European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.51564
Volume 1│Issue 3│2016
EXAMINATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA USING
INDIVIDUALS’ RECREATION TENDENCIES
Emine Asena Çoruh1, Doç. Dr. İlhan Toksöz2, Doç. Dr. Adil Oğuzhan3
Res. “sst. Kırkpınar School of Physical Education and Sport Recreation Department,
1
Trakya University, Turkey
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kırkpınar School of Physical Education and Sport, Sport Management Department,
2
Trakya University, Turkey
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Econometrics
3
Management Department, Trakya University, Turkey
Abstract:
Nowadays, there has been an increasing count of actively social media using
individuals. This new kind of media which is used by most of the population can
generate an impact on users tendencies. Recreation activities increase individuals
quality of life and provide them some physical, social, and psychological benefits.
Individual s participation to these recreation activities facilitate development primarily
to the participant himself and then to the society. In this context, this study is an
examination of active recreation tendencies on social media using individuals. It was
conducted with 379 participants who studies at Higher Education in Sports. In order to
measure social media users active recreation tendencies, a questionnaire based on the
Recreational Exercise Motivation Measure which has the reliability and validity of
Turkish version made by Gurbuz, Asci and Celebi (2006) and originally developed by
Rogers and Morris (2003) and the Facebook Intensity Scale developed by Ellison,
Steinfield and Lampe (2010) were prepared and used. According to Cronbach Alpha
α= ,
the questionnaire found reliable. In order to analyze the results besides
descriptive statistics of socio-demographics, the questionnaire was factor analyzed and
three dimensions as physical, social and psychological tendency are obtained. Mann
Whitney U and Kruskall Wallis tests are used to determine whether there are any
significant differences.
Keywords: media, recreation, Facebook, active participation
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
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Emine Asena Çoruh, Doç. Dr. İlhan Toksöz, Doç. Dr. Adil Oğuzhan –
EXAMINATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA USING INDIVIDUALS’ RECREATION TENDENCIES
Introduction
Some of social media tools have reached one billion active users on August 2015.
(https://www.facebook.com/facebook/info?tab=milestone).
Individuals
can
connect
these tools at any time and place they want by means of an internet connection through
their smartphones and tablets without using any computer.
According to Robinson (2011) when people are on the computer in their free time
for activity, the time spent on their other free time activity decreases. Nowadays it is
possible to do almost everything through smart devices. Therefore, without the need of
being on computer all day people can take these devices with them to all places.
A study by Kramer, Guillory and Hancock (2014) (on 689,003 people) about
Facebook which has the most user count in the world and Turkey helps to explain how
people s judgments are affected by this social networking cite. The results showed that
according to news status of being positive or negative on their main pages can
manipulate the contents they share about themselves. It is suggested that people who
interact with positive sharing also share positive content about themselves, and likely
who interact with negative sharing, share negative content about themselves.
Social media is a system which people affect and also be affected by each other.
Some of studies showed that 25% of search results on internet about any brand consist
of content links made by users,
% consist of bloggers opinion about the product or
brand (Kara, 2012; Wautera, 2010). In that case, we confront the importance and the
position of social media for the process of evaluation on services that people get. During
the recent years, researchers tend towards to social media marketing because of the
possibility to steer the consumption behavior by social media. This concept generally
concentrates on the importance of consumer buying behavior. The concentration on the
recreation field should be not just on the importance of buying an activity it should also
be on experiencing or benefiting from public recreation opportunities. In order to
concentrate on these areas the tendency and interests to recreation activities should be
identified.
Literature Review
At literature review, the term recreation comes from any activity pursued during leisure
time. Leisure time shortly includes free, non-obligatory time and it is characterized as a
type of freedom (Demir N. & Demir C., 2006, s.37). According to Zorba (2007), leisure
time has three main functions which are resting, amusement and self-improvement.
When it comes to the action of gaining functions, the term recreation arises. At Turkish
Language Instruction Contemporary Turkish Dictionary, the word recreation means
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
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Emine Asena Çoruh, Doç. Dr. İlhan Toksöz, Doç. Dr. Adil Oğuzhan –
EXAMINATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA USING INDIVIDUALS’ RECREATION TENDENCIES
activities which people participate voluntarily for sport and amusement in their free
time. Thus, various activities which people act upon their free will after performing
their obligatory needs are called as recreation.
Karaküçük (2005) defines recreation as relaxing, amusing activities joined by
individuals or group when Kılbaş
as activities or experiences individuals join in
their free time to get pleasure or to gain some physical, social or emotional behaviors.
As to Stebbins (2005) recreation means activities that are providing individual
satisfaction and a chance to use his own capabilities and skills which indiviual joins
willingly in his free time and without an obligation. Similarly Cordes and Ibrahim
(1999) consider recreation as all meaningful and amusing activites to indiviuals which
they voluntary participate in their free time.
Basic needs to recreation and benefits from it can be gathered generally to three
topics Physical, Social, Psychological (Sevil, Şimşek, Katırcı, Çelik and Çeliksoy,
Kaba, 2009; Torkildsen, 2005). Fitness is the main factor of a healthy living and leisure
activities. It is divided into two as health related and skill related factors. Skill related
factors involve factors like coordination, balance, as health related factors involve
factors like cardiovascular capacity, strength, flexibility, and body composition (Kaba,
2009). Recreation activities, especially active recreation activities increase fitness
because of the structure of the activity itself Çoruh,
. “s a social creature, man s
type of relation and connection to the society he lives in directly affects his perception of
himself and his formation to wholeness with his environment (Çulha, 1987). Behaviors
gained and improved in this process of socialization affects whole life of an individual.
Social behaviors formed by planned and programed recreational activities contribute
people s life satisfaction, wellness, self-esteem and self-confidence and thus make
recreation as a service more than an activity.
Latest communication technologies provide a new media with opportunity to
share individual s thoughts and creations gathered around the aim of sharing and
discussion. This virtual platform called as social media takes an important role of
uniting people and increasing the interaction between them (Vural & Bat, 2010).
Kalafatoğlu
defines social media as online, improvable, interactive, and
connective communication channels which have groups within and participated by
intended population. Weber (2009) defines social media as online places where people
with common interests share their thoughts and comments. According to Goeldner and
Ritchie (2011), online contents created by internet users rather than professional writers
or journalists and delivered by interactive technology to other users form social media.
Hatipoğlu
called social media to a platform where people communicate with
writings, photos, videos and voice files. Likewise Eröz and Doğdubay
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
13) define
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Emine Asena Çoruh, Doç. Dr. İlhan Toksöz, Doç. Dr. Adil Oğuzhan –
EXAMINATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA USING INDIVIDUALS’ RECREATION TENDENCIES
social media as social platforms where social media users share information,
experiences, interests through the internet or mobile systems.
According to Dryer (2010) some successful social media, social networking cites
and multimedia sharing cites made a revolutionary change and gave the opportunity of
sharing and organizing information to ordinary people. A social networking cite
Facebook which is currently at top of these revolutionary cites and has the most user
count around the World was launched in 2004 by Harvard student Mark Zuckerberg.
At first the cite was just open for Harvard students but in a short period it expanded to
other college campuses, then high schools, businesses and by 2006 it was open to
everyone (Boyd ve Ellison, 2008). Just after 12 years of launching this social networking
cite is located as the most visited social networking cite all around the World
(http://www.alexa.com/topsites).
Popular and important social media cites can be in relation with each other. For
example, it is possible to share a YouTube video on Facebook In a similar way a user s
photo shared on Instagram can simultaneously be shared on Twitter. It is possible to
say that applications support each other and grow even bigger together. In order to
understand the importance of social media it is enough just to know the most three
visited sites on internet two of which are social media cites. The development of
methods and analysis on this significant and interrelated structure may give an
opportunity to use this structure with control.
