This research examines the multifaceted digital transformation of tennis, analyzing the impact of new technologies on four key pillars: athlete training and performance, officiating and "smart" courts, fan experience and engagement, and emerging business models and governance. The integration of Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things through wearable sensors and "smart" equipment, and blockchain technology is radically reshaping how the sport is trained, played, watched, and managed. Technologies such as motion analysis systems, "smart" racquets, electronic officiating systems, personalized content platforms for fans, and Non-Fungible Tokens are analyzed. The research demonstrates that while these technologies offer unprecedented opportunities for performance optimization, objectivity in officiating, and deeper fan connection, they also present challenges related to adoption, regulation, commercial viability, and the need for unified governance. The research concludes that successfully navigating this new landscape requires a strategic approach that balances innovation with tradition, ensuring that technology acts as an enhancing factor for the sport rather than an end in itself.

Using basic research methods in Physical Education and Sports, the study selected 03 solutions with specific guidelines aimed at transforming the teaching and learning methods of Physical Education (PE) at Son La Medical College and applying them in practice, contributing to improving the quality of PE for students.

Using standard scientific research methods, we selected 22 speed-strength (SS) development exercises and 07 SS assessment tests with sufficient reliability and validity for male students of the Badminton Club at Hong Bang International University. Initial application in practice showed that the selected exercises positively and effectively impacted the SS level of the research subjects.

Using regular scientific research methods, the project has selected 06 solutions to innovate teaching methods for the Physical Education subject for students at Hanoi Metropolitan University in the coming time.

Social well-being is increasingly recognized as a crucial factor in defining and understanding health. In recent years, health issues have transcended the boundaries of medical science, which once held a dominant position under the positivist biomedical model. In today’s digital era, health is explored through a broader spectrum of disciplines, which include sociology, psychology, political economy, cognitive sciences and, notably, sports science. This study, following interdisciplinary paths, seeks to construct a theoretical framework that facilitates the analysis and examination of social well-being within the context of sports and exercise, addressing both the virtual and physical dimensions of reality.

This study adopted the qualitative approach of research to ascertain the female students’ access to and success in academics and sports. An investigative interview was conducted with twenty female sports students from Kumasi and Ashanti Mampong campuses of the Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (AAMUSTED) in the second semester of the 2024/2025 academic year. A semi-structured interview Guide was designed as the research instrument for this study. The data was collected within ten working days and was subjected to a Thematic data analysis. Results from the research revealed that female sports students have to master the acts of discipline, time management, and resilience in order to attain success in combining both sports and academics. Students' major challenge in combining both academics and sports is the clash between academic demands and sports demands. Sports have both positive and negative impacts on students’ academics. The sense of purpose and fulfillment, coupled with the thrill of competition and the satisfaction of pushing themselves to new limits, are the major motivators that inspire students to participate in sports. It was suggested that flexible scheduling of class and training times to accommodate both academic and athletic commitments should be inculcated, granting of scholarships to female sports students, establishment of sport governing bodies, a supportive environment, and female lecturer-coaches should be brought on board to offer help and encouragement to the female sports students in their pursuit. It was recommended among others that tertiary institutions adopt a flexible curriculum and schedule that will lessen the burden of sports students as they blend both academics and sports on campus. Scholarships, grants, and other benefits should be made available to female sports students to motivate them and inspire other female students to participate in sports.

The aim of this study is to compare the factors that motivate individuals to have fun and influence their choice of entertainment venue with various demographic variables. This descriptive study's main population consists of individuals aged 18 and over who come to Antalya Kaleiçi for entertainment purposes. Venues were selected using convenience sampling, and the individuals included in the survey were all individuals present at each venue who voluntarily participated. A questionnaire specifically developed for this study was administered face-to-face. A total of 340 questionnaires were administered in the study. The questionnaire used to collect data consists of two sections. The first section contains demographic information, while the second section includes the Factors Motivating Individuals to Have Fun Scale developed by Ardahan and Cansever (2025). The study found that individuals behave rationally when choosing entertainment venues in Antalya's Kaleiçi entertainment district, largely relying on their own personal experiences and friend recommendations; that they mostly go to entertainment venues with friends; that an average of 25% of their personal income is spent on entertainment; that income is a significant determinant of venue preference and reasons for entertainment; and that married individuals tend to prefer these venues for celebrations and nostalgia, while single individuals visit them to attract attention.

Handstand is an exercise that requires upper and lower limb strength to rotate gymnasts over the hands. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of a 6-week training program on temporal parameters during handstand exercise. The study involved 20 non-competitive female gymnasts who were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG). The intervention program lasted 6 weeks, twice a week, for 15 minutes each time and included motor skills related to the individual phases of the specific exercise. Results showed that the EG was statistically significantly superior to the CG in the time of the push leg to the vertical position. Further, although no statistically significant difference was found, there was a trend to improve the time of the swing leg to the vertical and the hand’s push-off. In conclusion, the proposed training program brings about significant improvement in the temporal parameters of motor skills related to the practice of handstand.

The present study investigates the social and demographic characteristics of participants in the contemporary running movement in Greece, interpreting the phenomenon through the theoretical lens of postmodernity. Drawing on empirical data from 3,228 runners who participated in a large-scale running event, the research examines whether the Greek running movement constitutes merely a form of recreational physical activity or a distinct social and cultural field within the broader sports system. Beyond descriptive statistical mapping, the study integrates theories of new social movements, social stratification, social capital, and systems theory, alongside postmodern sociological perspectives (Habermas, Inglehart) to interpret the structural and symbolic dimensions of participation. The findings indicate that the running movement in Greece is predominantly composed of middle-to-upper social strata, characterized by high educational attainment and relatively stable income levels. Significant gender differences persist, with male participation remaining dominant, although female presence is steadily increasing. The results suggest that running has transcended the boundaries of individual exercise and has become a postmodern field of identity construction, value expression, and symbolic transformation of public space. Participants demonstrate strong elements of individualization combined with selective forms of collective belonging, reflecting broader value shifts toward self-realization, health, autonomy, and experiential lifestyles. The study concludes that the Greek running movement functions as a distinct sports subsystem and as a postmodern social movement that redefines the relationship between social stratification, identity, and the transformation of urban space.  Article visualizations:

The decline in social cultivation among primary school students has become a prevailing issue in terms of social development, irrespective of the receding presence of the global pandemic. Consequently, primary school teachers recognize this prevailing poor social cultivation and believe that discovering a strategic pedagogical tool is incumbent upon them. This phenomenological study explored the perspectives and experiences of primary school teachers regarding social cultivation among primary school students. Further, the study explores music as a strategic pedagogical tool and its effectiveness in social cultivation. An in-depth interview was conducted with each participant, and a focus group discussion was deemed optional. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim, the compiled responses were analyzed and themes were developed. Respondents were identified through the key-informant method. The findings of the analysis point to three themes: the challenges of primary school teachers in the social cultivation among primary school students, the coping mechanisms of the primary school teachers, and the perspectives of the primary school teachers using music. The participants' attitudes and experiences allow them to recognize the pressing issue and incorporate a strategy in their instructional materials. SDG indicators: #3 (Good Health and Well-being), #4 (Quality Education)  Article visualizations:

This study investigates the relationship between social media addiction and study habits among Bachelor of Physical Education students, with gender serving as a mediating factor. It explores how social media addiction affects study habits. A quantitative research design was employed to explore how social media addiction affects study habits among Bachelor of Physical Education students. The respondents were identified through universal sampling. The researchers used two adapted questionnaires employing a five- point Likert scale to measure the levels of social media addiction and study habits. The statistical techniques used are mean, standard deviation and Pearson’s r. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between social media addiction and study habits. Gender did not mediate this relationship, suggesting no distinct patterns in how male and female students are affected. The results further implied the need for interventions to address excessive social media use among students to enhance their academic performance. These insights can help educators, policymakers, and researchers craft strategies to lessen the negative impact of social media addiction on learning behaviors in universities. By introducing more structured study routines and tackling the accompanying virtual distractions, they can run awareness campaigns and bolster digital literacy programs that empower students to engage more meaningfully with their coursework. SDG: #3 (Good health and Well Being) & #4 (Quality Education)  Article visualizations:

Indigenous sports play a significant role in upholding cultural identity and heritage, particularly among students. This study examined the correlation between indigenous sports participation and cultural preservation among Bachelor of Physical Education students. A quantitative research design was utilized, and 306 students of PAFH 4 were randomly selected. Correlation of mean, Pearson’s r, and regression analysis were employed in analyzing the data. Survey questionnaires were used as the primary means of measurement for both independent and dependent variables. Results indicated a positive correlation between engagement in indigenous sports and the preservation of the culture. In addition, regression analysis indicated that active participation in indigenous sports was a significant predictor of cultural awareness among students and efforts to preserve cultural practice. These results highlight the importance of incorporating indigenous sports in school programs because they can enhance students’ attachment to their cultural heritage. Schools can undertake promoting such activities through the development of curriculum, cultural events, and extracurricular activities to support cultural preservation as well as students’ participation further. SDG: #4 (Quality Education) & #11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities)  Article visualizations:

This study aimed to develop and implement a system of sport-specific physical fitness exercises for male student table tennis athletes at Danang Sports University, Vietnam. In response to the increasing physical demands of modern table tennis, the research addresses the need for athletes to develop superior conditioning to effectively execute complex technical and tactical skills during high-intensity competition. The study focused on key physical components that directly influence performance, including movement speed, speed-strength, speed endurance, motor coordination, flexibility, and agility. A multi-method approach was employed, incorporating documentary analysis, pedagogical observation, expert interviews, pedagogical testing, and a training experiment. Twelve male student-athletes were randomly assigned to either an experimental or a control group. Sport-specific fitness was assessed using four validated tests: a diagonal ball-collection test, a weighted racket (0.5 kg) forehand-backhand coordination test, a two-minute single-rope skipping test, and a push-up test. The experimental training program, grounded in the principles of specificity, progressive overload, and systematic organization, was conducted over 12 weeks with two sessions per week. Results indicated that the exercise system significantly improved sport-specific physical fitness in the experimental group compared to the control group, with notable gains in speed-strength, motor coordination, and speed endurance. These findings highlight the importance of designing training exercises that closely mirror the specific movement patterns and physiological requirements of the sport. This study provides both theoretical and practical foundations for table tennis training and pedagogy at the university level, offering an applicable exercise system aimed at optimizing training effectiveness and enhancing the competitive performance of student-athletes.  Article visualizations:

Society measures children’s participation in sport based primarily on athletic outcomes: wins and losses, standings, championships, or playing professionally. Because only a select few will make it to the elite level or become professional athletes, we must question what else sport has to offer our youth. This research seeks to understand organized sport as an institution of discipline that engrains lifelong habits, independent of athletic outcomes. Sport in general, like many institutions in society, places youth under a schedule of training, authority, accountability, and failure. These repetitive systems allow children to learn discipline and skills that will reach far beyond their years playing a sport. For the purpose of this study, discipline is not treated as a personality trait that one is born with, but a learned behavior that is reinforced through routine, consequence, and corporeal knowledge. Based on current literature found within sports science, developmental psychology, and education, this paper will analyze how sport engrains discipline and life skills into our youth that will follow them into adulthood. Once these traits have been better understood, we can place more value on how society, schools, and policymakers view organized sport.  Article visualizations:

The sports movement plays an important role for students. Sports contribute to improving health, developing physical fitness, and perfecting personality and social skills. At the same time, they also create a positive training environment, effectively supporting the learning process and comprehensive development. The evaluation criteria play a role in objectively reflecting the level of development, organizational effectiveness, and educational impact. Moreover, they simultaneously serve as a scientific basis for management, policy planning, and improving the quality of operations. The purpose of the research is to identify the criteria for evaluating the current status of sports activities for students at Vinh Long University of Technology Education, Vietnam. The research employs methods such as literature review, interviews, and statistical analysis to effectively address the research content. The research subjects include 200 sophomores from Vinh Long University of Technology Education, Vietnam, and 12 individuals who are management staff and experts with experience and long-standing service in the field of school sports. The research results have identified the criteria for evaluating the sports movement for students at Vinh Long University of Technology Education with 07 quantitative evaluation criteria and 11 qualitative evaluation criteria.  Article visualizations:

Assessing the current state of the Music and Dance subject in the undergraduate training program at Danang University of Sports and Physical Education, [1][5] thereby developing methods and solutions to promote the role of music and dance to enhance students' learning outcomes during their training and to meet the practical needs of society when students graduate and enter the workforce. [3]  Article visualizations:

Basketball is a competitive team sport, and both teams play on the same court. In basketball talent development, athlete selection is a crucial step that determines the quality of training and competition performance. Applying scientific standards helps to identify talented athletes early, creating a solid foundation for sustainable training and development. The research aims to determine the selection criteria for 11–12-year-old male basketball, track and field athletes at Thu Dau Mot City, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam. The study uses standard research methods in the field of sports science to address the research content, such as: document analysis and synthesis, interviews, pedagogical testing, pedagogical observation, anthropometry, psychological testing, and statistical mathematics. Research subjects: 100 male athletes aged 11-12 at Thu Dau Mot City, conducted at Thu Dau Mot City, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam, interviewed 20 individuals (experts, scientists, professionals, coaches, and basketball managers). The results identified 14 criteria for selecting male basketball players aged 11-12 at Thu Dau Mot City, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam, including: Morphology (2 criteria): Standing height, Arm span; Physical fitness (5 criteria): Standing high jump, 20m sprint, T-Test, Hexagon jump, Defensive slide; Technical skills (4 criteria): Zigzag dribbling, 30-second ball movement, 2-point moving shooting - 5 positions, 3-point moving shooting - 5 positions; Sports psychology and motivation (1 criterion): Observation of experimental competition performance; Development potential (2 criteria): Training progress, Intensive training adaptability.  Article visualizations:

Autochthonous botanical supplements (ABS) refer to locally sourced plant-based products traditionally used for their medicinal, nutritional, or therapeutic properties. While the use of supplements is not inherently banned in sports, emerging evidence reveals cases of professional athletes being entangled in controversial and contestable doping allegations linked to ABS usage. This study was therefore designed to determine the impact of athletes’ attitudes, knowledge, and awareness on their beliefs about ABS in Oyo State, Nigeria. Equally, the study determined the pattern of usage of ABS among athletes. Using structural equation modeling for our data analysis, our findings indicate that the total effect of athletes' attitudes toward ABS on their beliefs was the most significant, effectively doubling the direct impact of knowledge regarding these supplements. This observation also holds for the direct effects of both attitude and knowledge, while awareness exhibited a very weak positive effect. Additionally, the mediating effect of awareness rendered the indirect effects of attitude and knowledge equivalent in magnitude, both moving in a positive direction. The study concluded that athletes' awareness of ABS closes the gap that exists in the effect of knowledge and attitude on their beliefs about autochthonous botanical supplements.  Article visualizations:

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a 12-week structured neuromuscular training intervention on lower-limb explosive performance, specifically jump height, maximal force, and maximal power in U-13 male soccer players. Fifty-seven youth soccer players (mean age = 12.5 ± 0.6 years) from four U-13 teams in Tirana, Albania, were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 28) or a control group (n = 29). The intervention group completed a structured neuromuscular training program three times per week (15 minutes per session) focusing on coordination, running technique, reaction time, jumping, and multidirectional sprinting, while the control group continued routine soccer training. Explosive performance was assessed before and after the intervention using the Leonardo force platform during a Single Two-Leg Jump (S2LJ). A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of Time (pre, post) and Type of Intervention (intervention, control). Significant main effects of Time were observed for jump height, maximal force, and maximal power (p < .001), indicating overall improvements across the study period. Significant Time × Type of Intervention interactions were found for all three variables (p < .05), demonstrating greater time-related improvements in the intervention group compared with the control group. Jump height showed the largest intervention effect, followed by maximal force, while maximal power exhibited a smaller but still significant interaction effect. Between-subjects effects were significant for jump height, whereas force and power adaptations were primarily reflected in longitudinal interaction effects. A short, low-volume neuromuscular training intervention integrated into regular soccer practice significantly enhances lower-limb explosive performance in U-13 male soccer players. The findings highlight that jump height, maximal force, and maximal power respond differently to neuromuscular training during early adolescence and underscore the importance of multidimensional force-platform assessment. Incorporating targeted neuromuscular exercises into youth soccer training programs appears to be an effective strategy for optimizing explosive performance development.  Article visualizations:

Using traditional research methods, 18 exercises were selected for application in the Badminton elective course. Initial practical application has demonstrated high efficiency in developing the physical fitness of female students enrolled in the Badminton elective at Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade.  Article visualizations:

Background: Recreational physical activity is a cost-effective way to stem rising non-communicable disease in African children, yet evidence is scattered. Objective: To synthesise primary studies published between January 2015 and June 2025 on the impact of recreational physical activity on the physical fitness and physiological health of African pupils aged six to twelve years. Methods: Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, five databases were searched for peer-reviewed English-language studies evaluating sports, active play or school programmes; systematic reviews were excluded. Results: Six studies met criteria: three cluster randomised controlled trials and three cross-sectional surveys from Egypt, Ghana, the Ivory Coast, Tanzania and South Africa. Structured activity improved coordination, leg strength and shuttle-run endurance. Interventions with trained teachers and equipment additionally lowered waist circumference, resting blood pressure, glycated haemoglobin and lipid ratios. Observational data revealed a dose–response between daily moderate to vigorous activity and estimated maximal oxygen uptake. Children in rural settings were more active and fitter than those in urban townships. Girls engaged in less vigorous activity but, when active, equalled or surpassed boys on selected fitness tests. Conclusion: Although the evidence base is small, it consistently shows that well-delivered recreational physical activity yields measurable gains in cardiovascular and musculoskeletal fitness and early metabolic health in African primary school children. Policies ensuring teacher training, safe play spaces and inclusive activity opportunities are essential.   Article visualizations:

This study addresses a critical gap in endurance development for adolescent male lightweight rowers by designing and evaluating a rowing-specific strength-endurance training program tailored to their physiological characteristics and competitive demands. Conducted at the Danang National Sports Training Center in Vietnam, this mixed-methods study incorporated literature review, expert interviews (n = 26), pedagogical observations, and a six-month training intervention. Twenty male rowers aged 17–18 were randomly divided into experimental (n = 10) and control (n = 10) groups. The experimental group followed a specialized, periodized endurance training regimen, while the control group continued their regular training. Performance was assessed before and after the intervention using six validated indicators: 2000m rowing time, VO₂max, 1000m split-time variability, pull-up and push-up endurance, and anaerobic power. The experimental group showed statistically significant improvements across all indicators (p < 0.05), with gains ranging from 8.2% to 44.2%, while the control group exhibited only marginal, non-significant changes. Key exercises, such as timed 2000m rowing, resistance-based pulling, and 1000m repeated runs, received over 85% consensus among experts for their relevance and effectiveness. These findings underscore the importance of integrating sport-specific, structured strength-endurance training to enhance aerobic and anaerobic capacity, muscular endurance, and pacing efficiency in youth rowing. This study provides a scientifically grounded model for optimizing endurance performance in adolescent rowers and offers practical guidance for coaches and sports training centers, particularly in developing countries. Future research should explore long-term adaptations and assess the model's applicability across different age groups and rowing disciplines.  Article visualizations:

The study was undertaken to assess the effect of weight reduction on the physical fitness of male traditional martial arts athletes from Ca Mau province, Vietnam, during the preparation phase for competition. The study monitored ten male traditional martial arts athletes from Ca Mau province, Vietnam, during a 15-day weight reduction period prior to competition. The research methodologies employed encompass document analysis and synthesis, interviews, biomedical techniques, pedagogical assessments, and statistical mathematics. The study results demonstrate that after a 15-day weight loss period, the athletes' body mass significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05), while the reduction in body fat percentage was not statistically significant. The process of losing weight causes mild depletion, which can have an effect on the athlete's body functions and overall fitness. The outcomes of all physical fitness assessments following weight loss were inferior to those conducted prior to weight loss, and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The research findings offer a scientific foundation for the selection and implementation of suitable weight loss strategies, with the goal of minimizing adverse effects on physical fitness and enhancing the competitive performance of traditional martial arts athletes.  Article visualizations:

Self-esteem and dance imagery are crucial in shaping students’ confidence, motivation, and performance in physical education. Hence, this study explored the relationship between self-esteem and dance imagery among Bachelor of Physical Education students. A quantitative research design was employed, using standardized self-esteem and dance imagery scales to gather data from 230 respondents. Due to the non-normal distribution of data, the mean and Spearman’s rho were used for analysis. Universal sampling was applied, ensuring the population was included to complete representation without selection bias, and survey questionnaires were the primary research instrument for measuring the dependent and independent variables. The results showed a significant correlation between self-esteem and dance imagery. Moreover, regression analysis identified performance self-esteem as the strongest predictor among the three indicators. Consequently, these findings highlight the importance of self-esteem in enhancing dance imagery, which may contribute to better student performance. Strategies such as mentorship, performance exposure, and visualization techniques can further support skill development in physical education students. SDG: #3 (Good health and Well Being) & #4 (Quality Education)  Article visualizations:

This study determined the level of teacher effectiveness and achievement emotions of physical activity, health, and fitness among students to point out their perception of the relationship between teacher effectiveness and achievement emotions. It also scrutinized the relationship between these variables. Quantitative research design was implemented, using the modified survey instrument to collect data from a sample size of 364 PAHF 1 students in Davao City, a Non-Sectarian University. Moreover, the study employed a descriptive-correlational design. This study used statistical analysis to determine the importance and direction of the relationship between these two variables. The descriptive-correlational technique was applied, and Spearman's rho was used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that effective communication and pride were very high, and the learning environment and enjoyment levels were also high. In contrast, the subject matter knowledge and anxiety levels were very low. Furthermore, the findings found a very low, significantly positive relationship between teacher effectiveness and achievement emotion. Achievement emotions have significance for greater reasons than just academic performance; they have ties to students' motivation and mental wellness, while understanding this influence enables the school educators to see how vital they are in influencing students' emotional reaction. SDG: #3 (Good health and Well Being) & #4 (Quality Education)  Article visualizations:

Emotional intelligence significantly contributes to stress management, the building of resilience, and the motivation of the students, particularly in the aspect of physical activities and leisure. Despite the existence of widespread studies on the benefits of physical activities, none have addressed the direct effect of emotional intelligence on participation in such activities by students. This study fills this gap by examining the relationship between emotional intelligence and participation in leisure and physical activities by PAHFit students at the University of Mindanao. A quantitative descriptive-correlational approach was used in this study, and data were collected from 306 PAHFit students through an adapted and validated questionnaire. The statistical tools used in this study were mean, standard deviation, Spearman's rho, and regression analysis. Descriptive statistics showed high emotional intelligence among students, especially in self-awareness, while emotion regulation was moderate. They also had high participation in physical activity and leisure, mainly driven by enjoyment and physical well-being rather than external expectations. Using Spearman’s rho correlation and regression analysis, findings further revealed a positive, significant, and moderate relationship between emotional intelligence and physical activity. These results emphasize the need to include emotional intelligence development as part of school physical education programs to enhance motivation and emotional regulation abilities in students. Peer-facilitated fitness activities and mindfulness instruction need to be integrated into university programs to promote emotional health and exercise participation in the long term. Longitudinal behavioral patterns and intervention techniques that continue to strengthen the link between exercise and emotional intelligence need to be examined in follow-up studies to promote the health and academic achievement of students. SDG: #3 (Good health and Well Being) & #4 (Quality Education)  Article visualizations:

Table tennis is one of the earliest established sports and has gained widespread popularity, attracting a large number of participants. In table tennis training and competition, physical fitness plays a fundamental role and is a key factor determining the effectiveness of technical–tactical performance as well as the improvement of athletes’ competitive results. The purpose of this study was to select appropriate physical fitness development exercises for male table tennis players aged 12–13 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The study employed research methods including literature review, expert consultation, pedagogical testing, and mathematical statistics to address the research objectives. The research participants consisted of six male table tennis players aged 12–13 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The research has identified 26 physical fitness development exercises for talented male table tennis players aged 12–13 in Ho Chi Minh City, including 7 general physical fitness exercises and 19 professional physical fitness exercises. The application of these 26 selected exercises in practical training showed that, after the experimental period, the average growth rate of general physical fitness   reached 3.80%, and the average growth rate of professional physical fitness  reached 6.01%.  Article visualizations:

The purpose of this study was to analyze anxiety levels in female pencak silat athletes in Gunung Kidul Regency, Indonesia. This study was quantitative with a cross-sectional survey approach. The sample consisted of seven female pencak silat athletes aged 16–20 years. This research instrument uses the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Revised (CSAI-2R). Data analysis based on descriptive percentage with categories: 0% - 20% 'very low', 21% - 40% 'low', 41% - 60% 'sufficient', 61% - 80% 'high', 81% - 100% 'very high'. The results of this study are the level of anxiety in the category of female athletes in pencak silat of 59.78%. These findings indicate that athletes possess the psychological ability to adapt to the demands of training and competition, yet still face mental stress that can potentially impact optimal performance. Therefore, the role of coaches, parents, friends, sports organizations or clubs, and structured mental training are key factors in helping athletes manage anxiety adaptively. Future research is recommended to use longitudinal or experimental designs and incorporate other psychological variables to gain a more comprehensive understanding.  Article visualizations:

Extracurricular sports activities are voluntary athletic pursuits arranged outside of regular class hours, tailored to the interests, gender, age, and health of students and university students. Extracurricular sports activities constitute a vital element of school athletics and serve as a key avenue for fulfilling the aims and objectives of school sports. The objective of this study is to establish a model of extracurricular activities organization for students residing in the Can Tho University dormitory, Vietnam. The research employed established scientific methodologies, including document synthesis and analysis, interviews, and statistical computations, to fulfill the research objectives. The research participants consisted of 27 administrators and lecturers, along with 392 students residing in the Can Tho University dormitory. The research findings have identified the following modalities of extracurricular physical education and sports organization for students residing in the Can Tho University dormitory: individual training, team training, and sports club training among students. The results demonstrate that the newly implemented form of extracurricular sports training is effective; however, the difference is not statistically significant (sig > 0.05). Additionally, the number of students engaging in extracurricular sports training increased more than prior to the experiment (sig < 0.05).  Article visualizations:

This article reviews psychological interventions for building self-confidence and reducing fear of failure in youth soccer players. Research in sports psychology and the experience of elite soccer coaches both point to the effectiveness of a supportive, mastery-based approach. To reduce youth players’ fear of failure, coaches should prioritize building a growth mindset, teaching mental skills, and positive coaching. The article describes relevant literature on confidence and fear in sports, evidence-based interventions, and applications to soccer coaching for players and teams. Case study examples from coaching practice illustrate these approaches in action. The goal is to provide coaches and sport psychologists with effective tools to help young athletes overcome fear and thrive under pressure, resulting in better performance and player retention and well-being.  Article visualizations:

This study was conducted to examine the effect of the Physical Education and Games Teaching course on certain physical fitness parameters of teacher candidates. The study group consisted of a total of 54 teacher candidates, including 27 who were enrolled in the Physical Education and Games Teaching course and 27 who were not (control group), all of whom were studying at the Faculties of Education of universities. Participants were divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The study was conducted with second- and third-year students who had taken the Physical Education and Games Teaching course and first-year students who had not taken the course. In the study, balance, agility, flexibility, and vertical jump tests were administered to determine the participants' physical fitness components. Statistical analyses of the obtained data were performed using the IBM SPSS 25.0 statistical package programme. The Shapiro-Wilk Test was used to examine whether the variables in the research data showed a normal distribution. Matched pairs showing a normal distribution were analysed using the Paired Sample t-test. As a result, it was found that the Physical Education and Games Teaching course had a positive effect on balance and flexibility performance (p<0.05) but no significant change in agility and vertical jump parameters (p>0.05). In the control group, there was no statistically significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores for all variables of balance, agility, flexibility, and vertical jump (p>0.05). The findings indicate that the Physical Education and Games Teaching course is effective in improving balance and flexibility performance among teacher candidates but does not have a significant effect on agility and vertical jump performance.  Article visualizations:

Ball games occupied an important place in ancient Roman physical culture, functioning not only as leisure activities but also as structured forms of exercise and military preparation. This study examines three principal Roman ball games—trigon, paganica, and harpastum—together with the characteristics of the balls used in each, drawing on literary, archaeological, and comparative historical sources. Trigon was primarily a skill-based throwing game involving three players arranged in a triangular formation. Using a small, tightly stuffed ball (pila trigonalis), players emphasized speed, coordination, and dexterity, particularly through left-handed catching and throwing. Literary accounts, especially those of Martial, highlight misdirection, rapid exchanges, and the prestige associated with technical mastery. The game’s emphasis on agility and precision suggests its role in refining motor skills rather than physical dominance. Paganica, less frequently mentioned in ancient sources, occupied an intermediate position in terms of ball size and weight. Filled with feathers and heavier than the follis but larger than the trigon ball, the paganica appears to have supported moderate-intensity play, although the precise nature of the associated sport remains unclear. Despite limited references, it reflects the Roman tendency to differentiate physical exercises according to ball size and function. Harpastum stands out as the most physically demanding and well-documented Roman ball game. Derived from the Greek episkyros, it was a competitive team sport played with a small, hard ball on a marked rectangular field. Characterized by intense physical contact, rapid movement, and tactical coordination, harpastum required strength, endurance, and agility. Ancient authors frequently describe its violence and exhausting nature, and Roman military sources suggest it was used as training for soldiers. Together, these games illustrate the diversity of Roman ball sports and their integration into health practices, social life, and military training.  Article visualizations:

In this study, it is aimed to make current comments about some sports organizations held in Ancient Greece. A literature review was conducted. The ancient Greeks invented some sports and improved others. Today, the origin of the modern Olympics is connected to the sports games organized in ancient Greece. These games are famous as the Olympic games, the panhellenic games, the Hera games in which only women participate, the Pythian, Isthmian, Nemean and Asclepia Games. It is also known as the birthplace of marathon sport. It is known that the Olympic Games started with athletics in 776 BC to honor Zeus, the king of the gods. Later, other sports were added. Sportive games, which started in ancient Greece in honor of the Gods and were celebrated with festivals, continued at certain intervals (Olympics every 4 years). Although wreaths of olive branches were given as awards in the beginning, the awards have changed over time. An interesting situation in the ancient Greek period is that there were sports games exclusively for women.  Article visualizations:

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a core strength training program on  balance and flexibility performance in young football players. A total of 20 licensed male football players between the ages of 18 and 21 who were doing regular football training participated voluntarily in the study. Participants were randomly divided into two groups as experimental (n:10, age: 18.80±0.91) and control (n:10, age: 19.60±1.34) groups.  The experimental group received a core strength training program in addition to football training 3 days a week for 6 weeks. Both groups continued their normal football training.  Balance and flexibility values were measured before and after the core strength training program. Balance performances of the subjects were measured with Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and Flamingo Balance Test (FBT). Flexibility performance was measured with Sit and Reach test. SPSS 22.0 package program was used to obtain statistical results. Shapiro-Wilk test was used for normality test. Paired Samples T test was used for intra-group comparisons and Independent Samples T Test was used for inter-group comparisons. Significance level was determined as p<0.05. A positive significance was found in the balance and flexibility values of the experimental group after the core strength training program (p<0.05). As a result, it can be said that the 6- week core strength training program applied to young football players has a positive effect on balance and flexibility parameters.  Article visualizations:

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate 6th-grade students` perceived competence (PC) and enjoyment in physical education (PE) across three different contexts: basketball, dance and outdoor activities. We used the Intrinsic Motivation Index (IMI) to measure PC, alongside the modified Satisfaction in Sport Scale, following teaching sessions with basketball, dance and outdoor activities as contexts for 6th-graders (N=37). Girls reported significantly higher PC in dance compared to boys, while no significant differences were found in basketball and outdoor activities. Girls showed significantly higher PC scores in outdoor activities compared to basketball, whereas boys scored significantly lower in PC for dance compared to basketball and outdoor activities. PC in PE accounted for 25% of enjoyment among 6th-grade students. The results provide a more nuanced understanding of the complexities surrounding PC and enjoyment in PE. Preparing and implementing each teaching session with carefully selected content, teaching methods and organizational forms may contribute to a high level of mastery and enjoyment, which in turn may enhance positive motivational processes and foster lifelong interest in physical activity among students.  Article visualizations:

In modern volleyball, technical proficiency is considered a fundamental determinant of competitive performance. Hence, the study was conducted to propose technical-performance tests in order to assess the current technical level and technical development of male volleyball athletes of the Saigon University team, Vietnam. To do it, the study employed document analysis and synthesis, expert surveys, pedagogical testing, and statistical methods. The research participants included 20 male athletes from the Saigon University volleyball team and 30 experts, specialists, and lecturers with extensive experience in volleyball coaching and training. Eight tests has been selected as follows: Serve reception from position 5 to position 3 (times), Topspin jump serves to the deep court (last 3 m) (times), Float jump serves to the deep court (last 3 m) (times), Outside attack from position 4 (times), Right-side attack from position (times), Quick middle attack from position 3 (times), Overhead set from zone 3 to zone 4 following reception from zone 5 (times), and Overhead set from zone 3 to zone 2 following reception from zone 5 (times). After one year of training, the athletes’ performances in all of the technical tests have shown improvements, with growth rates ranging from 4.55% to 6.27%. These improvements were noted statistically significant (P < 0.001).  Article visualizations:

This study determined the relationship between sex, physical fitness factors, and volleyball skills among junior high school student-athletes from the Davao Association of Catholic Schools (DACs) in Davao City. Using a descriptive-correlational design, the study involved 60 volleyball players selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using the mean, standard deviation, and Chi-square test of independence. Results revealed that both physical fitness and volleyball skills were at a moderate level, with males showing slightly higher performance than females. Among the physical fitness factors, speed and agility were very high, power and reaction time were high, while balance and coordination were low. Similarly, underarm serve and forearm pass were moderate, whereas overhand serve, smash, and blocking were low. A significant relationship was found between sex, physical fitness, and volleyball skills, indicating performance variation due to biological and physiological factors. Based on the findings, a Volleyball Fitness and Skill Enhancement Training Plan (VFSETP) was developed to address weak areas through a structured, gender-responsive, and progressive training approach anchored on Simpson’s Psychomotor Domain Theory and Ericsson’s Theory of Deliberate Practice.  Article visualizations:

In the intense world of sports, athletes push their limits to achieve peak performance, battling stress, pressure, and fierce competition. This study aims to explore the levels and perception of competitive anxiety among student-athletes and ascertain that the quantitative data corroborate with the qualitative data, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 and 4, which focus on well-being and quality education. The theoretical framework is grounded in the Multidimensional Theory of Anxiety. A total of 204 student-athletes participated in this research, utilizing a convergent parallel mixed-methods design. The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Revised (CSAI-2R) and semi-structured interviews were used to measure and interpret competitive anxiety levels. The quantitative findings revealed that student-athletes experience moderate levels of competitive anxiety, which is reflected in mental stress, physical tension, and varying degrees of self-confidence. Cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety are the most noticeable aspects affecting student-athlete's ability to maintain focus and manage pressure. It also implies that even moderate anxiety reduces self-confidence and hence impairs performance. The qualitative data supported the quantitative findings, demonstrating that student-athletes frequently feel mental and physical stress through competitions and that psychological readiness and coping methods determine their competitive experiences. The results suggest that educational institutions should integrate tailored and evidence-based mental health strategies and prioritize sustainable interventions to help athletes manage anxiety effectively. Coaches should develop tailored mental health programs to support student-athletes' overall well-being. This study emphasizes balancing sports performance with mental wellness to create a healthier competitive environment. SDG: #3 (Good Health and Well-being), #4 (Quality Education)Article visualizations:

Futsal is a sport widely favored by students as it not only supports physical development but also fosters coordination, tactical thinking, and teamwork. This study aims to select and apply specialized physical-fitness exercises for the boys’ futsal team at Long Hung Secondary and High School, Can Tho City. The participants included 20 male student-athletes from the school team and 25 experts, coaches, and physical education teachers. The research used document analysis, expert surveys, pedagogical testing, pedagogical experiments, and statistical methods. The study successfully selected ten tests assessing sport-specific fitness and forty-two specialized training exercises most suited to school-level futsal. After a 12-week intervention (three sessions per week), the athletes showed marked improvement across all ten indicators, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Compared to pre-experiment results, there was a notable increase in speed, speed-strength, endurance, and agility after the experiment.  Article visualizations:

The evaluation criteria for the physical education curriculum play an important role in determining its relevance, effectiveness, and overall quality; they serve as a key basis for reviewing, assessing, and adjusting the program. The purpose of this study is to identify the evaluation criteria for the Physical Education curriculum for students at Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam (CTUMP). The research employs methods of literature synthesis and analysis, surveys, and statistical processing to address the research objectives. The study subjects include 18 experts and administrators with experience in physical education nationwide, and 724 students from cohort 49 of  Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy. The results identified three components with 26 evaluation criteria for the Physical Education curriculum: (1) Objectives and learning outcomes of the program (11 criteria), (2) Program volume, structure, and content (8 criteria), and (3) Conditions ensuring effective program implementation (7 criteria).  Article visualizations:

In the process of studying and practicing sports such as table tennis, badminton, and Pickleball, the psychological factor of competition plays a particularly important role, deciding the effectiveness of technical implementation, tactics and overall achievements. This article focuses on analyzing the role of psychological preparation in competitive sports with nets, including Table Tennis, Badminton and Pickleball. Through synthesizing theoretical foundations, practical surveys and analyzing psychological characteristics of students, the study shows that proper psychological preparation helps learners improve their self-confidence, emotional stability, and flexible response in competition. From there, the article proposes a number of practical measures in teaching to improve the quality of sports training in the higher education environment.  Article visualizations:

A well-established positive relationship exists between strength training and soccer performance, as well-designed resistance-based programs can enhance both aerobic and anaerobic capacities, which are essential for the sport. The present study aimed to examine the long-term effects of complex and contrast strength training on aerobic and anaerobic endurance performance in soccer players. The study sample consisted of 30 male athletes (mean height: 180.53 ± 6.339 cm; mean weight: 72.97 ± 7.421 kg; mean age: 18.10 ± 0.712 years) from the Gaziantep F.K. soccer team, competing in the TFF Development League during the 2024–2025 season. Utilizing an experimental design with pre-test and post-test control groups, the research employed quantitative methods to assess changes over time. Baseline aerobic and anaerobic endurance tests were conducted over the first two days, after which participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: complex training, contrast training, or a control group. In addition to regular team practices, the complex and contrast training groups completed 24 training sessions over eight weeks (three sessions per week), while the control group continued with standard weekly training only. Following the intervention period, post-tests for aerobic and anaerobic endurance were administered. Data analysis involved paired sample t-tests for within-group comparisons, one-way ANOVA for between-group differences, and LSD tests for multiple comparisons, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. The results indicated that both complex and contrast training significantly improved aerobic and anaerobic endurance compared to the control group (p < 0.05), with notable gains observed in the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (IFT) and Vertical Jump Test. However, no significant differences were found between the complex and contrast training groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the eight-week intervention yielded significant improvements in both aerobic and anaerobic performance among soccer players, suggesting that incorporating complex and contrast strength training into conditioning programs can effectively enhance soccer-specific endurance capacities.  Article visualizations:

Physical fitness refers to the body’s capacity to perform physical activities and plays a pivotal role in maintaining health and promoting human physical development. For university students, physical fitness is particularly important, as they represent the core intellectual workforce of the nation in the near future. This study aims to identify a set of tests that can accurately, comprehensively, and scientifically assess the physical fitness of female students at Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam. The research employed commonly used scientific methods in the field of sport sciences, including document synthesis and analysis, interviews, pedagogical testing, and statistical analysis, to determine appropriate tests for assessing the general physical fitness of female students at Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, and to evaluate physical fitness according to Decision No. 53/2008/QĐ-BGD&ĐT of the Ministry of Education and Training. The study sample consisted of 1,185 female students. Research findings identified five tests for evaluating the general physical fitness of students at the university, including: Standing long jump (cm), 30-m sprint (s), 4×10-m shuttle run (s), 5-minute run (m), and Sit-and-reach (cm). Based on the criteria of the Ministry of Education and Training, the physical fitness of female students at Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy was classified as follows: 4.64% ranked Good, 9.37% ranked average, and 85.99% of them could not meet the standard.  Article visualizations:

Motor skills and physical fitness play an important and decisive role in physical activities that improve health, especially for individuals at the school age. The purpose is to identify the criteria through which the current status of motor skills and physical fitness of 4th-grade students at Viet My Primary School, District 11, Ho Chi Minh City. Using research methods such as document synthesis, pedagogical observation, expert interviews and statistical analysis, the study assessed the current status of motor skills and physical fitness of 4th grade students at Viet My Primary School, District 11, Ho Chi Minh City during the process of participating in the study of Physical Education through 4 criteria to assess motor skills and 4 criteria to assess physical fitness based on the regulations of the Ministry of Education and Training. The results showed that the physical fitness of students was at a low average level and the motor skills of students were at a level that did not meet the requirements. Therefore, this will be the premise, helping the study have a basis to propose appropriate exercise exercises for students to improve their physical fitness and motor skills during the study of Physical Education at school.  Article visualizations:

This paper assessed the extent of implementation of sports programs in selected divisions of the National Capital Region (NCR), utilizing the Philippine Sports Commission’s Strategic Plan during the school year 2024-2025. One hundred fourteen coaches served as respondents and were purposively sampled from three divisions: Division A, Division B, and Division C. The study employed a descriptive-comparative design using a structured questionnaire anchored on sports governance, sports promotion and awareness, sports accessibility, high-performance sports development, sports infrastructure and support, and sport linkages. Findings revealed that the extent of implementation, all sports programs across all divisions were generally “implemented” with sports governance (x̄=3.05) ranked highest, while sports infrastructure and support (x̄=2.67) were the least implemented. The extent of implementation revealed no significant differences in assessment when respondents were grouped according to division, age, and sports affiliation. The study concludes that the sports program in the National Capital Region is aligned with the Philippine Sports Commission’s strategic plan. However, gaps remain in the system's monitoring and evaluation, consistent public campaigns, accessibility, maintenance, and upgrading of sports facilities, a well-defined training program, and collaboration with research institutions.  Article visualizations:

This study investigates the willingness-to-pay (WTP) of amateur long-distance runners for the implementation of environmentally sustainable initiatives during competitive running events, beyond the standard registration fee. A sample of 327 amateur runners (226 males, 101 females) was recruited through snowball sampling and completed an online survey disseminated via Facebook over six weeks. The questionnaire encompassed demographic and socioeconomic variables, general WTP, participants’ perceptions of event attributes and specific environmental measures, alongside their environmental attitudes relating to the purchase of eco-friendly products. Respondents were also requested to quantify their additional monetary contribution beyond the participation cost. Findings reveal that the majority of participants exhibit a high WTP for eco-friendly interventions in race organization. Organizational and environmental event factors predominantly influenced specific environmental actions that were highly valued, yet overall positive engagement. Among the independent variables examined, only gender demonstrated a statistically significant effect, suggesting the need for further exploration. This research is pioneering within the Greek context, aligning with comparable international studies, and uniquely provides a quantitative assessment of WTP. The results offer critical insights for event organizers regarding the financial viability of integrating sustainable practices. Future research should expand on these findings with larger, more representative samples, incorporating motivational factors and perceived service quality as predictors of WTP.  Article visualizations:

A aptidão física relacionada ao desempenho é fundamental para o rendimento da pessoa com deficiência em uma atividade esportiva, através da análise de seus componentes é possível identificar limitações e potencialidades de cada praticante, em busca de proporcionar melhores condições de treinamento e desempenho. O Goalball é uma modalidade criada para pessoas com deficiência visual e busca desenvolver habilidades motoras e cognitivas além de melhorar sua autoestima e confiança. Esse estudo tem como objetivo descrever a aptidão física de pessoas com deficiência visual, praticantes da modalidade Goalball. Foram realizadas avaliações em 11 atletas, com idade entre 22 à 47 anos. Analisamos aspectos como força de preensão manual (FPM) esquerda/direita, velocidade (V) e potência de membros superiores (PMS). A partir da média das idades dos atletas feminino (F) 34,8 (土8,52) e masculino (M) 37,5 (土3,69), tivemos os seguintes resultados do grupo F em PMS 2,68 (土1,38), FPM direita 20,26 (土8,30), FPM esquerda 18,12 (土6,7) e V 8,82 (土5,95). No grupo M obtivemos em PMS 4,38 (土1,26), FPM direita 51,45 (土7,13), FPM esquerda 48,37 (土8,31) e V 5,21 (土1,22 O estudo tem resultados abaixo do esperado quando comparado com a literatura, já que a V demonstrou resultados significativos em nossa amostra, realizada com pessoas com deficiência visual. Dessa forma, ao identificar os aspectos da aptidão física relacionados ao desempenho da amostra investigada durante a prática esportiva, é possível adaptar às necessidades e capacidades específicas de cada grupo, promovendo uma abordagem mais eficaz ao treinamento de goalball.disabilities in sports. By analyzing its components, it is possible to identify each participant's limitations and potential, seeking to provide better training and performance conditions. Goalball is a sport created for people with visual impairments and aims to develop motor and cognitive skills, as well as improve their self-esteem and confidence. This study aims to describe the physical fitness of people with visual impairment who practice Goalball. Assessments were conducted on 11 athletes, aged 22 to 47. We analyzed aspects such as left/right handgrip strength (HGS), velocity (V), and upper limb power (UPP). From the average age of the female (F) athletes 34,8 (土8,52) and male (M) 37,5 (土3,69), we had the following results for group F in PMS 2,68 (土1,38), right HGS 20,26 (土8,30), left HGS 18,12 (土6,7) and V 8,82 (土5,95). In group M we obtained in PMS 4,38 (土1,26), right HGS 51,45 (土7,13), left HGS 48,37 (土8,31) and V 5,21 (土1,22). The study's results are below expectations when compared with the literature, as V demonstrated significant results in our sample, which included visually impaired individuals. Therefore, by identifying the aspects of physical fitness related to the study sample's performance during sports practice, it is possible to adapt to the specific needs and capabilities of each group, promoting a more effective approach to goalball training.   Article visualizations:

A growing body of international research has documented what many physical educators observe daily: girls consistently participate less actively in school-based physical education than boys. This troubling pattern manifests differently across developmental stages, while minimal divergence appears in early primary years (ages 5-11), pronounced disparities emerge during the critical transition to secondary education (ages 12-18). This systematic examination interrogates this phenomenon through multiple analytical lenses: first, by mapping participation trajectories across institutional contexts; second, by deconstructing the psychosocial dimensions of motivation and engagement; third, by evaluating pedagogical efficacy across instructional paradigms. Furthermore, these findings are situated within broader sociocultural frameworks, analysing how institutional policies and extracurricular infrastructures both constrain and enable equitable access to physical literacy development. A comprehensive literature search of peer-reviewed studies from 2015–2025 was conducted using databases including Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Inclusion criteria focused on quantitative or qualitative research, reviews, and intervention trials examining gender differences in PE participation and related factors among school-aged youth. Data were extracted and thematically organized. Methodological quality and biases were noted to contextualize findings. Results showed that girls exhibit consistently lower PE participation frequency and intensity than boys, with the gender gap widening during adolescence. In addition, policy interventions have had mixed effects. While policies ensure access, they do not automatically close the participation gap without supportive implementation. Notably, positive PE experiences (enjoyment, supportive climate, sense of competence) are strongly linked to higher physical activity both within and outside school. However, interventions have achieved moderate success in sustaining girls’ participation.  Article visualizations:

Using standard scientific research methods, the project has selected 05 solutions to innovate teaching methods for the Physical Education subject for students at Bac Ninh Sport University of Vietnam in the near future.  Article visualizations:

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of structured exercise training (≥24 weeks) on anthropometric outcomes in adults with overweight or obesity. Randomized controlled trials comparing supervised exercise training with non-exercise control groups were identified through searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and LILACS. Ten trials involving 1,392 participants were included. Random-effects meta-analyses showed that exercise significantly reduced body weight (BW) (mean difference [MD], −1.34 kg; 95% CI, −2.36 to −0.31; I² = 0.0%) and waist circumference (WC) (MD, −2.96 cm; 95% CI, −4.77 to −1.15; I² = 0.0%), but not body mass index (BMI) (MD, −0.14 kg/m²; 95% CI, −0.67 to 0.39; I² = 0.0%). Subgroup analyses revealed greater reductions in BW among participants aged <50 years and in interventions >6 months. For WC, reductions were consistent across subgroups. No significant differences in BMI were observed across age or duration subgroups. Most studies focused on aerobic training; data on resistance or combined modalities were limited. No trials included direct assessments of body composition. These findings support structured exercise training ≥24 weeks as an effective strategy to reduce BW and WC in adults with overweight or obesity.  Article visualizations:

The purpose of this study is to develop the Scale of Factors Motivating Individuals to Choose Entertainment Places and Have Fun (BEMEFÖ), Validity and Reliability for the Turkish Population. This descriptive study consists of individuals aged 18 and over who come to Antalya's Kaleiçi district for having entertainment. The locations were selected through convenience sampling, and each location was visited an average of four times on Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays. The survey was conducted face-to-face with individuals who were present at each location and volunteered to participate. A total of 340 surveys were administered in the study. The survey used to collect data in the study consists of two sections. The first section includes demographic information, while the second section includes items related to factors that motivate individuals to have fun. The factors that motivate individuals to have fun and to choose entertainment places were factored into 10 factors. These are as follows: These are "Venue and Product Quality", "Attractiveness of the Venue", "Socialization", "Calming Down/Relaxation", "Attention-Gathering/Being Noticed", "Novelty Seeking", "Nostalgia", "Distancing Oneself from Others", "Celebration" and "Quality of the Venue's Sound and Music System." The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for the BEMEFÖ was found to be 0.865, and the scale explained 69.58% of the variance. It can be concluded that the BEMEFÖ is sufficient to explain the factors that motivate individuals to have fun for the Turkish population.  Article visualizations:

Physical education teachers are an essential part of the education system as they help develop students’ psychomotor skills, instill a sports culture, encourage them to become individuals who engage in lifelong physical activity, and foster responsible individuals with good mental and social well-being. Physical education teachers also play a critical role in students’ physical, social, mental, and emotional development, and the active, enjoyable, and natural climate of their classes allows them to build stronger connections with students compared to teachers of other classes. However, in education settings, each country and culture has its own educational goals, learning opportunities, achievements and shortcomings. Similarly, within the Turkish National Education System, being a physical education teacher involves not only convenience and enjoyable aspects but also various challenges and difficulties. Especially, sports activities and school team practices enhance teachers’ communication with students, while positive relationships with the local community, especially in rural areas, strengthen the teachers’ respect and standing in society. Nevertheless, issues such as insufficient weekly class hours, lack of sports facilities and equipment, educational policies, inadequate administrative support, professional role conflicts (e.g., the dual role of coach and teacher), seeing as a disciplinary authority and declining student interest due to high school and university entrance exams represent the negative aspects of the profession. Also, physical education classes are still not given sufficient value, and there is even partial resistance to recognizing their significance. Although physical education teaching in Turkey offers significant advantages both individually and socially, addressing structural, political, and social problems is essential to improving the effectiveness of this profession. In conclusion, in a country like Turkey, which represents a blend of Eastern and Western cultures, this article examining the advantages and challenges of being a physical education teacher will serve as a valuable resource for future comparative cultural studies.  Article visualizations:

El uso de las denominadas TIC (Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación) constituye el eje fundamental de la enseñanza universitaria, fundamentalmente en el siglo XXI. El objetivo de la presente investigación se centra en un comentario cronológico de un proyecto de innovación docente realizado en aulas universitarias de Traducción e Interpretación de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, España. Con relación a la metodología empleada, este estudio realiza un desglose de las actividades que formaron parte del proyecto, detallando los ejercicios realizados por la plataforma Genially y aportando las observaciones pertinentes recopiladas en el curso. De igual modo, se incluirán numerosas tablas que esclarezcan los objetivos fundamentales de los ejercicios realizados en el curso. En cuanto a las conclusiones, este estudio fija unas líneas de enseñanza universitaria en los estudios de Traducción e Interpretación, basadas en usos de plataformas innovadoras que estimulen la enseñanza del alumnado, refuercen su capacidad de organización y responsabilidad, así como establecen parámetros futuros para el alumnado en sus estudios superiores.  Article visualizations:

A basketball athlete's physical strength is a multi-component structure, but the impact of those component elements is not similar. The research results of the thesis have identified the influencing factors of component groups on the performance of excellent male basketball players in Vietnam.  Article visualizations:

Using the method of references, methods of observation, sociological surveys, direct interviews and statistical mathematics of the selected topic, creating a basis and premise for the practical application of the process of education and training to improve the effectiveness of physical education for students of the University of Finance - Marketing.  Article visualizations:

In using conventional scientific research methods in the field of physical training and sports, we selected and built the content of 04 measures to improve the quality of teaching the Basketball subject for non-specialized students of Hanoi University of Physical Education and Sports under the credit-based training system, at the same time, test the theory on the feasibility of measures by expert method. The result showed that the selected and built measures were feasible and could be applied in practice to improve the quality of teaching the Basketball subject for non-specialized students at Hanoi University of Physical Education and Sports under the credit-based training system.  Article visualizations:

Sports injuries often lead to significant psychological distress, affecting athletes' mental well-being and future performance. This explored the impact of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) on post-traumatic growth (PTG) in eight ACL-injured football players (aged 19–24). Data collected from SAIFIT Rehab and High-Performance Center showed significant improvements in PTG domains, highlighting REBT's effectiveness in fostering resilience and adaptive coping in sports injury rehabilitation. Participants underwent REBT intervention, and data were collected through the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) to measure changes in PTG levels. A paired-samples t-test revealed significant improvements across multiple PTG domains, including personal strength (p = .002), new possibilities (p = .038), improved relationships (p = .014), and appreciation for life (p = .032). The overall PTG score showed a highly significant increase (p < .001), indicating the effectiveness of REBT in facilitating positive psychological adaptation post-injury. These preliminary findings suggest that REBT can play a crucial role in fostering PTG among injured athletes, emphasizing its potential integration into sports rehabilitation programs. Future research with larger sample sizes and longitudinal follow-ups is recommended to strengthen these findings and establish the long-term efficacy of REBT in sports injury recovery.  Article visualizations:

Quality physical education during the preschool years lays a strong foundation for a child's overall development. Recognizing this importance, the present study aims to provide data on the physical condition of 5- to 6-year-old male preschool children in Hanoi, Vietnam. To achieve this objective, the study employed a combination of methods, including document referencing, surveys, pedagogical testing, anthropometric measurements, and statistical analysis. The study involved 1,790 male preschool children aged 5–6 years in Hanoi. The findings indicate that these children show superior physical attributes compared to their peers in Central Vietnam, Dong Thap Province, and Ho Chi Minh City, particularly in terms of standing height, flexibility, and balance ability. However, they demonstrated lower performance in explosive strength of the lower limbs and speed. Additionally, the average Body Mass Index (BMI) of the children falls within the normal range, and their Pignet Index is classified as average.  Article visualizations:

Physical education plays a crucial role in the comprehensive development of individuals, so it should be implemented from an early age, even during the preschool period. It is believed that proper physical education during this stage can lay a strong foundation for a child's lifelong physical development. Hence, this study aims to select a number of physical assessment tests for 5- to 6-year-old preschool boys in Hanoi, Vietnam. The research employed document referencing, surveys, pedagogical tests, and statistical analysis methods. The study sample consists of 375 preschool boys aged 5 to 6 in Chuong My District, Hanoi, Vietnam. The findings have identified ten physical assessment tests, including standing height (cm), BMI (kg/m²), Pignet index, 10-meter sprint (seconds), standing long jump (cm), handgrip strength (kg), forward bend (cm), slalom run through five poles (seconds), and one-leg balance (seconds).  Article visualizations:

Through previous research works, surveying the course syllabus of a number of universities and through analysis and evaluation of research results, it is shown that: Universities in Vietnam today, when building the content and curriculum of physical education subjects, have based on the guidance of Circular 25/2015/TT-GD&DT, Vietnam and the actual conditions of the school such as: facilities, teaching staff, financial conditions, subjects of study, etc. Therefore, each school has different subject content (sports), program duration, score ratio and final subject assessment method. This has caused many difficulties for students who want to transfer, transfer schools or take a bridging course, etc. This is the basis for further research to find suitable solutions when building the curriculum.  Article visualizations:

This study aims to develop and validate a measurement scale assessing student satisfaction with service quality at Danang Sport University. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining qualitative and quantitative techniques, including expert interviews, student surveys, and statistical analyses using Cronbach’s Alpha, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The final scale comprises six dimensions with 29 observed variables: Academic–Administrative Services, Dormitory, Library, Facilities, Healthcare, and Youth Union or Student Association’s Activities. All scales demonstrated reliability and convergent validity, and the measurement model exhibited a high degree of fit. SEM analysis revealed that five factors—Academic–Administrative Services, Facilities, Library, Dormitory, and Healthcare— exerted a positive and statistically significant influence on students’ overall satisfaction, with Academic and Administrative Services being the most influential determinant. Conversely, the Youth Union and Student Association’s Activities showed no statistically significant effect. The findings provide empirical evidence to guide institutional improvements in support services, enhance service quality, and strengthen the university’s educational reputation.  Article visualizations:

The present study investigates the relationship between ethnicity and sport pedagogy, emphasizing how ethnicity influences young individuals' engagement in physical education (PE) and sports, as well as their experiences as students and/or athletes. It specifically aims to identify how young people incorporate their ethnic values and beliefs into PE and sports, the challenges they encounter in merging their ethnic beliefs with physical activity (PA), and how their ethnic diversity may affect their participation in PE and sports. To achieve this objective, a review of various scientific articles published over the past two decades, along with relevant books, was conducted. The chosen studies address a range of issues related to ethnicities, cultural contexts, and forms of sports participation, spanning from school PE to specialized sports programs based on ethnicity. The analysis of these studies has resulted in three primary thematic areas: (a) assessing the impact of racial barriers on PE participation; (b) examining the influence of racism and stereotypes on classroom dynamics; and (c) proposing pedagogical strategies aimed at promoting inclusion and respect for diversity. Preconceptions and ethnicity significantly affect children's participation in and enjoyment of PE. Creating an equitable learning environment necessitates the implementation of pedagogical strategies that are attuned to cultural and ethnic differences. The remarkable and rapid advancement of communication processes, migration, and market expansion has increased opportunities for interaction among diverse cultural identities. Consequently, globalization challenges the boundaries of developing multicultural societies. There exists a notable risk that these procedures may intensify miscommunications, ethnic stereotypes, and disparities among individuals, potentially damaging interpersonal relationships. Stereotypes are problematic as they can cultivate bias, discrimination, and intolerance. To address this issue, planning strategies that empower society to effectively navigate significant societal transformations are essential. The capacity to reassess one's worldview, cultivate relationships with individuals from varied cultural backgrounds, and recognize that diversity enriches society is crucial for achieving effective intercultural communication. In light of the inherently multicultural context in which sports professionals operate, the sports industry—a critical component of a globalized society—must rise to this challenge. Our research findings indicate that ethnic stereotypes are present within the sports environment and PE being examined. Numerous international studies have demonstrated the considerable influence of these stereotypes on athletes' performance. Consequently, there exists a risk that PE and the sports sector may inadvertently reinforce prejudice, intolerance, and miscommunication among different ethnic groups. PE and sports must possess the capability to strategically plan to promote social and global harmony that embraces diversity.  Article visualizations:

The study aims to comprehensively assess the physical fitness of female students at Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM). The assessment has been conducted on 3,023 nineteen-year-old female students at VNU-HCM, with the use of various methods including document synthesis and analysis, surveys, pedagogical testing, and statistical analysis. The fitness results would then be compared with the physical fitness indexes of average Vietnamese females, and of other age-same female students from different universities, such as Vietnam National University, Hanoi; the University of Danang; Can Tho University; and Ho Chi Minh City University. Findings: Based on the Ministry of Education and Training’s Criteria 53/2008, the physical fitness status of 19-year-old female students at VNU-HCM shows that 4.71% are rated “Good,” 5.89% “Pass,” and 89.94% “Fail.” Compared with average Vietnamese girls and other students of the universities, VNU-HCM students are considered to perform better in speed, lower-limb muscular strength, endurance, and agility.  Article visualizations:

The present paper is a quantitative, descriptive, synchronic, and comparative study, which investigated the exercise habits, the positive impacts of doing regular exercise, sports and other sports-related physical activities on senior high school and college students’ study habits and the time they spent with their families. For this purpose, a self-designed survey questionnaire consisting of 3 multiple-choice questions was distributed among 324 senior high school and college students from three different schools in New Taipei City, Taiwan. Results: First, in general in Taiwan, 29% of senior high school and college students did exercise and sports-related physical activities 3 times or above per week. The percentage, however, came down to 24% if those 21 student-athletes were excluded from the data analysis. Second, in general, 25% of students studied 3 times or more per week after school. Third, the physically active students had better study habits compared to the physically inactive students. Among the physically active students, 40% of them studied 3 times or more per week, compared to only 8% among the physically inactive students. Fourth, it was also found that physically active students spent more time with their families compared to physically inactive students. Among the physically active students, 45% of them spent 5 hours or more with their families per day, compared to only 16% among the physically inactive students. Discussion: The research findings clearly show that students who have good habits of doing regular exercise, sports and sports-related physical activities have better study habits, better academic performance, and spend more time with their families than those students who are not involved in such physical activities.  Article visualizations:

Physical education in early childhood education extends beyond the development of motor skills, serving as a key vehicle for promoting inclusion and social integration. Through its experiential, open, and multisensory nature, it provides children with opportunities for expression, interaction, and learning that transcend traditional instructional approaches (Goodwin & Watkinson, 2000; Florian & Black-Hawkins, 2011). Inclusion, as defined in international frameworks (UNESCO, 1994; Booth & Ainscow, 2011), is not limited to mere adaptations of the educational system but entails profound pedagogical and value-based shifts that recognize diversity as a source of enrichment. Within this context, physical education acts as a bridge between children with diverse abilities, experiences, and cultural backgrounds, fostering social cohesion, empathy, and mutual understanding (Block & Obrusnikova, 2007). The integration of multicultural elements—such as traditional dances and games—further supports intercultural education and challenges stereotypes (Florian, 2008). Effective implementation of inclusive practices requires institutional support, adequate resources, and ongoing professional development for early childhood educators (Black-Hawkins, Florian & Rouse, 2007). Teachers are called upon to design flexible and differentiated activities (Lieberman & Houston-Wilson, 2009), to promote values of cooperation and respect, and to act as agents of cultural change (Avramidis & Norwich, 2002). In conclusion, physical education in preschool settings can act as a catalyst for educational and social transformation, laying the groundwork for equality, acceptance, and coexistence. Through this approach, schools can fulfil the mission of providing holistic, equitable, and inclusive education, empowering children to become active, democratic citizens of the future.  Article visualizations:

Interest in Pentadecapeptide BPC 157, an oligopeptide originally derived from human gastric juice, has grown substantially among members of the fitness community in the past few years due to its wide range of purported and previously reported effects on improving health and enhancing performance. In spite of these effects, the use of BPC 157 is accompanied by uncertainties, specifically the impact of long-term use. The composition, pharmacokinetics, route of administration and potential clinical applications will be presented in this brief investigative report.  Article visualizations:

The effectiveness of physical capacity development activities for students is an important criterion in evaluating physical education. The development of students’ physical capacity contributes to comprehensive growth and meets the current requirements of educational innovation. The research objective is to provide information about the effectiveness of physical activities in developing physical capacity for students in some secondary schools in Ho Chi Minh City. The study employs common research methods in the field of physical education and sports, such as document synthesis and analysis, interviews, and statistical analysis. The research subjects include 193 male students, 147 female students in secondary schools in Ho Chi Minh City and 30 physical education teachers, experts, and athletics coaches. The experimental results of motor activities have brought positive effects in developing physical abilities for students of some secondary schools in Ho Chi Minh City. The physical fitness growth was from 1.68 -13.29% for males and from 2.54 - 12.63% for females. Regarding motor skills, there was a clear shift between the levels of achievement and good, accounting for a higher proportion than before the experiment.  Article visualizations:

Physical fitness and motor skills of 6th-grade students play an important role in their overall development, helping them improve health, enhance concentration in learning, practice agility and flexibility, and build positive exercise habits from an early adolescent age. This study aims to provide information on physical fitness and motor skills in the topic of Athletics when students participate in physical education at school. The research employs methods such as literature review, interviews, and statistical analysis to address the study objectives. The research subjects include 193 male students, 147 female students in secondary schools in Ho Chi Minh city and 30 experts in the field of physical education, including lecturers teaching Athletics, teachers teaching Physical Education, and coaches participating in training gifted Athletics at sports centers. Research results show that identifying 4 criteria for assessing physical fitness and 3 criteria for assessing motor skills serve as a basis for determining the current situation for grade 6 students in secondary schools in Ho Chi Minh City. The research results are the basis for proposing and selecting a number of motor activities to help develop physical fitness and motor skills for students.  Article visualizations:

By using regular scientific research methods, the project has selected 6 solutions to innovate teaching methods for the Physical Education subject for students at Thai Nguyen University of Sciences in the coming time.  Article visualizations:

This article examines the impact of interaction with the coach on the formation of self-relationship in swimmer athletes aged 14-17. The importance of a positive self-relationship for success in sports and personal development of adolescents is discussed. The role of the coach as a significant adult influencing the athlete's emotional state, self-confidence, and ability to cope with setbacks is analyzed. Special attention is given to how the coach can foster self-acceptance and strengthen self-esteem in adolescents. The article explores how the coach's influence contributes to the formation of cognitive and emotional components of self-relationship.  Article visualizations:

This study examined the relationship between health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA) and environmental sustainability. Guided by the Health Belief Model (HBM), this study used a positivist research philosophy and quantitative approach and a correlational research design. The study employed a stratified sampling technique to select 390 students. Data were collected through a self-developed questionnaire with a Cronbach's reliability coefficient of 0.84 and analysed using frequency, percentages, means, standard deviations, as well as Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation. Findings indicate that students engage in moderate but mostly structured physical activities, with academic workload and screen time as key barriers to self-initiated participation. While students recognize the importance of environmental sustainability, their active engagement in sustainability efforts remains limited. A moderate but statistically positive relationship was found between physical activity engagement and environmental sustainability attitudes, suggesting that integrating eco-friendly initiatives into physical education can enhance both student participation and environmental responsibility.  The study recommends incorporating sustainability-focused activities such as eco-walks, recycling programs, and awareness campaigns in schools. These strategies can promote independent physical activity while fostering environmental stewardship, contributing to holistic student well-being and ecological consciousness.  Article visualizations:

Research to build physical assessment standards for first-year students of Hai Phong University helps us get the basic information and basis to evaluate the teaching process, and choose solutions. suitable in the training process, improve students' physical condition to meet learning requirements in the new training trends.  Article visualizations:

This study explores the barriers to participation in practical physical education (PE) lessons faced by students with visual impairment (VI) at Okuapemman School, Ghana. Employing a mixed-methods case study design, data were collected from all 22 students with VI using braille questionnaires and from three PE teachers through purposive sampling and structured interviews. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to analyze quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. Results showed that while 100% of students with VI participated in practical PE lessons during basic school, only 13.6% participated at the senior high school level. Key barriers included inadequate accessible facilities and equipment (68.2%), exclusion by PE teachers (40.9%), and lack of encouragement from sighted peers (45.5%). Despite these challenges, 95.5% of students expressed readiness to participate when given opportunities. PE teachers identified a lack of training, resources, and administrative support as critical challenges. The study concludes that systemic barriers related to resources and teacher preparedness significantly hinder inclusive PE participation. Recommendations include enhanced practical training for PE teachers, provision of adaptive equipment, and in-service professional development programs facilitated by the Ghana Education Service. These measures are essential to foster truly inclusive physical education and equitable participation for students with visual impairment in Ghana and comparable settings.  Article visualizations:

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a profound disruption of global educational systems, with significant consequences on students’ motor development and the structure of physical education lessons. The suspension of in-person classes, restricted access to sports activities, and the abrupt shift to online learning led to a dramatic decrease in physical activity levels among middle school students. This theoretical article analyzes, based on specialized literature, the pandemic’s effects on motor parameters such as endurance, strength, and coordination, and emphasizes the need for curricular reorganization adapted to new educational realities. The article discusses the challenges faced by teachers and students in delivering physical education under remote or restricted conditions, as well as the necessary intervention directions for reducing motor development gaps and building a more equitable and functional educational framework.  Article visualizations:

This study aimed to examine the effect of sports training on student motivation. A total of 318 students (166 male and 152 female) enrolled in the Faculty of Sports Sciences participated in the research. The Motivation in Sports Scale-SSI was employed as the primary data collection instrument. Data were analyzed using an independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and LSD post hoc tests. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between male and female participants in terms of height and body weight (p < 0.001). However, no significant difference was found between male and female students in overall motivational orientation scores (p > 0.05). When motivational orientation subscale scores were compared based on participants’ involvement in sports, a significant difference was observed between students who did not actively participate in competitions and those who were involved in either team or individual sports (p < 0.05). No significant differences were identified in intrinsic or extrinsic motivation levels of student-athletes based on gender (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicate that motivation levels among students receiving sports education do not differ significantly by gender. However, students who are actively involved in competitive sports—whether in team or individual formats—demonstrate higher motivation levels compared to their non-competing peers. These results suggest that active participation in sports positively influences motivation and may reduce levels of amotivation. Future research is recommended with larger and more diverse sample groups representing various levels of athletic engagement.  Article visualizations:

This study investigates the employment outcomes of graduates majoring in Sports Management at Danang Sports University from 2015 to 2020. Using a structured survey distributed to 78 alumni, the research examines employment status, job relevance to training, satisfaction levels, and future learning needs. Results indicate that 80.77% of graduates were employed, with 48.71% working in roles directly aligned with their training. While the majority expressed satisfaction with their current employment, gaps were identified in areas such as foreign language proficiency and professional practice. The findings emphasize the need for curricular revisions that better align with labor market demands and support graduates in enhancing their competencies.  Article visualizations:

Volleyball is a highly team-oriented sport and demands a high level of professional physical fitness. Hence, this study aims to identify appropriate tests to provide insights into the current status of specialized physical fitness in male athletes of the volleyball team at Vinh Long University of Technology Education, Vietnam. To address the aim, the research employs methods including document synthesis, survey, pedagogical testing, and statistical analysis. The study subjects included 20 male volleyball athletes from the Vinh Long University of Technology Education’s team and 24 experts with experience in volleyball coaching. The finding leads to the identification of 12 specialized physical fitness tests suitable for evaluating the subjects.  Article visualizations:

Volleyball is played between two teams, each consisting of six players on the court. The goal of the game is to send the ball over the net and make it land in the opponent’s court. The sport requires its players not only teamwork but also strength and reflexes, which makes physical fitness vital in the success of modern volleyball athletes. Hence, the study aims to select a set of exercises to improve the specialized physical fitness of male volleyball athletes at Vinh Long University of Technology Education, Vietnam. To do it, the researchers use methods involving document synthesis, survey, pedagogical testing, experimentation, and statistical analysis. The participants include 20 male volleyball athletes from the university’s team and 24 experts and lecturers with experience in volleyball training. As a result, the study successfully selects 25 exercises to develop the specialized physical fitness of the male volleyball athletes at Vinh Long University of Technology Education, Vietnam.  Article visualizations:

Based on an assessment of the current situation, as well as an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges for online training activities at the Da Nang Sports University, this study proposes solutions to enhance the effectiveness of online training at the university.  Article visualizations:

Promoting well-organized extracurricular sports clubs in universities is essential in today’s educational landscape, as these activities support students’ overall development by improving physical health, personal skills, and athletic performance. This study aims to develop a measurement scale to assess the mental health status and satisfaction levels of students engaged in extracurricular sports clubs at the University of Da Nang, Vietnam. To achieve this aim, the study employed a combination of methods, including document synthesis, expert survey, and statistical analysis that is specific to the field of physical education and sports. The research involved 2,913 second-year students from various member institutions of the University of Da Nang, along with 12 experts and lecturers specializing in physical education. The study successfully identified seven indicators for assessing mental health and fifteen indicators for evaluating student satisfaction. Findings reveal that both the mental health and satisfaction of participating students were at a moderate level.  Article visualizations:

The aim of this research was to examine the validity and reliability of the Physical Performance Test (PPT) in elderly men, members of the Open Care Centers for the Elderly (KAPI) in Western Athens. A total of 154 men, aged 65-89 years (age 75.94 + 5.73 years, body weight 80.01 + 10.94 kg, height 1.68 + 0.06 m), participated in the study. Participants completed questionnaires assessing cognitive status, depression, and functional abilities. Subsequently, they performed two functional performance tests, the PPT and the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). Repeat measurements of the PPT were conducted after 15 days on 40 randomly selected individuals to assess reliability. The concurrent validity of the PPT was examined using two criteria: the functional status questionnaire and the TUG test, showing correlations of -.584 (p<0.001) and -.757 (p<0.001), respectively. The PPT demonstrated structural validity, as statistically significant differences in performance were observed between functionally independent and dependent individuals in the functional status questionnaire. The internal consistency reliability of the PPT was satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha = .7669), and test-retest reliability was high (r=.95, p<0.001). Low to moderate correlations were observed between PPT scores and age, number of chronic diseases, cognitive function, depression, and falls. Conclusively, the PPT is a valid and reliable functional performance test, useful for assessing the functional ability of elderly individuals.  Article visualizations:

The popularity of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) has grown among members of the fitness community. Reports of usage have increased in recent years due to their alleged comparable efficacy to anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), commercial availability, relative ease of procuring constituents sold as research chemicals, and oral bioavailability. In spite of these perceived benefits, the use of SARMs is encumbered by immense health risks. The composition, pharmacokinetics, route of administration, potential clinical uses, and dangers associated with illicit use will be presented in this brief narrative review.  Article visualizations:

This study aims to establish a reliable set of physical and technical evaluation criteria for 12–13-year-old shuttlecock athletes in Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, following a six-month structured training program. A combination of expert consultation, pedagogical testing, and statistical analysis was employed to identify and validate performance indicators. The findings revealed significant improvements in both physical and technical skills post-training, particularly in key areas such as flexibility, coordination, and targeted shuttlecock techniques. The validated assessment framework not only provides a scientific foundation for monitoring athlete development but also serves as a practical tool for coaches in designing data-driven training programs. This research contributes to enhancing the quality and effectiveness of youth shuttlecock training and talent identification at the district level.  Article visualizations:

This paper investigates the evolving role of football academies within the modern football ecosystem, focusing specifically on their contribution to the competitive performance and commercial sustainability of professional football clubs. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining quantitative data from 140 football senior staff members along with qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews conducted with 14 senior club officials, including technical directors and strategic executives. Quantitative analysis utilized descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression techniques, while thematic analysis was applied to the qualitative data. The results indicate that football academies significantly contribute to both on-field success and off-field commercial outcomes. Statistically significant correlations were found between the proportion of academy-developed players in the senior team and league performance (r = .62, p < .01), as well as revenue from player sales and brand loyalty metrics. Qualitative findings reinforced the strategic perception of academies as dual-purpose institutions - enhancing sporting identity while simultaneously serving as engines of financial value creation. The study offers actionable insights for club governance and policy-making. Recommendations include prioritizing long-term investments in academy infrastructure, establishing formalized pathways for youth progression, and integrating academy strategy within broader commercial and operational planning. This research provides an empirically grounded understanding of the multifaceted role of football academies, advancing the discourse on sustainable club development by illustrating how youth systems can be leveraged for both competitive edge and economic viability.  Article visualizations:

Objective: The objective of the study is to find out the influence of games & sports on group cohesion development among male Indian athletes. Methodology: For the purpose of the study, 100 sportsmen and 100 non-sportsmen boys were randomly selected. The age of all the subjects ranges from 18 yrs. to 22 yrs. The Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) developed by Albert V. Carron, was used to assess the group cohesion skills of the subjects. Descriptive statistics was used to examine the significance difference among four domains of Group Cohesion (A- Individual Attractions to the Group-Social (ATGS), B- Individual Attractions to the Group-Task (ATGT), C- Group Integration-Social (GIS), D- Group Integration-Task (GIT)). One-way ANOVA was used, and the hypothesis was tested at a .05 level of significance. Results: The mean and standard deviation of non-playing boys are A- Individual Attractions to the Group-Social (ATGS) (31.02 +4.16), B- Individual Attractions to the Group-Task (ATGT) (29.20+6.17), C- Group Integration-Social (GIS) (27.22+5.64), D- Group Integration-Task (GIT) (34.16+8.26) and Total Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) Scale is (121.70 +17.26). Mean and standard deviation of players in different games and sports are A- Individual Attractions to the Group-Social (ATGS) (41.82 +2.54), B- Individual Attractions to the Group-Task (ATGT) (31.20+4.32), C- Group Integration-Social (GIS) (29.38+4.99), D- Group Integration-Task (GIT) (40.32+5.26) and Total Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) Scale is (142.72 +12.32). The ANOVA result shows that the “p-values” of the domains of the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) Scale is less than 0.05 and hence the F-value is significant at 5% level. Conclusion: Results clearly indicates that there is a significant difference existing between the group cohesion and sports achievements of college boys. Students who are high on the GEQ Scale are having high sports achievement hence group cohesion plays major role in sports achievements among male students. Development of group cohesion among player’s leads to better sports performance.  Article visualizations:

The study aimed to develop a context-specific scale to measure the fitness enthusiasts' commitment to exercise in regions XI and XII using a multi-exercise design (MXD) fitness program. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, specifically the exploratory sequential design. In the qualitative phase, seven themes emerged: having physiological satisfaction, experiencing psychological satisfaction, acknowledging gained benefits, maintaining health conditions, creating impressions about MXD fitness exercise, improving social engagement, and achieving social support. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to code and analyze the participants' answers to the checklist, with 55 items were encoded and analyzed using EFA. This analysis revealed five key dimensions: social modeling, expected outcomes, self-efficacy, physiological satisfaction, and health outcomes. This structure was a better-fitting, more parsimonious model using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and other test indices. A CFA was done on the 50-item tool to ensure it had the correct final dimensions, the items were correctly assigned to their factors, and the factor models were a good fit. Finally, we conducted reliability tests to verify the validity of the results related to the respondents' commitment to the MXD fitness program. Data also revealed no significant difference when grouped based on age, sex, weight, and status. Further, quantitative data results confirm qualitative data results.  Article visualizations:

Physical education in schools is a compulsory subject within the national curriculum across all educational levels and plays a vital role in achieving the goal of holistic education. This study aims to select a set of physical training exercises designed to improve the fitness of students with limited physical capacity at the High School of Education Practice, Can Tho University, Vietnam. To address the aim, the research employed standard scientific methods commonly used in sports science, including document analysis, survey, pedagogical testing, experimental teaching, and statistical analysis. The research sample consisted of 38 tenth-grade students at the High School of Education Practice, Can Tho University, who were identified as having low physical fitness. The study identified 10 exercises, specifically one for speed development, two for strength development, three for endurance improvement, two for flexibility enhancement, and two for coordination skills. These exercises have been proven to contribute significantly to improving the overall physical fitness of students with lower fitness levels at the school.  Article visualizations:

Extracurricular sports are voluntary activities for students, organized outside of school hours to help them enjoy recreational time, improve physical fitness, and stay away from social evils. This study aims to develop evaluation criteria for the current state of extracurricular physical training among students living in the dormitories of Can Tho University. Based on both theoretical and practical foundations, eight evaluation criteria were proposed through a survey of 27 experts, including administrators and physical education lecturers, along with a survey of 392 students. The results show that the students have a strong awareness of the importance of extracurricular physical training. However, their level of regular participation remains limited due to a lack of time, facilities, and access to information. Popular sports such as jogging, walking, badminton, and volleyball are favored, but the number of sports clubs and teams remains limited. Thus, the study attempted to propose solutions such as improving sports facilities, increasing the organization of extracurricular physical activities, and establishing sports club models to promote physical training movements among students.  Article visualizations:

Water assessment so far included the development of aquatic tests based mainly on the Halliwick concept, whereas content comparison of these tests used in relevant studies showed that most researches primarily focused on children with cerebral palsy and other neurological disorders. The purpose of this study was to develop a new aquatic test named Adapted Swimming and Emotional Adjustment Scale (A-SEAS) assess its reliability and validity for children with intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and adapt and culturally validate the new instrument from the Greek to the English language for wider international use. A-SEAS consists of fourteen (14) items designed to assess aquatic skills and emotional adjustment of children aged 6 years and older with ASD and ID. The internal reliability and validity of A-SEAS were examined via the observational ratings provided by three adapted swimming instructors. Face validity was assessed by two experts, and inter-rater reliability study was conducted with three raters. Kappa Cohen’s was used to confirm A-SEAS reliability. Findings suggest that A-SEAS is a reliable and valid tool for assessing measured values. ICC values (ICC = .966 to 1) highlight its excellent internal consistency and inter-rater reliability. Cohen’s kappa results ranging from (κ = .77 to 1) underscore its reliability, with high to flawless agreement observed across raters. High face validity confirmed by expert evaluations ensures that A-SEAS is comprehensible, relevant, and effectively aligned with its intended constructs, an overall suitable and reliable tool for future research and practice.  Article visualizations:

This study aims to assess students’ awareness of the health-related roles of yoga, as well as the factors that either facilitate or hinder its practice among students at the University of Danang. A questionnaire survey was administered to 240 students currently enrolled in elective yoga courses. The findings indicate that a significant proportion of students demonstrate a positive perception of yoga’s benefits, particularly in relation to physical health (62.1%), mental well-being (66.7%), and social relationships (51.3%). However, only 34.2% of participants provided an accurate definition of yoga. More specific knowledge items yielded relatively low correct response rates: practice methods (6.7%), timing (6.3%), duration (3.8%), and appropriate space for practice (11.7%). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) identified four groups of barriers to yoga participation: (1) personal beliefs and values, (2) prior negative experiences, (3) access difficulties, and (4) constraints related to time and health. These factors exhibited Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients of 0.83, 0.75, 0.66, and 0.61, respectively. Conversely, three key motivators for practicing yoga were identified: (1) support for developing social and community relationships (α = 0.88), (2) influence from others and perceived value of action (α = 0.76), and (3) fulfillment of personal needs (α = 0.64). Based on these findings, the study recommends the implementation of communication campaigns, pilot yoga training programs, and broader institutional support for yoga practice. Additionally, investment in facilities and equipment is essential to foster the development of yoga at the University of Danang and other higher education institutions across Vietnam.  Article visualizations:

The dual roles of student-athletes pose some threats to their subjective vitality and overall well-being as they struggle to balance the dual responsibilities. This unique population requires substantial physical and mental energy to balance the competing demands, as prolonged exposure to stressors may lead to burnout and diminished vitality. However, the present study examined the predictive roles of mindfulness and social support on the subjective vitality of student-athletes.  A total of 287 student-athletes [male, n=167 (52.8%); female, n=120 (41.8%)] from two public universities in South-west Nigeria participated in the study. The age range was between 16 and 31 years. The measures completed by the participants were the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire (PASS-Q) and the Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS). Descriptive statistics were employed to determine the demographic characteristics of the participants. The multiple regression analyses revealed that both mindfulness (β = .055, t = 3.031, p < .05) and social support (β = .242, t = 7.668, p < .05) independently and jointly (F(2,284) = 36.413, p < 0.05) predicted subjective vitality in student-athletes, with social support emerging the most potent predictor. It was further indicated that mindfulness and social support combined accounted for a 19.8% variation in the prediction of subjective vitality. The findings provide insight into understanding the significant predictive roles of mindfulness and social support of student-athletes. The findings emphasized the need for educational institutions and athletic programs to implement mindfulness training and enhance social support systems for student-athletes in order to improve subjective vitality.  Article visualizations:

Mass sports activities refer to the practice and competition in sports by the general public, with the purpose of improving physical fitness, enhancing health, and directly serving work, study, production labor, as well as readiness for military combat, treatment, and recreational rest for individuals ranging from preschool children to the elderly. This study aims to identify solutions to promote table tennis movement among officials and employees at Saigon University, Vietnam. The research employed methods such as document review, interviews, and statistical analysis to address the research objectives. The study sample consisted of 361 officials and employees at Saigon University. Based on legal foundations, practical conditions, and principles for selecting appropriate solutions, the study identified 06 solutions to develop the table tennis movement. Specific content for each solution was then developed to be implemented, with the goal of fostering the growth of table tennis activities among the university’s officials and employees at Saigon University.  Article visualizations:

This study examines the impact of Vovinam in the Physical Education program at Da Nang University on students' physical development. Vovinam was incorporated into the compulsory Physical Education curriculum to enhance fitness indicators, with the participation of students from two groups: the experimental group learning the improved Vovinam program and the control group following the old curriculum. Pre-experiment fitness tests showed no significant statistical differences between the two groups (p > 0.05). However, after implementing the improved Vovinam program, the experimental group showed significant improvements in various fitness tests, including strength, speed, endurance, and reflexes, with p-values less than 0.05, indicating the program's effectiveness. Although the control group showed minor improvements, the changes were not as significant as those in the experimental group, suggesting that the improved Vovinam program had a clear effect on enhancing physical fitness and skills. The study recommends continuing the development of Vovinam in university physical education to not only improve student health but also preserve and promote the cultural values of Vietnam.  Article visualizations:

This study examined the effects of traditional and modern warm-up protocols on jumping performance in U-17 football players. Twenty male athletes (mean age: 16.25 ± 0.43 years) participated in a crossover design, completing both warm-up types on separate days. The traditional protocol included sport-specific dynamic drills, while the modern protocol used activation tools like foam rollers and resistance bands. After each 30-minute session and a 15-minute rest, jumping ability was measured via the Five-Repetition Jump Test (5JT). Results showed significantly higher average and best jump heights following the traditional warm-up (p < 0.001), suggesting superior neuromuscular activation. These findings indicate that conventional dynamic warm-ups are more effective in enhancing explosive performance. While modern protocols may aid in proprioception and injury prevention, they appear less beneficial for immediate power output. Coaches are encouraged to consider integrating both methods to optimize pre-match preparation.  Article visualizations:

Vovinam is a traditional martial art that was founded by the Vietnamese people. To perform at a high level, Vovinam athletes must demonstrate strong technical skills, tactical thinking, physical fitness, and psychological resilience. Among these, physical fitness plays a particularly important role, as it ensures athletes can maintain dominance in both attack and defense until the final moments of a match. This study aims to develop professional endurance tests for male Vovinam athletes at the Vietnam Aviation Academy. To achieve this objective, the researchers applied methods such as document analysis, interviews, pedagogical testing, and statistical analysis. The study was conducted with 20 male athletes from the Vietnam Aviation Academy's Vovinam team. As a result, seven endurance tests were selected, and corresponding scorecards, including a comprehensive scoring system, were developed to evaluate the athletes’ professional endurance. The findings show that, among the athletes assessed, 10.0% achieved an excellent level, 30.0% a good level, 35.0% an average level, 15.0% a weak level, and 10.0% a poor level.

Vietnamese Traditional Martial Arts are a cultural heritage of the Vietnamese people. This term refers to various martial arts schools and styles created, developed, preserved, and widely passed down by the Vietnamese over many generations throughout the long history of the nation. This study aims to provide information on the current state of activities in Traditional Martial Arts clubs in Duyen Hai Town, Tra Vinh Province, Vietnam. The research employs methods such as literature review, interviews, and statistical analysis to address the study objectives. The research subjects include 477 martial arts students and 18 administrators, masters, and coaches from Vietnamese Traditional Martial Arts clubs in Duyen Hai Town, Tra Vinh Province, Vietnam. Research results show that the current situation in Duyen Hai Town, Tra Vinh Province, includes 10 Traditional Martial Arts Clubs with 477 practitioners. However, facilities remain limited; management staff and coaches participate in annual training courses to enhance their professional capacity, yet the management and organization of the Traditional Martial Arts Clubs have not been regularly prioritized by managers and coaches.  Article visualizations:

This study evaluates the current state of physical education (PE) at three member universities of the University of Da Nang: University of Science and Technology, University of Economics, and University of Education. A comprehensive survey was conducted on 610 students and 200 administrators and lecturers to assess the effectiveness of PE management. The results indicate several challenges, including outdated infrastructure, lack of personalized curriculum planning, low student awareness, and limited participation in extracurricular activities. To address these issues, seven specific measures were developed. These include curriculum reform focusing on competency, enhancing the qualifications and pedagogical skills of lecturers, upgrading facilities, strengthening links between school sports and PE, applying technology in PE assessment and planning, and promoting awareness through school campaigns. All proposed measures were assessed for their necessity and feasibility using a 4-point Likert scale and received high ratings. The study offers empirical insights and practical suggestions to improve the quality of PE programs and align them with global standards of sustainability, health, and technology.  Article visualizations:

In modern football, success depends not only on players' physical fitness but also on the effective use of tactical strategies. As such, developing appropriate tactics is crucial to a team's overall performance. This study aims to identify the key criteria and behavioral sequences associated with tactical implementation during matches by the U21 football team of An Giang province, Vietnam. To achieve this, the study employed a combination of methods including document analysis, surveys, pedagogical observations, and statistical techniques. The research involved 30 male players from the An Giang U21 team, with observations conducted over 19 official matches. Findings revealed two main categories of tactical criteria regarding attacking and defensive tactics, as well as two corresponding types of tactical behaviors reflecting offensive and defensive strategies in match play.  Article visualizations:

Sepaktakraw has become one of the most prominent sports in the SEA Games and ASIAD. As a team-based discipline, it demands that players possess well-developed fundamental techniques to perform accurate movements and implement intricate strategies in both offensive and defensive play. This study aims to develop a set of assessment tests to evaluate the technical skill levels of 13–14-year-old female Sepaktakraw athletes in Dong Thap Province, Vietnam. The research applied widely recognized scientific methods in the field of physical education and sports, such as document review, surveys, pedagogical assessments, and statistical analysis. The sample included eight female athletes aged 13 to 14 from Dong Thap. Findings from the study confirmed six reliable tests for evaluating technical performance. The results also revealed a consistent level of technical ability among the participants, reflecting the characteristics of the broader sample group.  Article visualizations:

Extracurricular Sports Activities are voluntary and organized physical activities conducted outside of regular academic hours, designed to suit the interests, gender, ages, and health conditions of students. This research was conducted with the aim of providing information on the status of extracurricular Sports activities among students at Tra Vinh University, Vietnam. The research employed research methods such as literature synthesis and analysis, sociological survey, and statistical mathematics to address the aims of the research. The study sample includes 750 students at Tra Vinh University. The findings indicate that students primarily participated in volleyball, soccer, ping pong, pantaque, and pickleball. The form of training is mainly categorized in self-practice, in teams, or in clubs without coaches, exercised for over an hour, trained at the dormitory, sports center, and participated in the evening after class and in the morning. The sports clubs were found to be spontaneous, passive, uncoordinated, and dependent, thus lacking consistency and quality.  Article visualizations: