European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
Volume 3 │ Issue 2 │ 2017
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.400374
GANTAO ART TRADITION IN BIMA REGENCY, INDONESIA
OBSERVED FROM VALUE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT
Erwin1i, Sugiyanto2,
Sapta Kunta Purnama3
1,2
Department of Sport Science, Post-graduation,
Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
Coaching and Sport Education, Faculty of Teaching and Education,
3
Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
Abstract:
Gantao art tradition is one of the local arts contained in Bima regency of West Nusa
Tenggara, Gantao art tradition can be applied to increase the mental attitude and the
quality of the young generation, through training in physical fitness, mental attitude
and discipline, so it will create a generation of young-spirited knight. The purpose of
this research is to determine how the values of physical education and sport contained
in Gantao art tradition. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative
method by using the phenomenological approach. The research was conducted in Bima
regency with sample of six sub-districts by using random sampling techniques. The
result of that research has been done in the Gantao art tradition are the values of
physical education and sport for the Gantao art tradition there are values of
sportsmanship, social responsibility, discipline, honesty, able to control the emotions,
the value of teamwork, and fair. Endurance and physical strength as well dexterity in
playing Gantao obtained from structured exercise. Gantao art tradition is a local art that
can be developed in sports science.
Keywords: tradition, Gantao art, value of physical education and sport
1. Introduction
Now today’s development, social culture in sport is heavily influenced by the social
phenomenon because of the dynamics of socio-cultural interaction in the community.
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved.
© 2015 – 2017 Open Access Publishing Group
60
Erwin, Sugiyanto, Sapta Kunta Purnama
GANTAO ART TRADITION IN BIMA REGENCY, INDONESIA OBSERVED FROM
VALUE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT
This was in line its development, the sport continues to develop in accordance with the
development of culture. Socio-cultural grounding in sports is the role of socio-cultural
aspects related to sports or physical activities daily. As social beings, humans are part of
the social system in groups shaping the culture and tradition.
In Indonesia are various kinds of arts and cultural traditions of different ethnic
groups that reflect diversity. To keep the tradition and the local art that has been
entrenched in Indonesian society, it is important to do the preservation of the
development of more modern era that resulted in the erosion of tradition and art so that
we can be sure gradually tradition and art that will become extinct. To maintain and
continuous art and cultural tradition it is important to maintain the existence of local art
in Indonesia.
Bima regency of West Nusa Tenggara province is an area that has a tradition of
cultural art of dance with Gantao name. Gantao art tradition based on some historical
accounts explaining that Gantao art tradition is one that is adopted by culture of
Makassar developed by coastal communities in Bima kingdom around the 16 th century
(Ismail: 2006: 5). Gantao art tradition to this day can still be found in some of the
galleries that foster specifically and became one of the traditional culture and cultural
identity of Bima. Gantao as the Milky cultural identity is important to be maintained
and preserved in order to not forgotten by the younger generation and not eroded by
modern cultures as it is today. Preservation in question is to maintain the existence of
gantao itself apart as a local identity can also be known widely in terms of both its
historical and its presence in society.
When it is seen inside, there are movements that show agility, strength, and
sportsmanship in addition to the moral values also contained in Gantao artistic
traditions such as the value of cooperation, fairness, and respect for the opponent.
Gantao art tradition is played by two men to the accompaniment of traditional musical
instruments wearing traditional costume Bima. Aspects contained in the arts as an
attacking style and the style survived to become the main movement.
Gantao as a traditional art can be applied in improving the mental attitude and
the quality of the young generation. This of course will be linked with the aim of youth
development that are sustainable, so that it becomes an opportunity for institutions to
help to improve the quality of students through training in physical endurance, mental
attitude and discipline through physical education and sport that will print the younger
generation who spirited knight. In addition to improve health, physical fitness, raise
self-esteem, mental endurance train, develop high self-awareness, improve motor skills,
improve physical abilities, fostering sportsmanship, discipline and tenacity higher.
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Erwin, Sugiyanto, Sapta Kunta Purnama
GANTAO ART TRADITION IN BIMA REGENCY, INDONESIA OBSERVED FROM
VALUE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT
Based on the understanding of physical education Feiring according to Jesse
Williams in Williams H. Freeman (2001: 3) physical education is about a number of
human physical activities in order to obtain results that are beneficial to the body.
Physical education is an integral part of the overall education that aims to improve
individual organically neuromuscular, intellectually, and emotionally through physical
activity. This is consistent with the understanding of Lutan and Chalik (2001: 21) that
emphasizes the development of strength and physical fitness, but also develop the
whole person: physical, mental, moral, and social in order to prepare the child's life in
order to function well in society.
As researcher said in background previous, the formulation of the problem that
will be raised is: How do the movement technique Gantao art traditions and the values
of physical education and sport contained in Gantao art tradition.