Considering the literature, some studies can be found about university students
recreational activities in Turkey Sabbağ & “ksoy,
”alcı & İlhan,
M(derisoğlu & Uzun
Demirel & Harmandar,
5nder,
Mansuroğlu,
. ”ut
any study about social media and its effect on recreation could not be found.
Considering the growth rate of social media, it is important to study in this area also
within the recreation context. Some studies suggest that usage of social media can
manipulate individuals either positive or negative ways (Kramer et al., 2014) Because of
this it can be thought that the same manipulation can be on individual s recreation
tendencies. Therefore, it is important to clarify whether there is an effect of social media
on these tendencies.
The time spent on social media is usually the time individuals reserved for
themselves. In this free time, people interact with each other using their social media
accounts. For this reason, using social media also creates a virtual socialness . In this
aspect, when identifying the effect of social media usage on recreational tendencies, also
we are identifying tendencies afterwards a virtual socialness .
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
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EXAMINATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA USING INDIVIDUALS’ RECREATION TENDENCIES
Material and Methods
The students studying at sports in higher education in Turkey are the population of this
study as
students studying at Trakya University Kırkpınar School of Physical
Education and Sports in Edirne are the research sample. The study was conducted with
the approval of Trakya University Social and Human Sciences Ethical Committee. Also,
this study is driven from first author s master thesis.
The questionnaire used in this survey consists of three sections. In the first
section, there are six questions meant to identify the demographic factors which are age,
sex, department, active social media accounts and the time spent on social media. As
social media, Facebook which has the most user count was preferred and in the second
section, there are five questions about Facebook usage. Facebook questions are
prepared based on Facebook Intensity Scale developed by Elisson, Steinfield and
Lampe (2007). At the final section of the questionnaire, there are 17 questions to identify
active recreation tendencies. These final questions are prepared based on Recreational
Exercise Motivation Measure (REMM) developed by Rogers and Morris (2003) and its
Turkish validity and reliability made by G(rb(z, “şçı ve Çelebi
.
The data maintained through the questionnaire are analyzed and evaluated by
SPSS 20.0. For participants socio-demographic structure descriptive statistics were used.
Also, the questionnaire about recreation tendencies was factor analyzed and three
dimensions were obtained. Mann Whittney U and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to
examine the differences on social, physical and psychological dimensions according to
socio-demographic factors.
Results and Discussion
In this study, social media s effect on active recreation tendencies was examined. In this
context, in order to find this effect, a questionnaire was applied to social media using
participants after a literature review and empirical study was conducted. 379
participants who study at sports in higher education joined this survey.
Participants socio-demographic factors and the amount of time they spent on
social media are given on Table 1.
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EXAMINATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA USING INDIVIDUALS’ RECREATION TENDENCIES
Table 1: Socio-demographics of participants and the amount of time they spent on social media
Variables
Age
Sex
Frequency
17-21
259
68,3
22-26
111
29,3
27-31
9
2,4
Male
225
59,4
Female
154
40,6
63
16,6
Coaching Education
178
47
Sport Management
121
31,9
Recreation
17
4,5
Less than 30 minutes
54
14,2
Physical Education and Sports Teaching
Department
% Frequency
Time spent on
30-60 minutes
167
44,1
Facebook
60-90 minutes
5
1,3
153
40,4
More than 90 minutes
A total of 379 students participated to this survey with a female-male ratio of 40,6-59,4.
68,3% of students are aged between 17-21, 29,3% are aged between 22-26, and a few,
2,4% are aged between 27-31.
The distribution according to departments participants studying at is with 16,6%
Physical Education and Sports Teaching, 47% Coaching Education, 31,9% Sport
Management and finally with 4,5% Recreation. Moreover, 14,2% reported they spend
on average less than 30 minutes, 44,1% 30-60 minutes, 1,3% 60-90 minutes and 40,4%
more than 90 minutes in a day on their Facebook pages.
Table 2: Aim of Social Media Usage
Distribution of Facebook Usage Aims
Responses
N
Percent
22
4,7
5
1,1
15
3,2
344
73,8
Ability Improvement
19
4,1
Education
61
13,1
466
100
Health
Competition
Body and Outer View
Social and Fun
Total
From total 379 of participant, 359 of them answered the question about aim of social
media usage. The reason of the count is 466, because a person can use social media for
more than one reason.
As seen on Table 2 with 73,8% usage of Facebook for social reasons is far forward
from others. The other reasons don t have significant percentages as Facebook. For 5
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EXAMINATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA USING INDIVIDUALS’ RECREATION TENDENCIES
point Likert Scale s reliability analysis Cronbach “lpha Coefficiant Method was used
and the value of validity was found α= ,
. “ccording to this alpha coefficient
method, the questionnaire found reliable.
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Test was used to determine whether the questionnaire of
tendency is appropriate for factor analysis. The value of this test result was found 0,892.
This result is a well found result for KMO test and shows that the data is appropriate
for factor analysis. ”ecause of the result of ”arlett s test of sphericity is p<0,005 the
variables are also appropriate for factor analysis and the total variance are given on
Table 3.
Table 3: Total Variance Explained
Initial Eigenvalues
Component
Total
% of
Cumulat
Variance
ive %
Extraction Sums of Squared
Rotation Sums of Squared
Loadings
Loadings
Total
% of
Cumulat
Variance
ive %
Total
% of
Cumulat
Variance
ive %
1
6,226
36,626
36,626
6,226
36,626
36,626
3,783
22,253
22,253
2
2,730
16,057
52,683
2,730
16,057
52,683
3,392
19,951
42,203
3
1,267
7,453
60,136
1,267
7,453
60,136
3,049
17,932
60,136
As seen in Table, 3 dimensions are obtained from Recreation Tendency Scale. The
factors distribution in scale can be seen in the next table. According to Table 3, initial
eigenvalues obtained from factor components are in order of 6,226, 2,730 ve 1,267. As to
these values, factor distribution is appropriate.
In the same table, the value of total variance explained is 60,136. Therefore, the 3
factors explain 60,136% of total variance and it is accepted as statistically sufficient.
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EXAMINATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA USING INDIVIDUALS’ RECREATION TENDENCIES
Table 4: Rotated Component Matrix
Component
Factor 1
Factor 2
Factor 3
ES4
.742
.222
.054
ES3
.741
.219
-.033
ES15
.732
.077
.218
ES10
.708
.296
.037
ES17
.697
.250
.135
ES5
.605
.381
.027
ES7
.243
.814
.138
ES8
.204
.809
.114
ES12
.212
.752
.095
ES2
.304
.621
.126
ES11
.510
.616
.036
ES6
.513
.529
-.001
ES14
.126
-.021
.826
ES9
-.027
.201
.768
ES13
.030
.016
.758
ES1
.081
.089
.753
ES16
.100
.126
.711
The distribution of 3 dimensions are highlighted with dark color in table above. In this
survey the 3 dimensions according to the factor analysis are:
Factor 1: Physical Tendency;
Factor 2: Psychological Tendency;
Factor 3: Social Tendency.
The results examined with Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests to find the
differences of recreation tendencies scale s sub dimensions according to sociodemographic structure and the time spent on social media are shown in Table 5.
Table 5: Sub-dimensions Significance Levels of Recreation Tendencies Scale Relating to
Socio-Demographic Structure and Time Spent on Social Media
Variable
Test
Physical
Psychological
Tendency
Tendency
Social Tendency
Sex
Mann Whitney U
0,12
,000
,523
Age
Kruskal Wallis
,753
,253
,573
Department
Kruskal Wallis
,253
,069
,024
Kruskal Wallis
,365
,760
,045
Time spent on
Facebook
“s seen in Table , considering p> ,
, there aren t any significant differences between
physical, psychological and social tendency dimensions according to age.
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EXAMINATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA USING INDIVIDUALS’ RECREATION TENDENCIES
Because of p<0,05 a significant difference was found between sex and psychological
tendency. Also in the same dimension, there is a significant difference between the
departments which participants study and their sex. There are significant differences at
social tendency dimension also according to the departments which participants study
at and the time they spent in social media.
As seen in Table 4 and 5, Recreational Tendency Scale was factor analyzed and 3
dimensions were obtained. Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis Tests were used to test
whether participants have attitude differences at these sub-dimensions. At physical
tendency dimension as first dimension there aren t any significant differences found
according to age, sex, department and the time spent on social media.
At second dimension as psychological dimension, from all socio-demographic
factors, only a significant difference was found between their sex according to the test
results. The results showed that women participants have more sensitivity to
psychological dimension of recreation tendency scale. Because of this result, it is
suggested that psychologically women have more tendencies to active recreational
activities.
As the third dimension of recreation tendencies at social tendency dimension, it
is found that participants have differences according to the departments they study and
the time they spent on social media. According to Mann Whitney U test to define the
reason of the difference for department they study, it is found that student s studies at
sport management department have more social tendencies to active recreation than
other departments. As for the time spent on social media, it was found that students
spending more than 91 minutes have more social tendencies than others. Thus, it is
possible to say that students spending more time on social media have more social
outcomes.
The study about self-worth and Facebook usage shows that when usage of
Facebook increases individual s self-worth and self-esteem decreases and it is more
significant among women. Also, when the usage of Facebook increases, women s
happiness level decreases and they find their life less satisfactory Yıldırım,
, s.
.
Because of this, it should be considered that social media does not have just positive
impacts. Although the fact that social media has also negative effects, 52% of population
in Turkey uses social media and 26% of them use Facebook. So with or without negative
effect this platform should be investigated in many ways including recreation
tendencies.
Recreational activities improve individual s life quality and provide some
physical, social and psychological benefits to individuals (Zorba, 2014; Çoruh, 2013;
Roque ve Verissimo, 2011). Participation to re-creation activities give an opportunity to
develop primarily to individual himself then to the society (Erkal vd., 1998).
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 3 │ 2016
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EXAMINATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA USING INDIVIDUALS’ RECREATION TENDENCIES
The results at the study made by Kuo and Tang (2014) about Facebook usage,
personality characteristics and leisure attitudes (2014) are likely to the results obtained
in this survey. Both studies support that individuals use social media with an aim to
socialize. In this case, it is asserted that also as creating an active tendency to
recreational activity, Facebook is also a passive social recreation activity itself.
The test results about the time spent on social media showed that when people
spend more time on social media their social tendencies to active recreation activities
increase. In Kuo ve Tang s
study a positive relation was mentioned about the
time spent at social media and leisure time attitudes. Therefore supporting Kuo & Tang
(2014) it is argued that increasing social media usage increases social tendencies to
recreation activities. Due to the growth of social media the increasing usage of it, is
almost inevitable. Thus, the recreational activities should be managed and planned by
taking the importance of answering the need to socialize into consideration.
Recommendations
It is known that social networks have security flaws. Especially nowadays, there are
some
major
problems
about
information
security.
The
recreational
service
organizations prior responsibility should be the security of their users personal
information. The providers of these social media services should cooperate for
international information security and ensure its security and reliability.
It is important to exist in a platform where most of university students spend at
least 30 minutes per day. Organizations which provide recreation services need social
media accounts especially on Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and Twitter. Social media
usage increases social tendency to recreational activities. When considered the growth
of social media recreational activities need to be planned and programmed to answer
these existing and ever increasing social tendencies. Also while planning recreation
activities for an increased participation of women; the highlight should be on
psychological benefits of recreation activities.
The organizations and foundations providing recreational service should use
social media as a tool, and they should use this tool for the awareness of their services.
For example, Sport for All Federation in Turkey has several social media accounts and
by these accounts, this federation is trying to raise the awareness of physical fitness. If
these kinds of organizations and foundations use their accounts considering the gained
social tendency and plan their marketing actions in this context, they will be able to
activate people for joining recreational activity rather than promoting existing social
tendencies passively.
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EXAMINATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA USING INDIVIDUALS’ RECREATION TENDENCIES
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