European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.51555
Volume 1│Issue 3│2016
DISCUSSING AND IDENTIFYING SPORTS REQUIREMENTS OF
CLIENTS OF SPORTS FACILITIES OF KURDISTAN PROVINCE
FROM THE VIEW OF YOUTHS
Asghar Gomehe1, Mozafar Yektayar2*
Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Kurdistan Science and Research Branch,
1
Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Sanandaj Branch,
2
Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
Abstract:
The aim of the present research was to discuss and identify the sports related
requirements and needs of clients of Kurdistan province’s sports facilities from the view
of youths. In terms of purpose, it’s considered as an applied research and also in terms
of strategy, it is considered as a descriptive-survey study which is carried out under
field methods. In order to elaborate on the goals of this study, a researcher made
questionnaire including 30 items and arranged based on a five degrees Likert scale was
employed. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by certain experts of
physical education and management and also its reliability was calculated as 0.78
through the application of Kronbach’s alpha method. The population of this study
includes the entire 15-24 year old boys and girls throughout the province of Kurdistan.
Among the population, a number of 384 individuals were selected as the sample
through the application of Morgan’s table, however
questionnaires were distributed
among the sample and ultimately, 391 questionnaires were collected back as completed
questionnaires. For the purpose of sampling, a cluster sampling method was employed.
In addition, for analysis of data at descriptive level, the abundance tables, abundance
percentages, mean and standard deviation methods were used and for the same
purpose at inferential level, the tests of Kolmogorov-Smirnoff, one sample t and
Freedman were employed which were all performed by the software of SPSS v.22.
Obtained results indicated that there exists a significant difference between sports
priorities and sports related needs of clients of Kurdistan province’s sports facilities. In
addition, the status of Kurdistan province’s sports facilities was significantly unsuitable.
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
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Asghar Gomehe, Mozafar Yektayar DISCUSSING AND IDENTIFYING SPORTS REQUIREMENTS OF CLIENTS OF SPORTS FACILITIES OF
KURDISTAN PROVINCE FROM THE VIEW OF YOUTHS
There was also a significant difference noticed between the sports related needs of male
and female clients of Kurdistan province’s sports facilities.
Keywords: sports need, sports facility, needs assessment, Kurdistan province
Introduction
More than two thousand years ago, regarding human’s need for continuous activity;
Hippocrates, a Greek physician has declared that having continuous activity is
necessary for human health and that as a result of having this continuous physical
activity different organs of the human body will all remain their health, gain strength
and also their aging process slows down. If mankind’s lives get distant from movement
activities, then the organs of the body will lose their agility and become susceptible to
different diseases and also their growth rate declines and instead their aging process
accelerates (Deborah and Butcher, 2006). At the current era, mechanization of modern
life and reduced physical movement among the entire communities, have led to
occurrence of several problems due to movement poverty. Nowadays, more than any
time before, the necessity of performance of regular physical activities is felt for
maintaining the health of the human mind and body. Basically, development of sports
is related to increased participation and propagation of opportunities and advantages of
making presence at sports activities. Participation in sports and physical activities
makes connection between a wide range of concepts including presence of children in
games, participation of women in sports, presence of youths in regular sports and
ultimately development of public sports and professional sports (Kaliope et al. 2008).
The solution for freedom from movement poverty which is due to mechanization
of today’s modern life is to perform sports activities. At the current era, exercising is
considered as a way through which people can overcome their mental and nervous
stresses. In comparison to inactive people, people who exercise regularly are less
exposed to occurrence of heart attacks and their brains also have more time to rest. In
addition, during resting, their heartbeat rate decreases, they feel more confidence; they
are more optimistic and are less prone development of depression. Therefore, with
respect to the importance of presence of all people in sports activities and benefitting
from positive effects of exercising including positive mental, physical, social and
economic effects; has forced governments to plan for and invest on sports and healthy
recreations (Momtazbakhsh and Fakoor, 2008).
At the current era, sport is considered as a social phenomenon which is known as
a need in every human society and is also highly prioritized as a cultural phenomenon
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Asghar Gomehe, Mozafar Yektayar DISCUSSING AND IDENTIFYING SPORTS REQUIREMENTS OF CLIENTS OF SPORTS FACILITIES OF
KURDISTAN PROVINCE FROM THE VIEW OF YOUTHS
Evington and Edgerton,
. Human’s life in past times forced them to put efforts,
carry heavy weights, perform hard activities and farm and construct by hands or simple
tools. All these activities engaged a large number or a number of body parts and as a
result of a suitable blood flow and suitable breathing, their muscles became tough and
therefore, they were ready for any other hard activities (Deborah and Bucher, 2006).
Previous studies regarding the effects of sports activities on mental and physical
health, life-span, liveliness, improved social relations and enrichment of free-times have
imposed an increase on people’s participation in different sports especially in different
fields of public sports. For this reason, nowadays, most advanced and developed
countries are challenging each other in terms of planning and organizing the public
sports of their country. These effects are important to the extent that currently, in
developed countries sports and healthy recreations are considered as an important
industry and an effective factor on growth of national economy. For example, the
income of this industry in the United States of America during the year 2000 was close
to 350.000.000.000 dollars. It is obvious that any country which gets left behind from
this increasing trend, will not be able to fill the gap in any way and therefore, ultimately
the differences in terms of benefiting from the effects of sports and movement activities
will be more tangible (Kaliope et al. 2008).
Since public sports is considered as a principal element for the health of
members of a community, the necessity for its development is felt more than any time
before. In this regard, authorities and related organizations and institutes should not
consider public sports as an extra expense; rather they should view it as an investment
on personal and public health as well as social benefits which provide certain economic
sources (Deborah and Bucher, 2006). In addition, for having a suitable and proper
planning in this context, managers need to assess the needs of citizens, also they should
comprehend the relation between sports related needs of clients of sports facilities, and
the existing (and future) sports facilities. Carlson (2000) believes that need assessment is
a systematic process for determining the needs and discovers a gap between the current
situations and required situations. Considering these content, it can be declared that if
planning for sports is done according to need assessment researches, then the
probability of obtaining the goals of programs increases.
Several researches have been performed on different societies in this context.
Most of these researches have elaborated on the manner of passing free times by people
and the barriers of participation in public sports. In fact, these researches have not paid
much attention to sports related needs of people. In this regard, it can be referred to the
researches performed by Afarinesh Khaki et al. (2006), Azizi et al. (2012),
Ramezaninejad et al. (2010), and Ghafoori et al. (2004) and etc. all of the aforementioned
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
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Asghar Gomehe, Mozafar Yektayar DISCUSSING AND IDENTIFYING SPORTS REQUIREMENTS OF CLIENTS OF SPORTS FACILITIES OF
KURDISTAN PROVINCE FROM THE VIEW OF YOUTHS
researches have elaborated on discussing and comparing the views of different societies
regarding the methods of development of sports or discussing the incentives of
participators in sports activities. Only a few researches have discussed the sports
related needs and requirements of people and as examples its can be referred to the
researches performed by Davoodi et al. (2015) and Varmaghani (2013). Davoodi et al.
(2015) performed a research, determined the sports and recreational needs of students,
and compared them with programs offered at State universities of Tehran city.
They concluded that there existed a significant difference between the offered
programs at universities and requirements and needs of students. Also, a significant
difference was witnessed between facilities of different sports for girls and boys.
Therefore, it can be stated that the existing facilities of the aforementioned universities
were unable to fulfill the needs of students regarding the context of sports and
recreation. On the other hand, results of research have shown that gender plays a
crucial role in determining the presence and participation of students in sports
activities. In this regard, it was made clear that males have a higher passion and interest
for participating in sports and recreational activities compared to females. On the other
hand, Varmaghani (2013) has performed a research titled as assessment of sports needs
of firefighters of Tehran. He performed his research with a managerial approach on the
entire firefighters of the city of Tehran during 2012 and concluded that sports
requirements and needs of firefighters are respectively swimming, physical fitness,
volleyball, mountain climbing, futsal, football, chess, ping pong, running and body
building. In terms of facilitation needs, also their needs were prioritized as
multipurpose saloons and pools. Among the obtained goals of participation in sports
activities, it can be referred to counts such as feeling of liveliness, reduced stress and
anxiety while facing accidents and improved job efficiency. In addition, the solutions
for improvement of motivation for participation is sports activities included counts
such as holding recreational trips, performance of sports activities along with families,
holding educational-sports courses and holding regular sport competitions. Lack of an
experienced coach, unsuitability of costs, exhaustion due to sports activities, and lack of
sufficient time, lack of facilities and equipment and lacking a company for exercising
were respectively considered as barriers of participation in sports activities.
With respect to the fact that until now, there had been no extensive researches
performed in the context of assessment of needs and codification of a social-sports data
bank in Iran, it seems necessary to elaborate on the problems of sports and assessment
of people’s views, especially the youths’ views regarding sports, level of participation in
sports and etc. so that the aforementioned problems are recognized and therefore a
more suitable approach is adopted for eliminating and overcoming them. As a talented
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Asghar Gomehe, Mozafar Yektayar DISCUSSING AND IDENTIFYING SPORTS REQUIREMENTS OF CLIENTS OF SPORTS FACILITIES OF
KURDISTAN PROVINCE FROM THE VIEW OF YOUTHS
province in terms of sports, the province of Kurdistan also lacks a general program for
development of sports and it lacks suitable sports facilitation according to needs of the
society and therefore its sports capita is very low.
On this basis, the researcher of the present study has tried to provide an answer
for the question: What are the sports needs of clients of Kurdistan province’s sports
facilities from the viewpoint of youths?
Methods
With respect to the aim of this research which is to discuss and identify the sports
related needs of clients of Kurdistan province’s sports facilities from the view of youths,
this study is considered as an applied research and also in terms of method it is a
descriptive survey study which was carried out under field methods.
The research population includes the entire young boys and girls of Kurdistan
province who aged between 15 and 24 years. According to the data obtained from the
Kurdistan’s statistics center, they are 305002 individuals consisted of 146683 boys and
158319 girls. Through the application of the Morgan table, the sample size as
determined as 384 individuals, however ultimately a number of 391 completed
questionnaires were collected. In addition, for the purpose of sampling, the cluster
sampling method was employed for the cities of Marivan, Sanandaj, Dehgalan,
Gharveh, Saghez, Divandarreh, Bijar and Sarvabad. After selecting the sample cities
through a simple random sampling method, the clients of sports facilities were also
selected through a simple random sampling method.
The instruments applied in this research include a researcher made
questionnaire. For this purpose, 11 experts of sports management field and sociology
were asked to give their ideas regarding the content and face validities of the
aforementioned questionnaire. The final questionnaire included30 items which were
based on five degrees Likert scale. In addition, in order to test the reliability of the
questionnaire, the Kronbach’s alpha method was employed and for this purpose, the
questionnaires were first distributed among a forty individual sample. The Kronbach’s
alpha coefficient calculated for this sample was 0.78.
For analysis of data at descriptive level, the methods abundance table,
abundance percentage, mean and standard deviation employed and also for the
purpose of analysis at inferential levels, first the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test was applied
for testing the normality of data distribution and next, the one sample t-test was applied
for comparing the sample mean with presumed society mean. After this, the Freedman
test was undertaken for prioritization of sports activities and sports related needs of
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Asghar Gomehe, Mozafar Yektayar DISCUSSING AND IDENTIFYING SPORTS REQUIREMENTS OF CLIENTS OF SPORTS FACILITIES OF
KURDISTAN PROVINCE FROM THE VIEW OF YOUTHS
clients of sports facilities. The entire statistical operations were completed via the SPSS
v.22.0 software.
Results
Demographic data obtained regarding the studied subjects in this research indicate that
48% of the sample was consisted of females and 52% was also consisted of females. In
addition, 60.3% of the total population was single and 39.7% were married. The mode of
the society is populated with youths who hold a B.A degree with a 26.7% share; this
was while only 1.5% of the sample was undereducated. Additionally, in terms of age,
the most observed abundance was associated with the age group of 18-20 years with a
36.5% total share. Respectively the lowest abundance was associated with +23 years age
group with a total share of 12%. Among the findings related to description of research
variables, it was observed that the highest mean was related to sports facilities and the
lowest was related to suitable use of sports facilities.
Results of the K-S test indicated that the entire distributions were statistically
normal (table 3); therefore parametric statistical tests were selected for analysis of data.
Table 1: Statistics of Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test
Distribution
Prioritization of activities
Status of sports facilities
Suitable use of sports facilities
Statistics
z
Research variables
p
1.19
0.86
1.19
0.11
0.46
0.12
normal
normal
normal
The Freedman test was applied for prioritization of sports activities from the view of
clients of sports facilities throughout the province of Kurdistan. The results have
indicated that there exists a significant difference between sports activities of clients of
Kurdistan province’s sports facilities; in a way that the highest priority was occupied by
Futsal while the lowest being occupied by ping pong (Table 2).
Table 2: Results of Freedman test
Number
Chi-do
Freedom degree
Significance
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
391
121.07
9
0.001
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Asghar Gomehe, Mozafar Yektayar DISCUSSING AND IDENTIFYING SPORTS REQUIREMENTS OF CLIENTS OF SPORTS FACILITIES OF
KURDISTAN PROVINCE FROM THE VIEW OF YOUTHS
Table 3: Prioritization of sports activities from the view of clients of Kurdistan Province sports
facilities
Activity
Average score
7.04
6.83
6.53
6.39
5.71
5.55
5.43
5.19
4.87
Futsal
Volleyball
Body building
Other sports
Badminton
Basketball
Wrestling
Jogging
Ping pong
Considering the normality of data distributions, the one sample t-test was used for
discussing the status of sports facilities and results have indicated that the status of
Kurdistan Province’s sports facilities is significantly unsuitable, since the observed
mean was lower than the expected statistical mean and the statistic of t was also
negative (Table 4).
Table 4: Results of the one sample t test
Variable
Suitability of sports facilities according to the
requirements of clients
Mean
2.87
F.D
Statistical mean
3
399
t
-12.23
Sig.
0.01
The Freedman test was applied for prioritization of sports related requirements from
the view of clients of sports facilities throughout the province of Kurdistan. The results
have indicated that there exists a significant difference between sports related
requirements of clients of Kurdistan province’s sports facilities table,
; in a way that
the highest priority was occupied by swimming while the lowest being occupied by
ping pong (table 6).
Table 5: Results of Freedman test
Number
Chi-do
Freedom degree
Significance
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
391
132.54
9
0.001
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Asghar Gomehe, Mozafar Yektayar DISCUSSING AND IDENTIFYING SPORTS REQUIREMENTS OF CLIENTS OF SPORTS FACILITIES OF
KURDISTAN PROVINCE FROM THE VIEW OF YOUTHS
Table 6: Prioritization of sports related requirements from the view of clients of
Kurdistan Province sports facilities
Activity
Average score
8.01
7.71
7.21
7.08
6.92
6.72
6.31
Swimming
Aerobics
Volleyball
Body building
Yoga
Badminton
Other sports
The Chi-Do test was performed for making a comparison between the priorities of
sports requirements from the view of females and the priorities from the view of males.
Results indicated that there existed a difference between the former and the latter. The
first and second priorities of females were occupied by Aerobics and Yoga while, the
priorities from the view of males were occupied by swimming and body building as the
first and second priorities in terms of sports related requirements (table, 7).
Table 7: Abundance distribution and percentage according to sports related needs of
females and males
Sig.
Chi-2
0.05
65.56
3rd
priority
Females
2nd
priority
1st
priority
3rd
priority
Males
2nd
priority
1st
priority
30
8.5
30
8.5
50
12.5
1
0.2
12
3.0
13
3.2
Abundance
20
4.0
39
9.8
18
4.5
16
4.0
35
8.8
16
4.0
Abundance
19
4.8
7
1.8
20
5.0
27
6.8
10
4.5
32
8.0
Abundance
19
4.8
43
10.8
12
3.0
17
4.2
39
9.8
9
2.2
Abundance
30
7.5
39
9.8
32
8.0
48
12.0
56
14.0
60
15.0
Abundance
40
10.0
15
3.8
28
7.0
11
2.8
4
1.0
6
1.5
Abundance
19
4.8
14
3.5
7
1.8
34
8.5
15
3.8
11
2.8
Abundance
11
2.8
10
2.5
15
3.8
11
2.8
9
2.2
20
4.0
Abundance
Abundance
percentage
Abundance
percentage
Abundance
percentage
Abundance
percentage
Abundance
percentage
Abundance
percentage
Abundance
percentage
Abundance
percentage
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
Aerobics
Badminton
Body
building
Volleyball
Swimming
Yoga
Handball
Ping pong
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Asghar Gomehe, Mozafar Yektayar DISCUSSING AND IDENTIFYING SPORTS REQUIREMENTS OF CLIENTS OF SPORTS FACILITIES OF
KURDISTAN PROVINCE FROM THE VIEW OF YOUTHS
Discussion and Conclusions
Results have indicated that a significant difference exists between the sports activities of
clients of sports facilities of Kurdistan Province; in a way that the highest priority is
occupied by Futsal and the lowest priority is occupied by Ping pong. The obtained
results are consistent with parts of the results of the research carried out by Davoodi et
al (2016) and Holzweher (2002). The reason for this consistency could be assumed to be
related to physical, psychological and other characteristics. In fact no single field of
sports is ever able to attract the entire people of a society towards itself because people
have different ideals and interests. As an explanation for this result it can be stated that
need is itself a multidimensional concept and its’ full comprehension largely depends
on sociology.
Among different definitions, the most complete and accepted upon definition is
to consider need as a type of gap analysis which expresses the gap between the current
statuses and ideal statuses. In fact when need is expressed, every individual can have
his or her special and specific needs which might be different from others’ need. Also in
terms of sports related requirements and needs, the same definition could be applied.
Considering the vast development and variability of sports fields, it can be expected to
observe a significant difference among the interesting fields of sports for each
individual. Several issues are known as contributors to this phenomenon. For example,
one of the variables which can be effective on individuals’ interest in a certain field of
sports can be age. Usually, people at younger ages are looking for more challenges and
are therefore interested in more active sports while people at older ages are usually the
fans of sports with least amount of physical engagement.
In addition to age and physical conditions, it should also be taken into account
that people have also different personalities and each individual has his or her own
specific interests. Therefore, the entire people in a certain age group cannot be expected
to be interested in a similar field of sports. For an instance, some people are interested
in sports fields which require more physical engagement while some might be
interested in sports with minimum amounts of physical engagement. Or even some
might be interested in team and co-op sports while some might be interested in singular
sports. Therefore, it seems rational to observe a difference between the priorities of
clients of sports facilities. Nevertheless, the results of this research have shown that the
status of Kurdistan province’s sports facilities is significantly unsuitable. In this regard,
the observed mean was less than the expected statistical mean and also the t statistic
was negative.
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Asghar Gomehe, Mozafar Yektayar DISCUSSING AND IDENTIFYING SPORTS REQUIREMENTS OF CLIENTS OF SPORTS FACILITIES OF
KURDISTAN PROVINCE FROM THE VIEW OF YOUTHS
The obtained results are in consistence with the results of researches performed by
Davoodi et al. (2015) and Red and Phillips (2005). Red and Philips (2005) concluded that
intensity, duration and frequency of physical activity are significantly related to the
quality of sports equipment. In addition, closeness of the sports facility is effective on
the physical activity of clients. It seems that lack of a sports related need assessment has
caused the similarity between the results of the aforementioned research and the
present study. A ports facility is a place in which athletes exercise and perform other
sports activities. Therefore, suitability of these places for satisfaction of clients is highly
important.
Sports facilities provide suitable opportunities for growth of emotions, cognition,
perception and sociality for every class of the society. Providing security for the clients
of sports facilities is one of the most important tasks of managers of such places. Several
different contexts exist in a sports facility which might be taken into consideration. One
of these contexts is equipment. In fact, sports facilities are way more than just a sports
activity place. In addition to creation of a sports facility, if we want to assess it, we
should also consider the quality of the equipment. A sports facility may be very large
and spacious but at the same time lack qualified equipment. This kind of facility will be
assessed s an unsuitable facility. Additionally, the issues related to the safety of sports
facilities are of significant importance. In fact, security is considered as an assessment
factor of sports facilities. If a sports facility is observed as an unsuitable facility in terms
of safety and security, then it might be totally evaluated as an unsuitable facility. Since
if a person feels unsafe in a sports facility, then he or she might stop using the facility,
or at least reduce his or her presence at the facility. Now, considering all these
interpretations, it can be seen that considering the ideas of clients of Kurdistan
province’s sports facilities, the sports facilities of this province are in an unsuitable
status and therefore, solutions must be sought for in this regard.
In other sections of the research, results have indicates that a significant
difference exists between the sports related needs of clients of sports facilities. In this
regard, the highest priority was occupied by swimming and the lowest priority was
also occupied by ping pong. This result is consistent with the result obtained by
Varmaghani (2013). Varmaghani (2013) concluded that swimming and body building
were the first priorities of sports related needs of the studied sample. One reason for
this consistency can be related to liveliness of swimming and other water sports.
In fact, today water sports have been able to attract several fans which are related
to the nature of this sport and its environment. With respect to the first hypothesis, it
was stated that different people with respect to variables such as personality, economic
status, different states of physical fitness etc. are oriented towards different sports
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Asghar Gomehe, Mozafar Yektayar DISCUSSING AND IDENTIFYING SPORTS REQUIREMENTS OF CLIENTS OF SPORTS FACILITIES OF
KURDISTAN PROVINCE FROM THE VIEW OF YOUTHS
fields. These people will have activities in a certain field of sports according to their
taste and the results of this research have indicated that 255 of the total population of
clients have expressed their first priority of sports needs as swimming. With respect to
the live nature of swimming and other water sports, it seems rational to observe a
difference among people in terms of their interesting field of sport. On the other hand,
nowadays also the sports field of Aerobics has been able to attract several fans and
because of its many advantages, people are showing great interest for this field of
sports. In this regard, it can be stated that media advertisements can have a very deep
impact in this trend. Since aerobics is an air intake based sports field and that the
researches have shown that aerobics can reduce weight; this sport has gained much
popularity among the communities.
Ultimately, results have shown that there exists a significant difference between
the sports related needs of females and males, who refer to sports facilities. In this
regard, the first and second priorities of girls were aerobics and yoga while the same
priorities for boys were occupied with swimming and body building. This obtained
result is consistent with parts of the results obtained by Fathi (2010) and Varmaghani
(2013). In addition, the results were inconsistent with the results obtained by Atghia
(2009) and Davoodi et al. (2015). Fathi (2010) performed a research titled as sociological
determination of students’ sports participation. He concluded that factors such as
marriage status, gender, social base, economic base etc. are in a significantly meaningful
relation with sports participation among students. It seems that with respect to
including physiological, mental, physical fitness and other characteristics, gender is the
main source of difference in type of sports need of individuals. Varmaghani (2013) in
his research on firefighters of Tehran concluded that Swimming and bodybuilding were
the first priorities from the view of firefighters.
One reason for this consistency may lie in the factor of gender. Since the
population of Iran’s firefighters is only consisted of men, based on reasons such as
improving and maintaining physical capabilities and obtaining body fitness men might
be more interested in heavier sports. On the other hand, Atghia (2009) concluded that
the priorities of sports needs of women employed in AL Zahra University included
general body building, sports related to pain caused by arthritis and osteoporosis, water
sports, sports aimed at elimination of muscular pains, training different sports fields
and ultimately jogging. One reason for the lack of consistency of the present study and
the mentioned research could lie in type of populations. Atghia’s
9 research
includes the discussion of sports needs of employed women which in addition to age
can add the job of individuals as another effective factor. Employed women are usually
interested in sports which can reduce the side effects of their jobs and their daily life
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Asghar Gomehe, Mozafar Yektayar DISCUSSING AND IDENTIFYING SPORTS REQUIREMENTS OF CLIENTS OF SPORTS FACILITIES OF
KURDISTAN PROVINCE FROM THE VIEW OF YOUTHS
and age related issues. This is while young girls are probably more interested in sports
related to general health and body fitness.in addition, Davoodi et al. (2015) have
concluded that the needs of the students of state governed universities of the city of
Tehran were prioritized as swimming, futsal, football, volleyball and badminton for
boys and swimming, badminton, volleyball and mountain hiking for girls. May be the
difference in sports facilities at disposal of the subjects of these researches have had
their impact on the interests of people and caused this lack of consistency.
In fact, despite existence of a significantly meaningful difference between males’
and females’ needs, also they can have different needs in terms of sports too. With
respect to the results of this hypothesis, it can be stated that gender is an important
effective factor on individuals’ interest in different sports fields and activities. As males
and females have different and several differences in terms of physical fitness, it seems
also rational to witness a difference among their desirable fields of sports. Usually men
are more interested in sports that require more power and physical strengths while
women mostly participate in sports which are suitable for their character. On the other
hand, also social factors are effective on this issue and in a certain society, some sports
fields might be meant for men while some other might be meant and intended for
women. Although that it is not true and men and women can equally take part in any
sports field they like, but the regulations of the society can affect the choice of
individuals. Therefore, it seems rational and logic to witness a difference between the
interesting sports from the view of male and females. Nowadays, as a result of intensive
advertisements, the sports field of aerobics has gained a significant popularity among
women and most women are oriented towards this field of sports with the goal of
losing weight. This is while aerobics is in the view of most men, women’s sports and
they prefer to participate in sports such as body building.
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