) = A*K/ N
Where:
A = number of frequencies
K = Basis-100
N= sample
3. Presentation and analysis of River results
3.1 River test
It shows the level of physical fitness in the pre-test phase.
Level of physical fitness
Individual scores
Pre-test
Number of sample
Percentage
Pro-test
Number of sample
Percentage
Excellent
Very good
Good
Average
Weak
Total
0
0
5
8
2
15
0%
0%
33.33%
53.33%
13.34%
100%
1
5
7
0
0
13
07.69%
38.46%
53.85%
0%
0%
100%
Table 2: The evolution which occurs at the physical fitness level of the sample runners
through the proposed training program
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 6 │ 2016
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Bouhadj Meziane, Kasmi Bachir, Mazari Fatah, Kaddour Ben Dahma Tarik THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLISM IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED ENDURANCE AMONG MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS
This table shows a significant improvement in the level of physical fitness as the protest results reveal a 07.69 % where two runners have obtained an excellent level of
physical fitness; meanwhile 38.46% have attained a very good level whereas the other 7
runners who represent 53.85% have obtained a good level. However, it appears from
the pre-test results that the highest level is good with 33.33% corresponding to a total of
5 runners. On the other hand, the level of physical fitness was average concerning
53.33% that is to say 8 runners. The result has also revealed that 13.34% 2 runners have
obtained a weak level in their fitness.
This evolution in the level of physical fitness shows the runners considerable
adaptation to the applied training program.
3.2 Shannon Flash back heart
Heart beat
180
160
140
120
Sequence3
100
Sequence1
80
Sequence2
60
40
20
0
At the arrival 0
30"
1'
1'30"
2'
2'30"
3' 3"30" 4'
4'30"
5' Time in seconds
Chart 2: The variations which occur to the heart beat during the flash back phase (5 mn)
after accomplishing an utmost effort (1000 meters)
3.2 Analysis of Shannon’s flash back heart curve
This test was administered in three phases and a curve was established on the heart
retrospective sequences for each stage. Hence, one can notice a gradual increase in the
heart beat when ending utmost effort during each phase. As the curve chart indicates,
an utmost beat was reached in the third phase 68.61H/B. This gradual increase in the
beat has coincided with reducing in the record time for each runner at 1000 meters
distance. The retrieval has evolved from one phase to another as the heart beat has, after
5 minutes of the retrieval in the first phase, reached 97.06 H/B.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 6 │ 2016
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Bouhadj Meziane, Kasmi Bachir, Mazari Fatah, Kaddour Ben Dahma Tarik THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLISM IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED ENDURANCE AMONG MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS
As far as the second phase is concerned, it has attained 84.26 H/B minute da. However,
the retrieval has appeared in the third phase in a more sophisticated way as it has
attained 71.07 H/B. This rapid retrieval is generally due to the development in the level
of physical fitness. But particularly, the physiological explanation of the change which
occurred in the retrieval sequences in the third phase, as it is shown in the chart curve,
demonstrates the increase in the heart size besides the amount of inflated high blood
per minute, in addition to the reflection of the benefits in the evolution of endurance
trait as a result of intensive training on the rapid slowing down of the heart beat after
the execution of high intensity load.
The slowdown in cadence is due to the large quantity of blood for each heart
beat and the stretching in the vascular system as well as the increase in diameter artery
and the rest of the blood vessels.
4. Conclusion
The aim of this study is to highlight how important the development of physiological
traits associated to metabolism through the application of a training program is in the
development of speed endurance among runners at middle-distances, in other words,
our research came as a treatment for continuous sport handicap which tends to prevail
at the level of this category of runners.
Thus, we try to follow the evolutions which are inherent in metabolic traits since
we noticed a weak level in kinetic achievements among the runners of this specialty:
which are the lack of the trainers effectiveness; the lack of interest in training and
retraining coachers in this specialty.
In administering the pre and pro-test to the sample of runners, it appeared that
the development of technical level for all athletes is no longer limited
to the
development of physical fitness and technical skills but focus on research and recent
physiological studies. The latter have clarified the positive relationship between each
trait and another; furthermore, it does enable the adjustment of devices with the
contents of the physical training in order to increase the functional and physiological
capacity specific to each device.
Thus, the lack of coaches’ interest in this scientific domain is the fundamental
independent variable which explains the runner’s underachievement at middledistances.
It was also concluded from the experimental study that a considerable
development in the level of traits associated with metabolism and in the level of
physical fitness among the sample runners as it turned out how important the
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 6 │ 2016
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Bouhadj Meziane, Kasmi Bachir, Mazari Fatah, Kaddour Ben Dahma Tarik THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLISM IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED ENDURANCE AMONG MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS
development of traits in relation to metabolism is in breaking the barrier in front of the
prevailing handicap at the runner’s level.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED ENDURANCE AMONG MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS
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Bouhadj Meziane, Kasmi Bachir, Mazari Fatah, Kaddour Ben Dahma Tarik THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLISM IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED ENDURANCE AMONG MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS
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