European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.249860
THE DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
PERSONAL PROPERTIES AND BODY APPRECIATION OF
PHYSICALLY DISABLED ATHLETES
Ünsal Tazegüli
İstanbul Gelişim University, Vocational High School, Turkey
Abstract:
The aim of this study is to find out the relationship between the physically disabled
athletes’ body persecution and personality traits. The sample of the study comprised a
total 40 voluntarily participating athletes. Eysenck Personality Survey short form, of
which validity and reliability have been done by Karancı and his friends in
, and
”ody “dmiration Scale, of which validity and reliability have been done by “nlı and
his friends in 2007, has been used as data collection tool. SPSS 20 Packet Programme has
been used for analyzing the collected data. Kolmogorov-Smirnov single sample test
has been applied to learn whether the data have a normal distribution or not. “novaHomogeneity of Variance Test has been applied to detect the data homogeneity and it
has been found out that data have normal and homogeneous distribution. Descriptive
Statistic, Pearson Correlation Analysis and Regression analysis have been applied for
analyzing the data. At the end of the Statistical Analysis, It has been found out that
there is a negative direction relationship between body admiration score and
neuroticism and the psychoticism scores.
Keywords: body admiration, personality, disabled, athlete
1. Introduction
There are more than one definition and theory of personality in the literature. In the
most general sense, personality includes everything from A to Z that interests the
person. The beginning of the personality is a long and uninterrupted process that starts
from the time when a person enters into the mother’s womb and continues until the end
i
Correspondence: email unsaltazegul@gmail.com
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved.
© 2015 – 2017 Open Access Publishing Group
32
Ünsal Tazegül
THE DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONAL PROPERTIES AND
BODY APPRECIATION OF PHYSICALLY DISABLED ATHLETES
of his life Tazeg(l,
., G(ney,
., Hancerlioğlu,
, Geçtan,
. C(celoğlu
defines personality as a consistent and structured relationship form which is established
by inner and outer environment that separates oneself from other people C(celoğlu,
2002).
Sport is an instrument in the socialization of individuals as well as allowing the
individual to express their emotions and realize themselves through the exercises and
games that a sport branch includes. Through the sport, individuals learn to release
many negative instincts, mainly aggression, and keep them under control (Öztürk,
2007).
Sport is a form of behavior that meets basic needs while at the same time
ensuring that the impulses arising from the individual's biological instinct are reached
the target. The aim may be individual, social or economic. Sport is not only a physical
activity; it is also an instrument in the socialization and integration into society of the
individual. In that case, the interaction in the sports environment provides suitable
opportunities for abreaction and emotional control. The individual participating in
sportive activities has the opportunity to express her through exercises. It learns to
control emotions such as aggression, anger, shyness, jealousy, which are described as
negative behaviors, and negative emotions. Therefore, it has a positive effect on the
adaptation process. At the same time, sport has a positive effect on neurovegetative
nervous system, so it ensures this system to work in a balanced manner. It helps to
overcome the excitement, aggression and irritability. The successes and goals achieved
in the sport increase the self-confidence (Feist, 1990; Kuru, 2003).
There are a variety of ways that people can pursue to keep their bodies in shape,
physically muscular, and look more elegant. It is foreseen that sports activities
positively affect body perception. Physical activity and exercise enable people to have
an ideal body structure by inserting their bodies in a certain way. Physical appearance
is one of the most important issues that people of all ages, especially the younger
generation, nowadays take in consideration. The physical appearance of an individual
is often able to prevent his/her behavior and success. “ woman’s thin appearance or a
man’s muscular appearance is among the social values accepted by society. Ideal size
and shape can be defined as proportional and healthy body at the same time. At this
point, it is seen that the effect of body perception on women is higher (Er, 2015).
The concept of body perception was first discussed by Paul Schilder in 1920 as a
psychological and sociological concept. The studies done before Schilder were usually
limited to the perceptions related to corrupted body that may occur as a result of the
brain damage. Schilder describes his sense of body as his own form that he has formed
in the mind of man (Polat, 2007: 8; Dunham. 2002: 25).
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Ünsal Tazegül
THE DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONAL PROPERTIES AND
BODY APPRECIATION OF PHYSICALLY DISABLED ATHLETES
The first written account of a body image disturbance was that of Ambroise Pare,
the famous sixteenth-century surgeon, who reported in his phantom phenomena. Head,
a neurologist in the 1920s, put forward the concept of the body schema. According to
this, the body diagram constitutes a whole of “the emotional cortex, which is composed of
the past experiences and the present sensations
Dogan and Dogan,
-2).
The past experience of the individual has an important place in the development
of body sensation. The reactions that the individual has shown to his own body in the
past and the individual receives from his/her environment about his body may
influence the individual’s sense of body development Tazeg(l,
. The body
perception which is usually perceived as a positive concept can have significant effects
on an individual’s self-esteem and confidence Şanlı,
.
There is a variety of ways that people can pursue in order to keep their bodies in
shape, physically muscular, and look more elegant. It is foreseen that sports activities
positively affect body perception. Physical activity and exercise enable people to have
an ideal body structure by inserting their bodies in a certain way. Physical appearance
is one of the most important issues that people of all ages, especially the younger
generation, nowadays take in consideration. The physical appearance of an individual
is often able to prevent his/her behavior and success. “ woman’s thin appearance or a
man’s muscular appearance is among the social values accepted by society. Ideal size
and shape can be defined as proportional and healthy body at the same time. At this
point, it is seen that the effect of body perception on women is higher (Er, 2015).
In the shortest sense, body image can be defined as our comment about the
image we see when we look at the mirror. It expresses how the individual perceives his
own body shape. People with negative body image think that they are overweight if
they are not in fact. In addition, our feeling and perception how our body looks can be
defined as our body image (Schilder, 1950).
The main aim of the study is to reveal the relationship between personal
properties and body properties of physically disabled athletes.
2. Method
2.1 The Sample
The sample of the study was represented by a total of 40 physically disabled athletes
from the branches of swimming, football, basketball and athletics who voluntarily
agreed to participate in the study.
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Ünsal Tazegül
THE DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONAL PROPERTIES AND
BODY APPRECIATION OF PHYSICALLY DISABLED ATHLETES
2.1 The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Form (EPQ & EPQR-S)
The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ, by Eysenck & Eysenck 1975) and 48-items
short form of the same questionnaire, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised
Short Form (EPQR-S; Eysenck, Eysenck, & Barrett, 1985) was revised and EPQ & EPQRS was formed.
2.2 The Body Appreciation Scale
The ”ody “ppreciation Scale was developed by “nlı et al. in
Likert-type scale was consisted of
between .
and .
“nlı et al.,
. The five-point
items. The item’s total correlation coefficient is
.
2.3 The Analysis of Data
For analyses of the data, Portable IBM SPSS Statistics v20 software package was used.
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
normal distribution,
was applied in order to decide whether data has
“NOV“-Homogeneity of variance
was applied to test the
homogeneity of variances, and it is observed that data is homogeneous and has a
normal distribution. After this initial analysis, it was decided to use the parametric test
method in statistical analysis of the data. For the analysis of data, the descriptive
statistics, Pearson Correlation analysis and regression analysis were used to analyze the
collected data.
3. Findings
Table 1: The Findings of Descriptive Statistics
Mean
Body Appreciation
Std. Deviation
38,9063
6,79354
Extroversion
3,9412
1,25387
Neurotic
3,3529
1,41169
Psychoticism
2,4571
1,46213
According to the results of descriptive statistical analysis, physically disabled athletes’
body appreciation score was found to be (38,9063±6,79354), extroversion personality
score was found to be (3,9412 ± 1,25387), neurotic personality score was found to be
(3,3529 ± 1,41169) and psychoticism personality score was found to be (2,4571 ± 1,46213).
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
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Ünsal Tazegül
THE DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONAL PROPERTIES AND
BODY APPRECIATION OF PHYSICALLY DISABLED ATHLETES
Table 2: Correlation Analysis
Body Appreciation
Extroversion
Neurotic
Pearson Correlation
,328
P
,077
Pearson Correlation
-,515**
P
Psychoticism
,003
Pearson Correlation
-,486**
P
,005
As a result of the correlation analysis carried out, it was determined that there is a
negative relationship between neurotic and psychotic personality characteristics and
body appreciation score of athletes in the sample group.
Table 3: Regression Analysis
Model Summary
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1
,700a
,490
,428
Model
1
Sum of Squares
Mean Square
Regression
659,350
219,783
Residual
687,409
27,496
Total
5,24370
F
7,993
Sig.
,001b
1346,759
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized
Standardized
Coefficients
Coefficients
B
1
(Constant)
Std. Error
47,026
4,807
,907
,838
Neurotic
-2,288
Psychoticism
-1,501
Extroversion
t
Sig.
Beta
9,783
,000
,165
1,082
,289
,679
-,494
-3,369
,002
,757
-,309
-1,983
,049
As a result of the regression analysis, statistically significant cause-effect relationship
was found between neurotic and psychotic personality characteristics and body
appreciation score of athletes in the sample group.
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THE DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONAL PROPERTIES AND
BODY APPRECIATION OF PHYSICALLY DISABLED ATHLETES
4. Discussion and Conclusion
According to the results of descriptive statistical analysis, body appreciation score of
physically disabled athletes in the sample group was found to be (38.9063±6.79354)
while the extroversion personality score was determined higher than the neurotic
personality score and the psychotic personality score. In the light of these data, it can be
said that physically disabled athletes in the sample group are generally cheerful and
social people. Because people who have developed extroverted personality love to
communicate with people and they are usually cheerful people. It is though that the one
of the biggest factors is sport that physically disabled athletes can develop their
characteristics of being extroverted personality. Because, as a result of literature review,
many studies on personality and sports have been revealed that sports have an
important role in an individual's socialization and self-confidence.
Tazegül (2014) carried out sports training on university students four days per
week for 3 months. At the end of the study, it was found that there was a positive
development in the personality of the students and an increase in their self-confidence
and sense of responsibility. Kane (1964) discuss that athletes are safer and more
emotionally stable compared to individuals not engaging in sporting events
(transferred by Kuru, 2003).
Yapılan literat(r taraması sonucunda, sporcuların beden algıları ve kişilik
özellikleri üzerine As a result of the literature review, many studies were found to
reveal the relationship between athletes’ personal properties and body perceptions.
However, it was observed that no study was found to reveal the relationship between
physically disabled athletes’ personal properties and body perceptions. Some of the
studies that reveal the personal properties and body perceptions of physically disabled
athletes:
Morgan found a level of neuroticism below normal standards among 12 US, 4
Canadian and 7 South African college student wrestlers attending Amateur Wrestling
World Championship in 1966 transferred by Tosunoğlu,
. Tazeg(l
found
that wrestlers' extroversion personality score was found to be (=3.454), neurotic
personality score was found to be (=3.035) and psychotic personality score was found to
be (=1.930). Güven (1988) examined the psychic properties, personality characteristics,
mental health characteristics, intelligence forms and levels of athletes engaged in
freestyle wrestling. The athletes engaged in freestyle wrestling had higher scores in
psychopathic, paranoid and hysteroid dimension than non-athletes. The wrestlers have
more extroversion personality. A significant difference was found between wrestlers'
concrete and creative intelligence and their dimension of extroversion. Tazegül (2015)
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
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Ünsal Tazegül
THE DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONAL PROPERTIES AND
BODY APPRECIATION OF PHYSICALLY DISABLED ATHLETES
found that wrestlers' extroversion personality score was found to be (=3.523), neurotic
personality score was found to be (=3.125) and psychotic personality score was found to
be (=1.877). Tazegül (2016) set the score of body appreciation score of elite tennis players
was found to be (40.9808). Tazegül (2016a) determined that the body perception level of
bodybuilding athletes competing in 90 kg and below categories have at a better level
than the other athletes.
As a result of the correlation analysis which was carried out to reveal the
personality characteristics and body appreciation score of athletes in the sample, it was
determined that there is a negative relationship between neurotic and psychotic
personality characteristics and body appreciation score of athletes in the sample group.
As a result of the regression analysis which was carried out to reveal the personality
characteristics and body appreciation score of athletes in the sample, statistically
significant cause-effect relationship was found between neurotic and psychotic
personality characteristics and body appreciation score of athletes in the sample group.
When this statistics is evaluated according to neurotic and psychotic personality
characteristics and body appreciation, it is thought that this result is normal.
As a result of the study, it was determined that there is a negative relationship
between neurotic and psychotic personality characteristics and body appreciation score
of physically disabled athletes in the sample group. When the neurotic and psychotic
personality scores of the athletes increase, their level of body dissatisfaction increases.
The resulting statistic is thought to be normal. Because the individuals with developed
neurotic and psychotic personality have a negative attitude towards the facts, because
they are generally worried and the opposite types. In addition, in the literature review,
no study was found that directly reveals the relationship between neurotic and
psychotic personality characteristics and body appreciation of physically disabled
athletes. Therefore, it is thought that this study will be a great contribution to the
literature and set a more comprehensive example for the studies which will be done
thereafter.
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BODY APPRECIATION OF PHYSICALLY DISABLED ATHLETES
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BODY APPRECIATION OF PHYSICALLY DISABLED ATHLETES
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