European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.321555
Volume 2│Issue 5│2016
ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT: CATEGORIES AND ANTICIPATION
PROCEDURES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Mahmoud Vaghri1,
Aidin Memarbashi2,
Mostafa Mostafapour 3*
1
Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Sports Management,
University of Tehran Kharazmi, Iran
2
Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Sports Management,
Islamic Azad University of Malekan, Iran
3
Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Sports Management,
Islamic Azad University of Kurdistan, Iran
Abstract:
The aim of the present research is to investigate the impact of anticipation procedures
on the incidence of different types of academic misconduct in physical education and
sport. Plagiarism is a persistent manifestation and scholastic structures have had to deal
with. The used method of this investigation is descriptive, in terms of implementation,
it is a survey, and in terms of purpose, it is practical. Figures for this study were
collected using a researcher-constructed questionnaire. Its validity was definite by a
number of sports management faculty and its reliability calculated 87/0 with Cronbach's
alpha. The questionnaire was designed with a Likert scale of 5 values. The participants
of the study include physical education students all over the country. Based on
geographic regions of the country, five universities selected from the North, South, East,
West and center of the country all of which were graduate students of physical
education. The statistical sample of the study included graduate. The selection of
sample was available by stratified-Stochastic sampling method. Sample size in five
colleges determined, based on the number of graduate students of this five faculty and
using Morgan table. The findings show the importance of prevention methods,
especially the knowledgeable observers and judges at various stages of research in
occurring academic misconduct.
Keywords: academic misconduct, anticipation procedures, physical education
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
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IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
1. Introduction
When a human faces with an unknown phenomenon will become a researcher and if he
or she observes, investigates and accomplishes a result, in fact, has achieved a research
result. Research is the mean of detecting, categorizing, investigating and achieving the
findings of the new world and promoting the human life. In the societies where the
learning of scientific discoveries does not become a day by day achievement, there will
be ignorance. Ignorance brings poor development and numerous social concerns. There
is a need to learn science in order to eradicate the adverse consequences of poor
education and social development (1). A part of university's assignment is to encourage,
produce and achieve scientific research with respect to the professional ethics and
education of the committed humans, at every level, in order to meet the needs of
society. However, in some cases, the objectives of scientific organizations such as
universities, according to various reasons, cannot be properly achieved. Objectives,
such as fostering the formidable scholars or the right performance of some scientific
works and so on that the results of organizations' investment will be lost and have
many negative consequences by the graduating few inappropriate scholars or
providing some lees valuable and repetitive works (2). One of the negative and
important consequences of the scientific communities' failure to achieve the right goals
is the prevalence of misconducts in researches (3).
Academic misconduct is any action or attempted action that may result in
creating an unfair academic advantage for oneself or an unfair academic advantage or
disadvantage for any other member or members of the academic community. This
includes a wide variety of behaviors such as cheating, plagiarism, altering academic
documents or transcripts, gaining access to materials before they are intended to be
available, and helping a friend to gain an unfair academic advantage.
Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct
and ethical behavior in professional scientific research. The consequences of scientific
misconduct can be damaging for both perpetrators and any individual who exposes it.
In addition, there are public health implications attached to the promotion of medical or
other interventions based on dubious research findings. The U.S. National Science
Foundation defines three types of research misconduct: fabrication, falsification, and
plagiarism.
To counterfeit means to imitate something. Counterfeit products are fakes or
unauthorized replicas of the real product. Counterfeit products are often produced with
the intent to take advantage of the superior value of the imitated product. Counterfeit
papers, collusion in scientific judgments about papers, making copy of abroad scientific
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IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
productions etc. are the clear examples of these misconducts. Today with the
development of new forms of misconduct through the expansion of informative
technologies in educational systems of the world and its prevalence in the same
environments of Iran, right now researchers and leaders of the worlds' countries like
Iran should pay attention to the conduct of serious and extensive researches (4).
Scientific misconduct is a widespread phenomenon that the educational systems
have faced with it years ago and had many problems and losses (5) although the
incidence of misconducts cannot be confirmed by a certain percentage (6). Multiple
studies in different countries have shown that misconduct has not just occurred in a
discipline, university or a country but has been in all over the world and is increasing.
With the advancement of new technologies, it has been common to the extent that can
be studied as an important problem (7).
Misconduct can be divided into intentional and unintentional one. Intentional
misconduct is divided into three types: scientific forgery, falsification and plagiarism.
Unintentional slips also are the ones that because of the non-awareness of misconducts'
types or fractional of the data Pig and Blandest call it milking data arise (8). Raises
know the falsification of research as a purposeful falsification or intentional
manipulation. In general, the basic distinction between misconduct and fraud in
researches from the types of unintentional slips is to deceive (8). The main
manifestations of scientific misconduct are:
misappropriation of ideas;
self-plagiarism;
failure to comply with legislative and regulatory requirements;
plagiarism;
impropriety of authorship;
violation of generally accepted research practices;
failure to support validation of your research;
falsification of data;
failure to respond to known cases of unsuccessful validation attempts;
inappropriate behavior in relation to suspected misconduct.
Morally, although the scientific misconducts are immoral in most cultures and
scientific environments, there are examples of it more or less in all parts of the world.
One of the most important consequences of this misconducts' incidence is the lack of
confidence in findings of the scientific environments (9). Although non violation not
only related to sports science research, but also those responsible to teach the
researchers by their performance, not to violate in all facets of their work especially in
the field of sports science. Physical preparation of individuals from the begging of
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IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
work- prevention better than cure- seem to be more logical and the family, friends and
society in different proportions are responsible for this important task. We can prepare
a group and subsequently prepare the research community using the system of
preparing individuals. Although these are three distinct levels, are not separated and
affect each other and being affected (10).
Many factors such as presence of observers can be useful for the prevention of
the research misconduct's incidence. However, the weakness of judges itself can be one
of the reasons of misconduct's incidence, which needs discussion. But penalties such as
exclusion and hatred, hatred of scientists, excluding the work and revocation of license
and disclaimer of the research degrees can be the least practices for compensation of
misconducts (11).
The results of researches show that the students, who are in lazy in their studies
or cannot study well, are more influenced by advertising. Since the percentage of
students using internet services is increasing in most countries like Iran, these
researches increase the responsibility of managers about the students' education, after
the proper training of culture regard to using the up to date facilities and informing
about the internet misconducts (12).
Paying attention and honoring the goals of scientific centers like university,
making more people familiar with the types of scientific misconducts and the
promotion possibility of scientific misconducts in the world, provide a special place for
this research. Physical education because of connection with different disciplines and its
role in relation to the physical and psychological effects, as well as for its increasing and
such other reasons is an important issue and any valuable thing especially the aspects of
possible abuses require a special attention. So paying attention to the aspects of
scientific misconducts especially in the physical education discipline, seem to be
important and this importance increases the motivation of doing this study.
According to the above objectives, this study aims to answer this question that
what is the idea of graduated students in the physical education discipline from the
national university being considered in this study, about the prevention ways of
misconducts' occurrence.
2. Methodology
The research method and the way of its implementation and purpose respectively were
descriptive, survey and applied. The data was collected through asking people and an
artificial researcher's questionnaire that the validity of it had been proven by the famous
teachers of country's sports administration and the reliability of it had been estimated
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IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
0.87 by Cronbach's alpha. The questionnaire consisted of 42 questions in 5 parts that
had been designed by Likert gamut on 5 valuable measures. The statistical community
included the physical education students from all over the country. Based on the
geographical parts of the country, five universities were selected from the north, south,
east, west and center of the country that had graduated students from the physical
education discipline. The samples were selected through the sampling method of
random classification. The mass of statistical sample in 5 faculty was determined by the
number of graduated students from these faculties and using Morgan table.
236 questionnaires of statistical sample were obtained. The data was analyzed by
the SPSS application of version 20. The table of abundance and average distribution was
used for describing the subjects. The examinations of Kolmogorov Smirnov and
Friedman and t tests were used for inferring the variables of this study.
3. Data analysis
Some features of the answerers can be seen in the description part of the Table 1. The
minimum age of male commentators was 22 and the maximum age of female ones was
28. The amount of dormitory people and daily courses were 74 percent more than none
dormitory ones and overnight courses.
13%
26
61.4%
26
38.6%
Commentators
percent)
Amount (in
of age
88%
The average
12%
Female
percent)
22%
Amount (in
83%
of age
17%
The average
89%
Male
Students
11%
Single
status
Married
nationality
Native
course
native
residence
Non
Marital
Daily
Type of
Overnight
Type of
Dormitory
Type of
dormitory
None
Table 1: Some features of answerers
According to the table (2), the findings showed that the study of scientific misconducts
has been very important from the students' point of view. The study of obtained results
indicated that because of the high amount of significance (than level of significance),
there has not been any significant difference between the comment of students about
the types of scientific misconducts. In other words from their point of view, the
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IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
possibility of scientific misconducts' occurrence among the researchers, which has cited
in this study, has been more than 50 percent.
Table 2: Statistics of answerers' comments on the scientific misconducts in this study
Scientific misconducts
Students
0/03 Average
3/27 Standard deviation
702 Degrees of freedom
Total results
3/24 T amount
3/42 Significance
According to the Table 3, most of the types of scientific misconducts based on the
comparison of Likert (somewhat) have an average more than 3 in the questionnaire.
0/76
0/22
0/72
0/46 Average
2/34
2/23
2/37
2/32
3/03
3/03
3/56
2/33 Standard deviation
702
702
702
702
702
702
702
702 Degrees of freedom
2/00
2/22
2/35
2/5
3/73
3/23
7/2
3/44 Amount of t
3/24
3/76
3/75
3/34
3/50
3/45
3/30
3/63 Significance
Types of misconducts
Misinterpretation
False modification
0/06
documents
Secondary sources
0/07
Falsifying the
Forging
0/02
references
Republication
0/02
Forgetting the
Unconsciously
Table 3: Types of scientific misconducts that were estimated in the questionnaire of this study
As can be seen in the Table 4, results of the t test showed that there is not any difference
between the commentators of physical education students about the prevention ways of
scientific misconducts' incidence in theses, which shows the importance of all
prevention ways of the misconducts in this study.
Table 4: The statistics of t results about the prevention ways
Sig
Z
3/5
U
-3/7
Variable
7726
Method of prevention
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3.1 Ranking
In order to the easier separation of questions, the ranks of first to third in each part,
which have been ranked by the examinations of Friedman, have been considered in the
tables of 5 and 6. The eye-catching result is that the unconscious slips are in the first
ranks of the classification. This result shows that in a special way, that the responsible
persons should pay attention to the informing more than past.
According to the results of prevention ways, the presence of capable observers
and judges in various process of study was in top ranks, which shows the importance of
observers' presence.
Table 5: The first to third ranks of the students' comments about the types of
scientific misconducts
Ranking the comments (respectively the ranks of first to third)
Rank
Secondary sources
first
Republication
second
Unconscious slips
third
Table 6: The ranks of first to third from the students' comments about the ways of anticipation
The first three ranks and the average of students point of view
Average
Part of the prevention method
2/2 Presence of the capable observers and judges in various process of the study
2 Empowering the studious, technological, lawful of students
0/0 Determination of the method, instrument or sources by supervisors
5. Discussion and conclusion
Scientific misconduct is a widespread and common concept so that the abrasion effects
of it are very considerable. The scientific centers and famous and educated people were
named the source group and they themselves are the symbol of morality and the
center of normalization. Scientific misconduct extracts the process of scientific
developments from its right circuit and causes that the process of science production to
be changed to a degree-making factory. Because of that, when a scientific misconduct
was assigned to the educated people then, it would be the factor of the societies
morality bases in wider ranges (11).
The results of this research show that in the part of types of scientific
misconducts and the prevention way of it have been in consistence or none consistence
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with some of the inside and outside researches, that this matter can be due of the
difference in methods of education, facilities, religions and family environment.
According to the research (13), lack of awareness from the types of misconducts
and not being a comprehensive definition from the plagiarism can be very efficient on
the incidence of types of scientific misconducts. The research (14) has been said that the
lack of accurate education about using the scientific facilities and information of others
on the incidence of scientific misconducts was very effective. In the other research (15)
using, the methods of internet and application of misconducts in scientific
environments and consequently using the deceptive applications in these environments
are increasing. According to the research (16) using the services of application against
the misconduct is increasing in the recent years. In contrast to the above researches, the
falsification of documents and secondary sources were placed in the first ranks of
scientific misconducts' types. Although these differences can be different with this
research because of the difference in the classification of misconducts' types in these
researches, the result of all researches shows that there are scientific misconducts in the
scientific and studious centers.
This matter is as an important warning to all the people of society in order to be
more serious in the study of types and prevention ways of the scientific misconducts,
for receiving the least harms and losses.
Finally, according to the result of this study in order to disagree with the
scientific misconducts, the prevention ways of its incidence should be found and the
new methods are adopted for resolving its reasons.
6. Suggestions
In order to the fundamental disagreement with the problems of scientific misconducts
disagreement should be taken place with the reasons of it. Having suggests for
empowering the ways of prevention seems to be more logical and economical, such as
the following suggests:
a) It is suggested that for disagreement with republication of the information,
farther than empowering the current rules of prevention, the other new rules are
adopted and implemented in order to fundamental disagreement.
b) It is suggested that in order to more acquaintance of graduated students with the
types of scientific misconducts, those responsible persons attend more
educational courses, conferences and seminars in relation to this matter.
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IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
c) It is suggested that the observers and judges have an exact control on the process
of implantation and performance of the studious works from the first process of
it.
d) It is suggested that the various educational courses such as conferences and
seminars are held in order to empowering the studious and technological aspects
of the observers and students for prevention of studious misconducts.
e) It is suggested that the culture of using internet and cyber facilities is created
through various methods.
f) It is suggested that the special workshops are held for managing the time and
systems of more planning especially in the basic processes of students' education.
g) It is suggested that the teachers and judges exactly follow the reasons of text
inconsistency with the result of performed research because of its importance.
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IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
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