2. Methods
This research used descriptive qualitative research with phenomenological approach. In
the data collection, it is using random sampling techniques. Place of research conducted
in Bima regency of West Nusa Tenggara province. Data were collected randomly,
namely in areas that meet the criteria as a location for data retrieval. Observation and
in-depth interviews conducted to obtain the desired data. The data collection technique
was using the technique of in-depth interviews and observation. The validity of the
data is using triangulation data. Analysis of data is using interactive analysis with the
three stages of analysis, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing
conclusions.
a. Physical Education and Sport
In this research, several parameters are used as reference for comparison, which departs
from several theories about physical education and sport, Edi Suparman (2000),
Abdullah (1994), and the theory of sport that promote competitive involving physical
skills of complex (Coakley, 2004), another theory that a parameter in this study was
proposed by Giriwijoyo (2005: 30) says that exercise is a series of regular exercise
motion and planned that people consciously to improve functional ability. This can be
said to be in line with what is disclosed in the Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine (2008),
sport is a physical activity that is planned, structured, and done repeatedly and
intended to improve or maintain physical fitness. In connection with the sport and
culture of ethics becomes crucial in sports where ethics is a theory of moral behavior in
sports. Due to ethical sporting phenomenon reflects the social and cultural settings.
Ethics in sport requires passion and hard work to create a clean sport (Volkwein 2014:
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129). Briefly Giri Wiarto (2015) asserts that sports activities have an impact on human
life, whether religious life, leisure time (leisure), patriotism, and achievement. So the
purpose of physical education is a vehicle to achieve the aim of making the whole man
both physical and spiritual. In addition, physical education can also improve physical
development, cognitive development, affective, psychomotor and social.
Another theory stated by Tamburrini (2000) sport into a lifestyle that makes us
become more active or passive to the life of society, to the content of the effects of social
differences that social attitude and character description of the value of sport, which is
positive among others: self-discipline, teamwork, play fair, and negative examples such
as: too obsessed in so that the team wants more self-effacing, always like bringing the
opponent.
The term "sport" has many definitions throughout the world, which can only be
fully understood in the context of historical, social, and cultural. The origin of the word
"sport" is derived from the Latin disportore , meaning dis is separating and portore is
carrying, so understanding bring itself apart from interference. In most European
languages, the term "sport" means all-inclusive, incorporating a wide range of human
movement, including sports, recreation and leisure activities, as well as exercise and
physical fitness. In German, for example, distinguish between the different forms of
sports involvement depending on the main focus of the activity. For example, physical
activity is oriented towards fitness is called Fitness-Sport; orientation to health called
Gesundheits-Sport (sport health); orientation toward achievement and competition
called Leistungs-Sport (athletic or top-level sport); orientation towards rehabilitation
called Reha-Sport Focus on disability sport called Paralympics sport has evolved over
the last 10 years. Then the term as Geronto-Fitness (sports for the elderly), and PrestigeSport (eg, golf and sailboats) was added in the vocabulary of the sport that evolved as a
variety of sports activities. Therefore, the term sport is used in the broadest sense of the
human body movement and sports (Volkwein, 2014: 14).
Sport is essentially a miniature life (Mutohir, 2004: 25). In this context implies
that the basic values of everyday human life can be found in sports. Eg: competition,
morality, justice, cooperation, and so forth. Sports teach discipline, spirit of
sportsmanship, not easily give up, high competitive spirit, understand the rules, and
take bold decisions to someone. While in Indonesia understanding of the sport (sport) is
formulated in UUSKN No. 3 of 2005 Article 1, paragraph 4 is explained that the
definition of exercise is any activity that systematically to encourage, foster and develop
the potential for physical, spiritual, and social. The formulation of this definition is very
broad, because it is not mentioned whether the activity is intended as a sport. The key
word is any systematic activity. Thus, this formula shows that the sporting activity in
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VALUE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT
question the whole purpose is to encourage, foster and develop the potential for
physical, spiritual, and social.
b. Sport and Culture
In the span of human history to date, sport and play activities are always associated
integrally with the social, political, and economic. In Greece, for example, players and
sports contests are based on mythology and religious beliefs. They focused on the
interests of the young men from respectable society. Meanwhile, the product has
implications for the political world outside the event. Doty (2006) states that sport is a
human need, if someone regularly exercises it will bring a good influence on the
development and physical health. Sports besides useful for the development of physical
growth also affects the spiritual development of the culprit. Exercise can give the
working efficiency of the means of the body, so that blood circulation, respiration and
digestion become irregular. In addition, exercise is also a major part of their
communities and cultures around the world.
Sport is as an integral part of the socio-cultural systems of a given society, the
sport activities that are in a society that is different from the sports activities that exist in
other societies. Sport activities are merely a part of a series of actions, human behavior
must be seen, and understood expression is explained by taking into account factors
that affect the sports activities or the human behavior. Basic factor that affects an
activity or action sports, which is an organic act of the human body, is a socio-cultural
systems. Social and cultural system was a reference system, which is a series of models
of cognitive or knowledge which are at different levels of human consciousness.
3. Result and Discussion
Gantao art tradition into becomes popular art among youth in Bima recently because
according to story and history told by the players, the tradition of Gantao art is an
attractive arts which show the beauty of the movement also shows the physical strength
so that in his time Gantao art tradition is an art that is mastered as a special skill for
youth in Bima, even became a special skill for Bima royal soldiers at that time.
Gantao art tradition is an art attraction that shows dexterity twosome Gantao by
following the music that became his retinue. In the tradition of art of Gantao who
performed the art of dexterity as well as the attractions of physical strength and agility
of movement. Gantao art tradition has a function as entertainment in society in Bima. It
has existed since the beginning of the Gantao art tradition introduced in Bima. Gantao
art tradition is also an event to showcase the ability of martial owned. Performance of
gantao is usually held at the time of weddings and circumcisions.
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Erwin, Sugiyanto, Sapta Kunta Purnama
GANTAO ART TRADITION IN BIMA REGENCY, INDONESIA OBSERVED FROM
VALUE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT
a. Mechanical Movement in Gantao art tradition in Bima
Movement contained in Gantao art tradition in general does not have a special
name or nickname to the movements in general are referred to as tricks. There are some
movement techniques contained in Gantao art tradition, such as the movement known
as the prefix or rebo. This movement is naming the local language Bima which is the
opening movement in games or Gantao, in Indonesian can be equated with the term
attractions of the opening. Rebo movement is the movement shown in the form of
attraction that is dominated by elements of art, the movement of the player rebo
showed some martial art movements as heating.
Some techniques of movement in Gantao art tradition as follows:
1. Salutation
In motion greeting is done by shaking hands. Both players before heating
attraction, they shook hands, this shows the nature of mutual respect and respect, after
that they started to do attractions such as movements in the form of moves in the
martial arts punches. Movement is a movement that regards general performed as an
opening in an appearance or attraction.
2. Easel Attitude
Gantao art is an art that is included in martial arts so it is not surprising that there is a
movement of the easel in this game. Easel has the same functionality as the easel is
common in other martial arts.
3. Warming Movement
Before entering the core of playing Gantao, Gantao players beforehand to show
some movements, Things to do either individually or simultaneously. Things to
individual aims to invite an opponent in the arena directly, this attraction is also
commonly referred to as a points challenging opponent in the arena.
4. Movement hit and parry
Core movement in Gantao game is hitting motion and parry. The game will be
marked with one of the players provide the movement that signaled to attack, the
movement is marked by the other players do the hitting motion of the chest or pointing
the chest as a sign ready for attack. Movements in this game is contained in the
movement of martial arts and a lot of movement was showing some movement in
martial arts such as attacking, hitting, blocking, slamming and punching. In the
movement to hit the opponent, the player's hand of Gantao should be in the open state
and should not be clenched, aims to be a Gantao player not feel excessive pain during
the game. Goal punches are the chest.
Technique of movement in Gantao art tradition particular concern is the
movement of attack and parry, the second movement is a main movement and the most
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VALUE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT
common which can be marked on Gantao game. In attacking movement and elements
deflect the most attention is the dexterity and agility movements as movements in
Gantao art tradition have in common with the movement in martial arts, especially
martial arts. Some of the same movement with martial arts such as attack and parry in a
duel there is an element of martial because when attacking is done by hitting the
opponent and parrying was using the same movement with martial.
5. Technique of slammed
In Gantao art allowed to slam his opponent, slamming technique aims to knock
his opponent to appoint members of the opponent's body that begins with the catch.
6. Technique of locks
This technique is usually preceded by catchment techniques and continued with
lockdown techniques and dings in accordance with the conditions and the level of
Gantao players attack. This lockdown technique used to thwart the efforts of opponents
to catch the foot, by means of bending the leg or arm lock your opponent and bring
down or slammed.
The techniques contained in Gantao art movement dominated by the hit, parry
and occasionally in some players use in hitting a punching motion. After its
development, Gantao played by younger generations are now studying in the art
studio, from the creation of art Gantao in some movements such as slamming
movement. In a movement techniques contained in Gantao elements of martial arts is
clearly seen in the traditional games, but the function is used as entertainment for the
community.
Gantao art tradition is a game of the people included in physical fights hard, so
that there are rules and must be met by the players. Especially on motion attacking the
rules imposed such should not be attacked from behind, because it is considered not
show fairness, other than that in public life in Bima attack from behind it shows
cowardice, and in games or Gantao if attacked from behind then considered as a
challenge to a duel in the sense of fighting and will be opposed as an enemy. Attacking
by using the foot is also not allowed in Gantao art traditions, this is because using foot
is one form of immodesty, so use your legs rather than as part of an organ that is used
in the attack but only as a footstool to lock up opponents when they wanted to be
dropped or slammed. Furthermore, who is not allowed to attack the head and other
sensitive regions, the importance parts of this game are the entertainment element so
that the movements contained in its forward elements of art and courtesy. This rule is a
rule though unwritten bound.
In fending movement, no rules are overly restrictive because the movement is
more at fending off an attack from the opponent's movement, which considered only
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VALUE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT
the alertness and agility to deflect an opponent's attack. Movement in Gantao art
tradition more hand for assault by beating and directed at the chest and sleeves. While
fending off an opponent's attack it is done by forming a defense that protects the chest
so that when the punch landed more of the opponent's arms. In a movement,
techniques contained in Gantao art tradition are the values of decency, values of
responsibility, fairness and mutual respect. It thus reflected in the movement and rules
in games.
b. Value of Physical Education and Sport in Gantao art tradition in Bima.
There are several values of physical education and sport found in the Gantao art
tradition reviewed from several aspects as follows:
1. The mental aspect.
The Gantao players have high confidence. Following high discipline is also
contained in the tradition of the art of Gantao it is visible in the results of structured
training which makes them able to master Gantao well, the discipline that will create a
positive character and better so in everyday life behave orderly, organized and calm in
the face situation may create a harmonious life and good in the community.
2. Self-defense aspect.
Self-defense aspect more dominating in Gantao art traditions, movements in the
tradition of martial art movements of Gantao shows such attack, parry, slamming and
locking the opponent. In Gantao art, it can only attack the body parts of the chest.
Elements politeness is very considered in Gantao game with their rules it must not be
turned opponent, may not use the legs, and should not be emotional in the performing
Gantao art.
3. Aspects of sport and physical education
As a folk art, Gantao game also has an element of sport; it can be seen with the
attitude of high sportsmanship within the player. Besides the activity of movement is
range from hitting, blocking, slamming, locking, and others. When do the game players
doing a lively and energetic movement. The motion of the body fitness activity is
obtained by Gantao players because there is a high calorie burning so that freshness and
fitness awake.
In essence, the Gantao art tradition is a sporting activity, because in the arts in
Gantao art tradition there are various kinds of motion activity and some basic values of
everyday life such as competition, cooperation, discipline, and morality. In addition,
there are also ethical values therein such as honesty, fair play, and sportive that has
special relevance of the sport. And these values can be applied to increase the
commitment to implement justice performance compete. While in the Gantao art
tradition, infuse discipline and cooperation for the Gantao players. Gantao players must
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GANTAO ART TRADITION IN BIMA REGENCY, INDONESIA OBSERVED FROM
VALUE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT
have the motivation, expectation in order to be more advanced, and reciprocal
relationships between players and spectators to form mutual respect and mutual
respect among humans. Gantao players in public life have always shown a positive
attitude, a lot of the perceived benefits Gantao players both in terms of physical fitness
as well as in social life. In the Gantao art, tradition is the value of physical education
and physical seen in perceptual aspect is where the Gantao players can enhance the
understanding of the concept of motion, understanding how to understand the function
and body work, and develop the ability to explore the movements of the body.
Furthermore Gantao players can also develop and of increasing in developing the
personality, attitudes, and values that will be useful in social life. The cognitive aspect is
emphasized in the Gantao art tradition players can explore any martial arts movements
in the Gantao art so that they are able to improve the knowledge of body function is
associated with physical activity.
4. Conclusion
Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded as follows: technique of
movement in Gantao art tradition. As for the motion-engineering techniques in Gantao
art tradition comprises, greeting movement, opening movement or Rebo, easel and
movement of attack and parry. In the tradition of the art movement techniques of
Gantao, there are some rules that must be met by Gantao players especially in attacking
movement technique. The player cannot attack from behind, hitting the head, attacking
with the feet, and attacking other vital region, because this game can do in part of chest
only.
The value of physical education and sport in the Gantao art tradition is there a
value of sportsmanship, social responsibility, cooperation, justice, and decency. In the
Gantao art, tradition can be regarded as a sporting activity because there is a wide
range of motion activity and some basic values of everyday life such as competition,
cooperation, discipline, and morality. In addition, there are also ethical values therein
such as honesty, fair play and sportive that has special relevance of the sport. And these
values can be applied to increase the commitment to implement justice in the match. In
addition the value of physical education contained in Gantao art tradition that is located
in emotional aspect, cognitive, affective and psychomotor.
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