European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.439993
THE RELATIONSHIP OF INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ),
EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT (EQ), AND MOTIVATION TOWARDS
BASKETBALL SKILLS
Hangga Kusuma1,
Agus Kristiyanto2, Kiyatno3i
Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia
Abstract:
The purposes of this research are: (1) to know the relation and contribution between
intelligence quotient (IQ) and basketball skills. (2) To know the relation and
contribution between emotional quotient (EQ) with basketball skills. (3) To know the
relation and contribution between motivation and basketball skills. (4) To know the
relation and contribution between intelligence quotient (IQ), emotional intelligence
(EQ), motivation and basketball skills. The method of the research used was correlation
method. The population in this research was the entire students who participated in the
basketball extracurricular activities SMA 2 Bae Kudus Indonesia. Samples being used
were 50 students collected using purposive sampling technique. The data analysis used
were correlation analysis, regression analysis and determination analysis test (R 2 test).
The conclusions of this research were: (1) there were positive and significant relation
between intelligence quotient (IQ) with basketball skills and it contributed as much as
44.6%. It was shown by the correlation (r) of 0.698, p.value of 0.000. (2) there were
positive and significant relation between emotional quotient (EQ) with basketball skills
and it contributed as much as 48.7%. It was shown by the correlation (r) of 0.668,
p.value of 0.000. (3) There were positive and significant relation between motivation
with basketball skills and it contributed as much as 37.9%. It was shown by the
correlation (r) of 0.616, p.value of 0.000. (4) There were positive and significant relation
between intelligence quotient (IQ), emotional quotient (EQ), motivation and basketball
skills as well as contributed as much as 72.6%. It was shown by the correlation (r) of
0,852, p.value of 0.000.
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved.
© 2015 – 2017 Open Access Publishing Group
1
Hangga Kusuma, Agus Kristiyanto, Kiyatno
THE RELATIONSHIP OF INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ), EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT (EQ),
AND MOTIVATION TOWARDS BASKETBALL SKILLS
Keywords: intelligence quotient (IQ), emotional quotient (EQ), motivation
1. Introduction
Basketball is one of the games that include sports games, sport games including
basketball games that use large balls (Farauq 2009: 3). In standard basketball game, each
team has five players on the court. Each match is divided into four quarters, each of
which lasts for 8 to 12 minutes or divided into two rounds, each of which lasts 20
minutes. Each player is allowed to make more than 5 errors, if the player violated at the
time of the shot, the player is given two or three free throws if it was on a three-point
shots (Oliver, 2007: viii).
According to Wissel (2000: 2) covers the basic techniques of basketball footwork,
shooting, passing and catch, dribble, rebound, moving the ball, moving without the ball
and survive. Therefore, in sports especially basketball highly skilled engineering base to
give a good appearance. Sports basketball hugely needs skills in its practice to be able to
give a good performance. Skill is the moving ability of a person on a certain
degree. Skilled refers to the degree of success in achieving the objectives effectively and
efficiently determined by the speed, accuracy, shape and ability to adapt. Skills can be
interpreted as an indicator and the level of proficiency or mastery of a matter that
requires motion (Cahya 2012: 8)
Basketball is a complex sport. According to Ahmadi (2007: 13), to be able to have
a reliable basketball team, there are three main factors that must be fulfilled, namely: 1.
Mastery of basic techniques (fundamental) 2. Security (physical condition) 3. Cooperation
(patterns and strategies). To be a good player it is necessary to master the fundamentals
(basics, techniques and strategies) of a basketball game. With guidance and more indepth knowledge about the basics of the game and game rules that apply in the
international world, the quality of the game that someone present, will be better and
more advanced (Rohim 2008: 10).
A person's success in mastering motor skills determined by the ability and the
talent of the person. According to Cahya (2012: 10), he identified about 12 factors that
are associated with achieving skills. Those factors are: (1) Sharpness of senses, (2)
perception, (3) Intelligence, (4) physical size, (5) Past experience, (6) Undertaking, (7)
Emotions (8) Motivation, (9) attitude, (10) factors other personalities, (11) Gender, (12)
Age.
From the opinions above it can be concluded that motor skills were not only
influenced by physical factors, the learning process, and situational factors alone but
were
also
influenced
by
psychological
factors. According
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017
to
Wahab
(2015:
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Hangga Kusuma, Agus Kristiyanto, Kiyatno
THE RELATIONSHIP OF INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ), EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT (EQ),
AND MOTIVATION TOWARDS BASKETBALL SKILLS
142), Intelligence quotient (IQ) is an index of the relative level of a person s intelligence,
as compared to others accordingly. Intelligence quotient (IQ) is one element of
psychological which means a measure of intellectual ability, analytical (the ability to
analyze), and the ratio and logic of a person. According to the pedagogic terms
committee (1953), which raised stern opinion on what is meant by intelligence the
power to adjust to new situation by using the tools of thinking according the purpose
(Walgito 2004: 192).
Root for the word emotion
is movere, Latin verb which means "to move,
move" plus the prefix "e-"to give meaning "move away", implying that the tendency to
act is absolute in emotion. All emotion is essentially the impulse to act, immediate plan
to address the problems that have been implanted gradually by evolution (Goleman
2003: 7). Emotional quotient (EQ) is one of psychological elements that mean a person's
ability to control and communicate in two dimensions, i.e., the direction to the inside
(personal) and the direction to the outside (interpersonal). Emotional intelligence is
very important when one deals with the problems of life. Finding the right solution to
problems often requires being able to control the emotions of a person (Finkelor 2004:
v).
Motivation is a process that explains the intensity, direction, and persistence of
an individual to achieve their goals. Based on the study concerning the definition of
motivation from some experts (Krech, 1962; Murray, 1964; Atkinson, 1964; Fernald,
1969; Miller, 1978; Singer, 1972, 1984; Barelson & Steiner, 1980; and Good & Brophy,
1990) an integrative definition can be formulated that motivation is the actualization
process of internal generator within the individual to lead the activity, ensure
continuity and determine the direction or halauan activities towards the achievement of
the goals set (Husdarta 2010: 31). In physical education and sport, Adelman (1974)
states that there is no achievement without motivation.
During this time, the coaches and players pay less attention to various
psychological factors associated with and can support the skills of the players or
athletes. Those various factors must be considered to performance and skills of a
basketball player can be maximized. Based on the description above, the researcher was
interested in conducting research on psychological factors, entitled "Relationship
of Intelligence Quotient (IQ), Emotional Quotient (EQ), and Motivation towards Basketball
Skills".
Formulation of the problem, based on the problems background above, then it
can be formulated problems in this study can be formulated as follows: (1) Is there a
relationship between the intelligence quotient (IQ) with the skills of basketball and if yes
how large is the contribution, (2) Is there any relation between emotional quotient
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017
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Hangga Kusuma, Agus Kristiyanto, Kiyatno
THE RELATIONSHIP OF INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ), EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT (EQ),
AND MOTIVATION TOWARDS BASKETBALL SKILLS
(EQ) with basketball skills and if yes how large is the contribution, (3) Is there any
relation between motivation and skills of basketball and if yes how large is the
contribution, (4) Is there a relationship between the intelligence quotient (IQ), emotional
quotient (EQ), and motivation bodies with basketball skills and if yes how large is the
contribution?
Research purposes, based on the formulation of the problem that has been stated
above, the objectives to be achieved in this study are as follows: (1) To determine the
relationship between the intelligence quotient (IQ) with basketball skills and level of
contribution, (2) To determine the relationship between emotional quotient (EQ) with
basketball skills and level of contribution, (3) To determine the relationship between
motivation with basketball skills and level of contribution, (4) To determine the
relationship
between
the intelligence
quotient
(IQ),
emotional
quotient
(EQ),
and motivation, with basketball skills and level of contribution.
Benefits of the research in the study is (1) This research can be used as inputs and
contributions to the readers so that it can be used as an additional source of information
and data in the field of sports, especially in the field of sport basketball (2) This research
can be used as a guideline or consideration for the gym teacher or coach to select
prospective athletes as well as to develop training programs in sport basketball so the
skills and achievements can be better.
2. Research Methods
The research method used in this study was correlational method. The objectives of the
correlational research was to investigate the extent to which variations in a factor
related to variations in one or more other factors based on the correlation coefficient
(Narbuko and Achmadi 2012: 48). The population in this study is the overall students of
SMA 2 Bae Kudus who joined basketball extracurricular activities. The sample used as
many as 50 students were taken by using purposive sampling. Variables examined
consisted of five independent variables that were: the intelligence quotient (IQ), emotional
quotient (EQ), and motivation. The dependent variables were the basketball skills. The
instrument
used
was
a
questionnaire
consisting
of
intelligence
quotient
(IQ) test developed by Philip Carter, emotional quotient (EQ) test compiled by Prasetiyo
2010 quoted from Daniel Goleman, and motivation test. Analysis of the data used is the
correlation analysis, regression and determination analysis test (R 2 test).
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017
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Hangga Kusuma, Agus Kristiyanto, Kiyatno
THE RELATIONSHIP OF INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ), EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT (EQ),
AND MOTIVATION TOWARDS BASKETBALL SKILLS
3. Results and Discussion
The data resulted from the research was obtained based on the scores on tests that have
been done which includes intelligence quotient (IQ) test, emotional quotient (EQ) test, and
motivation test. After that analysis, prerequisite test was conducted that includes
normality and linearity tests. Subsequently, hypothesis test with correlation and
regression analysis were conducted.
A. Prerequisites Test Analysis
1. Normality test
Normality test is intended to test the normality of the data distribution to be
analyzed. To test the normality of the data Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test analysis was
used. Data distribution is normal when the significant value of Kolmogorov Smirnov
Test> 0.05. Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test calculation results obtained by research variables
can be seen in following table:
Table 1: Normality Test with Kolmogorov Smirnov Test
No.
Variables
Kolmogrov-Simirnov Test Value
P (Sig)
Information
1 Intelligence Quotient (IQ) (X1)
0.120
0.069
Normal
2 Emotional Quotient (EQ) (X2)
0.101
0.200
Normal
3 Motivation (X3)
0.075
0.200
Normal
4 Skills Basketball (Y)
0.090
0.200
Normal
Sources: Primary data being processed, 2016
2. Linearity test
Linearity test is intended to test whether the data obtained were linear or nonlinear, if
the data were linear then the data could be resumed on the parametric test with
regression techniques, but if the data were not linear then non-linear regression was
used. Linearity test used variance analysis technique for regression or F test with the
test criteria is if the significance <0.05 the data is revealed linear, otherwise if the
significance of> 0.05 data were declared nonlinear. The calculations results of linear test
obtained by research variables can be seen in the following table:
Table 2: Linearity test
No.
Variable
Flinear
P value (Sig) Information
1 Intelligence Quotient (IQ) (X1) with Basketball Skills (Y)
51.524
0,000
Linear
2 Emotional Quotient (EQ) (X2) with Basketball Skills (Y)
52.149
0,000
Linear
3 Motivation (X3) with Skills Basketball (Y)
38.157
0,000
Linear
Sources: Primary data being processed, 2016
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017
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Hangga Kusuma, Agus Kristiyanto, Kiyatno
THE RELATIONSHIP OF INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ), EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT (EQ),
AND MOTIVATION TOWARDS BASKETBALL SKILLS
B. Hypothesis testing
1. Product Moment Correlation Analysis
Based on the testing results of the hypothesis of the relationship between independent
variables intelligence quotient (IQ), emotional quotient (EQ), motivation, with basketball
skills as the dependent variable, product moment correlation formula were used and the
following results were obtained:
Table 3: Product Moment Correlation
No.
Variable
Correlation
Value (
1 Intelligence Quotient (IQ) (X1) with
P value
Information
(Sig)
)
0.698
0,000 Positive and significant
Basketball Skills (Y)
correlation
2 Emotional Quotient (EQ) (X2) with
0.668
0,000 Positive and significant
Basketball Skills (Y)
correlation
3 Motivation (X3) with Basketball Skills (Y)
0.616
0,000 Positive and significant
correlation
Sources: Primary data being processed, 2016
2. Multiple Correlation Analysis
Hypotheses
Testing
(IQ) (X1), emotional
concerning
quotient
the
relationship
between intelligence
(EQ) (X2), and motivation (X3), with
skills (Y) multiple correlation test was used (
quotient
basketball
). The test results of multiple
correlation relationship between intelligence quotient (IQ), emotional quotient (EQ), the
motivation, the basketball skills obtained a value of 0.852 with p value (sig) of 0.000 to p
<0.05 indicates that there is a significant relationship between the intelligence quotient
(IQ), emotional quotient (EQ), and motivation with basketball skills.
3. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
Based on the calculation results of multiple linear regressions the following equation
was obtained:
Y = 3.978 + 0.821 + 0.177 + 0.113
Information:
Y = Basketball Skills
X1= Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
X2= Emotional Quotient (EQ)
X3= Motivation
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017
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Hangga Kusuma, Agus Kristiyanto, Kiyatno
THE RELATIONSHIP OF INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ), EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT (EQ),
AND MOTIVATION TOWARDS BASKETBALL SKILLS
The regression coefficient value of intelligence quotient (IQ) (X1), amounting to
0.821 with a positive sign, meaning that if the intelligence quotient (IQ) (X1), an increase of
the skills of basketball student will also increase by 0.821.
The regression coefficient value of emotional quotient (EQ) (X2), amounting to
0.177
with
a
positive
sign,
meaning
that
when
the emotional
quotient
(EQ) (X2), an increase of the skills of basketball student will also increase by 0.177.
The regression coefficient value of motivation (), amounting to 0,113 with a
positive sign, meaning that if the motivation (
), an increase of the skills of basketball
student will also increase by 0,113.
4. Model Significance Test
Model significance test results obtained F value of 40.602 with p.value (sig) of 0.000 to p
<0.05 indicates that regression linear form obtained can be used to make inferences
about the relationship number of variables being studied were intelligence quotient (IQ),
emotional quotient (EQ), the motivation, basketball skills.
5. Determination Analysis Test (Test R2)
Analysis of determination (R 2 test) was used to determine the percentage of the effect
of the independent variable (X 1, X 2, ...., Xn) simultaneously to the variable dependent
(Y). Analysis of the calculation results of the determination (Test R 2) can be seen in
Table 4 as follows:
Table 4: Results Analysis of Determination (Test R2)
No.
Variables
Correlation
Value (
)
R
Square
1
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) (X1)
0.698
0.487
2
Emotional Quotient (EQ) (X2)
0.668
0.446
3
Motivation (X3)
0.616
0.379
6
Intelligence quotient (IQ) (X1), emotional quotient (EQ) (X2), and
0.8 52
0.726
motivation (X3), with basketball skills (Y)
Sources: Primary data being processed, 2016
R 2 (R Square) value of intelligence quotient (IQ), emotional quotient (EQ), and motivation,
weight is 0.726 or 72.6%. It shows that the percentage of influence / contribution
of intelligence quotient (IQ) (X1), emotional quotient (EQ) (X2) and motivation (X3), body
towards basketball skills (Y) as much as 72.6% and the remaining 27.4% is influenced by
other variables not included in this research model.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017
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Hangga Kusuma, Agus Kristiyanto, Kiyatno
THE RELATIONSHIP OF INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ), EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT (EQ),
AND MOTIVATION TOWARDS BASKETBALL SKILLS
4. Discussion
Discussion of the results of this study provides further interpretation of the results of
data analysis that had been done before. Based on the hypothesis testing has resulted in
the conclusion that the analysis can be described in further detail as follows:
A. Relations and Contributions between intelligence quotient (IQ) with Basketball
Skills
Based on the analysis of the correlation between intelligence quotient (IQ) with basketball
skills obtained a value of 0.698 with p.value (sig) of 0.000 to p <0.05. The contributions
provided by intelligence quotient (IQ) of the basketball skill that is equal to 48.7%. It
shows that there is a positive relationship and contribution between intelligence quotient
(IQ) and basketball skills.
The word intelligence is derived from the Latin word "intelligenre" which
means connecting or uniting with one another (to organize, to relate, to bind
together). IQ is essentially a measure of the level of intelligence (Khadijah, 2006).
The results of this study demonstrate and prove that the psychological aspect
which is the level of intelligence quotient (IQ) is an element that has an important role to
basketball skills, especially in mastering and analyzing various movement skills in
basketball. To be able to own and control skills in basketball requires a good level of
intelligence as well. In addition, one can also identify and analyze the shortcomings and
weaknesses of the basketball skills movement being practiced so it can be used to
correct or improve the possessed skills.
B. Relations and Contributions between emotional quotient (EQ) with Basketball
Skills
Based on the analysis of the correlation between emotional quotient (EQ) with basketball
skills obtained a value of 0.668 with p.value (sig) of 0.000 to p <0.05. The contributions
provided by emotional quotient (EQ) on the basketball skill are equal to 44.6%. It shows
that there is a positive relationship and contribution between emotional quotient
(EQ) with basketball skills.
Controlling emotions is very important for a person's life because it is through
controlled emotions then someone will be able to control himself well, so that a person
has calmness and accuracy in doing various things. If someone can identify, control,
and deliver an emotion in the right and positive direction, then the person is said to be
intelligent in his emotions. By using aspects of emotional intelligence properly,
automatically the good individual attitudes will arise as well. People are bad at their
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017
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Hangga Kusuma, Agus Kristiyanto, Kiyatno
THE RELATIONSHIP OF INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ), EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT (EQ),
AND MOTIVATION TOWARDS BASKETBALL SKILLS
ability to manage emotions will continuously fight melancholy feelings, while those
who are smart can bounce back much faster than the decadences and downfalls in life
(Goleman 2003: 58).
The results of this study indicate that the psychological aspect which is the level
of emotional quotient (EQ) is one of the elements that play a role in the basketball
skills. Emotional quotient is a person's ability to manage the behavior and control of
various aspects of emotions he has in order to control and direct himself
well. Basketball skills require good emotional control and self-direction in order to
perform a movement with a focus so that the result being done will also be
good. According to Goleman (2002: 48) emotional self-control and restraint towards the
satisfaction and control of impulse is the cornerstone of success in various fields, and
being able to adjust in the "flow" allows the realization of high performance in various
fields.
C. The relationship and Contribution between motivation to Basketball Skills
Based on the analysis of the correlation between motivation and obtained
basketball skills a value of 0.616 with p.value (sig) of 0.000 to p <0.05. Contributions
given by motivation on basketball skills, namely 37.9%. It shows that there is a positive
relationship and contribution between motivation to basketball skills.
Motivation is defined as an impulse that comes from within or from outside of
the individual to perform an activity that can guarantee the continuity of the event, and
can determine the direction, the direction and the amount of effort that was deployed to
perform activities so as to achieve the goals that have been set (Komarudin 2015: 24 ).
The results of this study indicate that psychological aspects which is motivation
is an important element in basketball skills. Motivation is a force that can drive a person
to do an activity to achieve the goals, it can also be seen as the driving force that causes
a person to do something to achieve the goals. Without the presence of a base or a
strong desire and drive then one would not do a thing seriously and
optimally. Therefore, to be able to perform basketball skills properly and optimally,
high encouragement or motivation is needed. Without motivation, the basketball skills
being done cannot be maximized. In physical education and sport, Adelman (1974)
states that there is no achievement without motivation.
D. Relations and Contributions between intelligence quotient (IQ), emotional
quotient (EQ), and Motivation with Basketball Skills
Based on the analysis of the correlation between intelligence quotient (IQ), emotional
quotient (EQ), and motivation with basketball skills obtained a value of 0.852 with p
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017
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Hangga Kusuma, Agus Kristiyanto, Kiyatno
THE RELATIONSHIP OF INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ), EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT (EQ),
AND MOTIVATION TOWARDS BASKETBALL SKILLS
value (sig) of 0.000 to p <0.05. The contributions that the intelligence quotient (IQ),
emotional quotient (EQ), motivation, limb muscles power, the height of the basketball skill
that is equal to 72.6%. It shows there is a positive relationship and contribution
between intelligence quotient (IQ), emotional quotient (EQ), and motivation with basketball
skills.
The results showed that the entire psychological element, namely Intelligence
quotient (IQ), emotional quotient (EQ), and motivation altogether are the components that
can support the basketball skills. Thus, to be able to master the basic skills of basketball
properly and optimally, basketball players must maximize these components properly.
5. Conclusion
1. There is a positive and significant relationship between the intelligence quotient
(IQ) with basketball skills, meaning that the higher the level of intelligence
quotient (IQ), the higher the basketball skills. This is evidenced by the correlation
value of 0.698 with p.value (sig) of 0.000. Intelligence quotient (IQ) contributed
48.7% of the basketball skills.
2. There is a positive and significant relationship between emotional quotient
(EQ) with basketball skills, meaning that the higher the level of emotional quotient
(EQ) the higher the basketball skills. This is evidenced by the correlation value of
0.668 with p.value (sig) of 0.000. Emotional quotient (EQ) contributed 44.6% of the
basketball skills.
3. There is a positive and significant relationship between motivation and skills of
basketball, meaning that the higher the higher the motivation of basketball
skills. This is evidenced by the correlation value of 0.616 with p.value (sig) of
0.000. Motivation contributes 37.9% to the basketball skills.
4. There is a positive and significant relationship between the intelligence quotient
(IQ), emotional quotient (EQ), and motivation, which means the higher
the intelligence quotient (IQ), the higher the level of emotional quotient (EQ), and the
higher the motivation, the higher skills of basketball , This is evidenced by the
correlation value of 0.852 with p.value (sig) of 0.000.intelligence quotient (IQ),
emotional quotient (EQ), and motivation together contributed 72.6% of the
basketball skills.
6. Suggestion
Efforts to improve the quality of the ability of a basketball player or athlete, election for
good players candidates should be conducted, namely with regard to psychological
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017
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Hangga Kusuma, Agus Kristiyanto, Kiyatno
THE RELATIONSHIP OF INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ), EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT (EQ),
AND MOTIVATION TOWARDS BASKETBALL SKILLS
factors, not only physical factors alone, especially viewed from the factors of Intelligence
quotient (IQ), emotional quotient (EQ), and the motivation of the players, because these
factors have a relationship and a significant contribution to basketball skills. For further
researchers, in order to organize the consideration of this research by using other
populations, both in quantity and quality of the player. In addition to better pay
attention and look at other factors that affect basketball skills so that the results
achieved over the maximum of the research that has been done.
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THE RELATIONSHIP OF INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ), EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT (EQ),
AND MOTIVATION TOWARDS BASKETBALL SKILLS
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