INVESTIGATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING, SELF ESTEEM, PERCEIVED GENERAL SELF-EFFICACY, LEVEL OF HOPE AND COGNITIVE EMOTION REGULATION STRATEGIES

In this study, the relationship between pre-service teachers' psychological well-being levels and self-esteem, perceived general self-efficacy, cognitive emotion regulation strategies and hope variables were investigated together with how these variables predicted pre-service teachers' psychological well-being. The research was conducted via relational screening model. The research group consists of a total of 403 participants including 206 females and 197 males, who received pedagogical formation education at a university located in Turkey’s Marmara Region, and participants were selected using a simple random sampling method. In the research, Psychological Well-Being Scale (short form), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and Personal Information Form were used as data collection tools. The data obtained were analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. According to the findings, self-esteem, general self-efficacy, level of hope, positive reappraisal from cognitive emotion regulation strategies, accusing and accepting others significantly predicted psychological well-being.


Introduction
Research trends related to people's well-being gained momentum with the development of a positive psychological perspective. Well-being is a complex structure in which experience and functioning are concerned. Current research on well-being is derived from two general perspectives: the first one is a hedonic approach focusing on happiness and defining happiness in terms of enjoyment and avoiding pain (hedonism) and the Kraaij, et al., 2008;Thompson, 1991). Adaptive strategies are associated with optimism, self-esteem, psychological well-being, while maladaptive strategies are associated with an emotional problem, depression, psychopathology (Aldoa & Nolen-Hoeksama, 2010;Anderson et al., 1994;Andres et al., 2016;Garnefski et al., 2001;Garnefski et al., 2002;Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006;Garnefski & Kraaij, 2016;Kraaij et al., 2007;Kraaij et al., 2008;McGee, et al., 2001;Schroevers, et al., 2007;Thompson, 1991). Difficulties in emotional control can affect life negatively. Cognition or cognitive processes can help individuals manage their emotions, which they may experience after difficult life events, and thus overcome these emotions (Garnefski et al., 2001). Emotion regulation is considered as an important factor in determining the functioning of well-being state (Cicchetti, et al., 1995;Thompson, 1991). Bandura (1986Bandura ( , 1997, one of the representatives of social learning theory, defined self-efficacy expectations as the determinant of individuals' behavior. Self-efficacy, which is defined as the strongest predictor of human behavior, is the beliefs of individuals about their ability to create certain effects in their desired fields (Bandura, 1997). According to Bandura (1977Bandura ( , 1982, individuals' perception of competence assessments in a field can be generalized to competency assessments in similar fields. Scherbaum, Cohen-Charash, and Kem (2006) conceptualized this situation as "general self-efficacy". General selfefficacy is defined as the self-efficacy belief in coping with the compelling experiences of the individual (Scholz & Schwarzer, 2005).
Another concept associated with psychological well-being is self-esteem. Rosenberg (1965) has defined self-esteem as "feeling valuable in general". According to another definition, self-esteem is defined as an important resource for the individual to form a positive self-assessment (Hobfoll, 1989). Self-esteem reflects a person's overall subjective emotional assessment of their own value (Lopez & Snyder, 2004). Coping resources for individuals with low self-esteem are limited that could be used against compelling experiences to support an individual's mental health. (Taylor & Stanton, 2007). There are many studies in the literature on self-esteem. While high self-esteem is associated with general well-being, low self-esteem is assumed to have damaging effects (Crocker & Park, 2004;Dubois & Flay, 2004;Dogan, et al., 2013;Fergusson & Lynskey, 1996;Karaırmak, Siviş Çetinkaya, 2011;Wang, & Castañeda-Sound, 2008). It is accepted that individuals with high self-esteem adapt better and have a positive perspective on them.
Hopelessness is defined as the expectation that positive events will not occur in the future and/or the belief that negative events will occur and the individual will not be able to do anything to change this situation (Abela & Seligman, 2000;Abramson et al., 1989;Beck et al., 1974;Weishaar & Beck, 1992). Individuals often experience the feeling of hopelessness when they regard themselves as helpless and worthless when they think that the consequences of the events they experience and will experience in the future cannot be changed and that they are not able to control them (Abramson et al., 1989). High level of hopelessness was found to be associated with, depression (Mac Giollabhui, et al., 2018;Marchetti et al., 2016) and suicide (Franklin et al., 2017 low level of hopelessness contributes to individuals staying strong against compelling experiences (Kylma, 2005). According to the researchers, hope is a healing power (Holdcraft & Williamson, 1991) a source of resistance to negative situations . Hope acts as a protection for the individual.
In light of all this information, it is thought that there may be a relationship between psychological well-being and self-esteem, general self-efficacy perception, hopelessness, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. It is thought that the findings regarding the nature of the psychological well-being will contribute to the literature. With the data obtained, it is expected to identify the variables that affect the mental health of individuals and to shed light on the measures to be taken.
In this research, the relationship between these six structures will be examined. Within the framework of this general purpose, answers to the following questions will be sought.
1) Is there a significant relationship between the participants' self-esteem, general self-efficacy, hopelessness, adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and psychological wellbeing levels? 2) Do self-esteem, general self-efficacy, hopelessness, adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies predict the level of psychological well-being?

Research Model
The research is carried out via relational screening model. In this model, the degree of covariation between two and more variables is attempted to be determined (Karasar, 2012). The research aims to reveal the relationship between at least two variables that examine whether self-esteem, general self-efficacy, hopelessness, and cognitive emotion regulation levels are predictive for the level of psychological well-being.

Participants
The data of the research were collected from students who continue their pedagogical training at a university in Marmara region in Turkey. Attention was paid to the balanced distribution of the sexes of the participants to prevent investigated variables from being affected by the gender variable. Accordingly, 206 (51%) of the total 403 participants were female and 197 (49%) were male and 35.5% (n= 140) of the participants had a university diploma, whereas 64.5% (n = 254) were senior students in a university. The average age of the participants was 27.7. It was developed by Ryff (1989) and the study of adapting the 84-item version of the scale to Turkish was carried out by Akın (2008). In this study, a short-form developed by Akın et al. (2012) was used. The scale is a 7-grade Likert type scale. 42 items in the scale measuring the psychological well-being of the individual. It consists of six subscales: "Autonomy", "Environmental Domination", "Individual Development", "Positive Relations with Others", "Life Purposes" and "Self-Acceptance". There are 7 items and reverse codes in each subscale. The highest score that can be obtained from the scale is 294 and the lowest score is 42. In the results of confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis, the scale was accepted as six-dimensional, adhering to the original. Confirmatory factor analysis findings of the short form revealed that six sub-dimensional models were significant (RMSEA=.048,NFI=.92,NNFI = 94,CFI=.95,IFI= .95,RFI=.92,GFI=.90,and SRMR=.048). In the short form, the Cronbach Alpha coefficients for each subscale ranged from .92 to .97. The reliability coefficients for this research group and the subscales are between .79 and.91.

A. Beck Hopelessness Scale
Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) was developed by Beck, Weissman, Lester, and Trexler in 1974 to examine psychopathological conditions that reflect hopelessness. There are two options for questions on the 20-item scale, right and wrong, and the total score to be obtained varies between 0-20 (Beck, et al., 1974). Scale internal consistency reliability coefficient was obtained as 0.93 and Turkish adaptation of the scale was carried out by Seber (1991). There are three sub-dimensions in the scale: "Emotions and expectations about the future (5 items)", "Motivation loss (8 items)" and "Hope (7 items)" (Durak & Palabıyık, 1994). The internal consistency coefficient in the reliability study of the scale was found 0.86 in a study of patients with depression, whereas it was found to be 0.85 in a study of normal and psychiatric patients (Durak & Palabıyık, 1994). Item-total score correlations of the scale were calculated between 0.07-0.72 in Seber (1991) and between 0.31-0.67 in Durak & Palabıyık (1994). Also, split half-reliability was 0.85 and test-retest reliability was 0.74. Within the scope of the study, the KR-20 internal consistency coefficient was determined as 0.80 for the entire 20-item scale. KR-20 reliability coefficient; It was found to be 0.67 for the sub-dimension 'Emotions and expectations about the future', 0.57 for the 'loss of motivation' sub-dimension, and 0.51 for the 'hope' sub-dimension. The Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale calculated for this study is 0.84.

B. General Self-Efficacy Scale
The scale, which was developed by Schwarzer and Jarusalem as 20 items in 1979, was revised in 1981 and reduced to 10 items (Aypay, 2010). Adaptation to Turkish culture was carried out by Aypay in 2010. The scale evaluates the belief in the ability to cope with new and difficult tasks in different settings. The scale, which consists entirely of positive items, was prepared in a 4-point Likert type. The internal consistency coefficient (C-A) of the scale, which has a single-factor structure, was determined as 0.86. The test-retest reliability of the scale was determined to be 0.80. The scale translated into many languages has been used in many studies (Aypay, 2010). Within the scope of the study, Cronbach Alpha's internal consistency coefficient of the general self-efficacy scale was determined as C-A = 0.77. The Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale calculated for this study is 0.87.

C. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES)
RSES (Rosenberg, 1965) was used to determine the self-esteem levels of the participants. The validity and reliability studies of the scale in our country were carried out by Çuhadaroğlu (1986). The validity of the scale was examined through psychiatric interviews and reported as .71. The test-retest reliability of the scale reported at onemonth interval is .75 (Çuhadaroğlu, 1986). The scale is a four-point Likert-type scale consisting of ten items and the participants indicate how appropriate each scale item is for them by checking one of the options ranging from Strongly Disagree (1) to Strongly Agree (4). The scores that can be obtained from the scale vary between 10 and 40. The increase in the scores obtained from the scale indicates that the self-esteem levels of the individuals have increased. The Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale calculated for this study is .85.

D. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Scale (CERS)
Cognitive Emotion Regulation Scale is a 5-point Likert type scale developed by Garnefski et al. (2001). The scale consists of 36 items, and it consists of a total of nine sub-dimensions "self-blame", "acceptance", "rumination", "positive refocus", "refocus on the plan", "positive reappraisal", "putting into perspective", "catastrophizing", and "blaming others". Acceptance, refocusing on the plan, positive refocusing, positive reappraisal, and putting into perspective are considered as adaptive while self-blame, blame others, rumination, and catastrophizing are considered as maladaptive coping strategies. The scale can measure cognitive emotion regulation strategies that people use both against certain events or situations and can be applied to adults and adolescents over 12 years of age in normal and clinical samples. In previous studies, all subscales showed good internal consistency ranging from .68 to .86 (Garnefsi et al. 2002). The Cronbach Alpha value of the scale, which was adapted to Turkish by Onat and Otrar (2010), was determined as α = .784 and test-retest reliability coefficient was determined as "r = .1,00". A statistically significant relationship was obtained between the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Scale and the Negative Emotion Status Scale (r= .-572) (Onat & Otrar, 2010).

Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics were used in the study to examine students' hopelessness, selfesteem, general self-efficacy, cognitive emotion regulation, and psychological well-being levels.  was found to show a positively skewed distribution. The skewness coefficients in the range of -1 and +1 this shows that the scores obtained for the six variables do not deviate much from the normal distribution and can be considered normal (Büyüköztürk, et al., 2012). The square root transformation was made for hopelessness scores and the data were normalized (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007). As a result of the transformation, the skewness coefficient for the hopelessness variable was 0.759 and the kurtosis coefficient was -0.092. The Pearson Moments Product Correlation Coefficient was used to describe the relationship since the data on thirteen variables were obtained continuously and at least in equal intervals. Self-esteem, general self-efficacy, hopelessness, self-blame, acceptance, rumination, positive refocusing, refocus on the plan, positive reappraisal, putting it in perspective, catastrophizing, and blaming others; stepwise regression analysis was used to determine whether psychological well-being is a significant predictor. In progressive regression analysis, each variable is added sequentially to the model and the model is evaluated. If the added variable contributes to the model, this variable remains in the model. However, all other variables in the model are retested to assess whether they contribute to the model or not. The variable that does not contribute significantly is removed from the model. In this way, the model is explained with the help of the least number of variables (Kalaycı, 2009).
VIF and Durbin Watson coefficients were checked for multiple linear connection problems and autocorrelation. VIF values were found in the range of 1.161 -1.785, respectively. The Durbin Watson coefficient for the regression equation was obtained as 2.006. SPSS 23 package program was used for statistical analysis of the data.

Findings
In this section, the findings obtained in the research are presented according to the research questions. Descriptive statistics for the three variables discussed in the study are given in Table 1.
As seen in Table 1, the arithmetic average of the participants' psychological wellbeing scores was determined as 208.95±26.62. The high scores obtained from the scale indicate the high level of psychological well-being. The arithmetic average of the participants' self-esteem scores was determined as 31.87±5.22. High scores from the scale indicate high self-esteem. The arithmetic average of the participants' general self-efficacy scores was determined as 31.36±5.44. Although the cutoff scores were not determined during the adaptation phase of the scale, the high scores obtained from the scale indicate high levels of self-efficacy. The arithmetic mean of hopelessness scores was determined as 4.53 ± 4.13. Hopelessness scores, 0-3 points indicate that there is no hopelessness, 4-8  (Beck and Steer, 1988; as cited in Aslan, 2013). It has been observed that out of a total of 403 participants, from whom the research data were collected, 218 (55%) had no hopelessness, 119 (30%) had mild hopelessness, 49 (12%) had moderate hopelessness, and 14 (3%) had severe hopelessness. The arithmetic mean of the acceptance scores of the participants' cognitive emotion regulation sub-scales of the adaptive cognitive emotion regulation scale is 11.82 ± 2.70, the arithmetic mean of the points to refocus on the plan is 15.41 ± 3.24, the arithmetic mean of the positive refocus points is 12.48 ± 2.59, the arithmetic mean of the positive reappraisal points is 14.67 ± 3.33, arithmetic mean of putting in the perspective scores is 12.97 ± 2.90; maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation sub-scales; the arithmetic mean of self-blame scores, was 11.634 ± 2.14, the arithmetic mean of blaming others was 10.80 ± 2.72, the arithmetic mean of the rumination was 14.48 ± 2.88 and the mean of catastrophizing was 10.02 ± 3.51. The score for each subscale can vary between 4 and 20, evaluation is performed with the scores obtained from the subscales. The high score obtained from a subscale indicates that the strategy determined by that subscale is used more.

O. Nejat Akfirat INVESTIGATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING, SELF ESTEEM, PERCEIVED GENERAL SELF-EFFICACY, LEVEL OF HOPE AND COGNITIVE EMOTION REGULATION STRATEGIES
European Journal of Education Studies -Volume 7 │ Issue 9 │ 2020 294 As seen in Table 2, the correlation between psychological well-being, self-esteem, general self-efficacy, hopelessness, and scores of cognitive emotion regulation strategies were investigated in the research. It was found that there was a significant positive correlation between the scores of general self-efficacy, self-esteem, refocusing on the plan, positive refocus, positive reappraisal, and putting in the perspective and there was a significant negative correlation between hopelessness, acceptance, self-blame, blaming others, and catastrophizing scores. Correlations obtained show that; as hopelessness increases, scores of psychological well-being, self-esteem, general self-efficacy and refocus on the plan, positive refocus, positive reappraisal, and putting in the perspective decrease while scores of acceptance, self-blame and catastrophizing increase. As the scores of psychological well-being increase self-esteem, general selfefficacy, refocus on the plan, positive refocus, positive reappraisal, and putting in the perspective scores increase in the same way; on the other hand, it shows that acceptance, self-blame, blaming others and catastrophizing scores decrease. Table 3 shows the results that in line with the problem of the research the scores of self-esteem, general self-efficacy, hopelessness, self-blame, acceptance, rumination, positive refocus, refocus on the plan, positive reappraisal, putting it in perspective, blame destruction and blaming others together predicts psychological well-being or not.  All variables were entered together in multiple linear regression analysis, and as seen in Table 3, self-esteem, hopelessness, general self-efficacy, positive reappraisal, acceptance, and blaming others show moderate and significant relationships with psychological wellbeing. Together, these variables explain about 56% of the total variance of psychological well-being (R=0.745, R2= 0.555, p<01). According to the results of the regression analysis, the regression equation related to the prediction of the level of psychological well-being can be defined as psychological well-being= 143.629+1.863, self-esteem -7.877, hopelessness +0.831, general self-efficacy +1.003, positive reappraisal -0.824, acceptance -0.712, blaming others.
According to the standardized regression coefficients (β) given in Table 3, the relative importance order of the predictive variables on psychological well-being; selfesteem, hopelessness, general self-efficacy, positive reappraisal, acceptance, and blaming others. When the t-test results related to the significance of the regression coefficients are examined, it can be stated that the variables in the equation are significant predictors. Self-blame, rumination, positive refocusing, refocus on the plan, putting in the perspective, and catastrophizing do not predict participants' psychological well-being. With this finding, it can be interpreted as a clue that participants' self-esteem, hopelessness, general self-efficacy, positive reappraisal, acceptance, and blaming others can be predictors about their level of psychological well-being.

Discussion and Conclusion
In this study, the relationship between individuals' psychological well-being levels and self-esteem, self-efficacy, hopelessness, cognitive emotion regulation strategies were examined. According to the results of the research, the correlations obtained showed that as the scores of hopelessness increased; psychological well-being, self-esteem, general self-efficacy, and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation scores decreased, on the other hand, as the scores of hopelessness increased, the scores of psychological well-being increased, self-esteem, general self-efficacy, and adaptive cognitive-emotional regulation strategy scores increased in the same way. t is an expected result that psychological wellbeing, self-esteem, and self-efficacy scores will decrease with increasing hopelessness, which is defined as the individual's pessimism for the future (O'Connor, et al., 2000). Another finding obtained from correlations; psychological well-being, self-esteem, and general self-efficacy scores decrease, and hopelessness scores increase as scores of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies increase. In general, emotional responses facilitate the individual's functional adaptation to stressful or adverse conditions (Lasa-Aristu, et al., 2019). However, some people experience emotional difficulties that affect the functionality of this regulation mechanism (Werner & Gross, 2010). Inadequate emotion regulation in response to stressful events can trigger pathological conditions (Compas et al., 2017;Denny, et al., 2009;Gross & Thomson, 2007;Mennin, et al., 2007). Generally, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies have been associated with psychopathology in the literature.
According to the results of the research, self-esteem, general self-efficacy, hopelessness, adaptive, and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies predicted psychological well-being both individually and together as well. It was revealed that five variables explained 54.5% of the total variance of psychological wellbeing. Following the findings of our research, when the studies in the literature are examined, there are many types of research that self-esteem is a predictor of psychological well-being. Studies have found a significant relationship between selfesteem and psychological well-being (Dogan et al., 2013;Rosenberg et al., 1995;Xiang et al., 2019), and when self-esteem is high, psychological well-being is also found to be high (Kernis, 2003;Schilling, 2015). Another experimental study (Cheng & Furnham, 2003;Chen et al., 2013;Disabato et al., 2016) confirmed that self-esteem is an important predictor of psychological well-being.
There are many studies in the literature on the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and subjective and psychological well-being (Gross & John 2003;Haga, et al., 2009;Kuyumcu, 2013;McRae et al., 2012;Öztürk, 2019;Shiota, 2006;Uyar, 2019). Garnefski et al. (2001) defined 9 cognitive emotion regulation strategies. In this study, it was determined that out of 9 strategies mentioned, 8 strategies other than rumination had a low and moderate correlation with psychological well-being. These strategies were added to the regression analysis, and it was determined positive reappraisal, acceptance, and blaming others predicted psychological well-being. Positive reappraisal is a cognitive process involving an attempt to focus on the positive aspects of a negative event by reinterpreting the situation (Garnefski et al. 2001;Folkman & Moskowitz, 2000). According to this finding, which is in line with the literature (Balzarotti, et al., 2016;Karademas, 2007;Öztürk, 2019;Shiota, 2006;Uyar, 2019), it can be said that individuals who use the positive reappraisal strategy have positive contributions to their psychological well-being. Also, in accordance with the literature (Anderson et al. 1994;Leary et al., 2007;Neff 2003;Nolen-Hoeksema 2000;Öztürk, 2019;Uyar, 2019), it was found that individuals who use the strategy of blaming others less, contribute positively to the psychological well-being. On the other hand, the acceptance strategy (Garnefski et al. 2001;Folkman & Moskowitz, 2000) described in the literature as an "adaptive" strategy showed a negative correlation with the psychological well-being in this research. As a result of the regression analysis, it was found that it predicted General self-efficacy, another variable that predicts psychological well-being, is defined as a broad and stable sense of personal competence to deal effectively with various stressful situations (Aypay, 2010;Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995). In the literature, Farsides and Woodfield (2003) and Duckworth et al. (2007) stated that self-efficacy is an important predictor of individual performance and motivation in different situations and environments. Moreover, it has been found that it is an important part of coping with the inevitable changes in life, and negative emotional experiences such as stress and anxiety can harm self-efficacy (Kelleher, 2016). Individuals with high self-efficacy have positive beliefs in their ability to cope with stressful situations and these beliefs have a significant relationship with positive emotional states such as psychological well-being, subjective well-being and life satisfaction (Freire et al., 2019;Priesac & Alcock, 2015;Salvador & Mayoral, 2011). Individuals with high self-efficacy prefer to do more challenging tasks and are more willing to solve problems (Graham, 2011). On the other hand, high selfefficacy increases resistance to depressive symptoms, anxiety, and helplessness. Bingöl et al. (2019) found that psychological resilience as a predictor of self-efficacy in their research. Tong and Shanggui (2004) also emphasized that general self-efficacy is also associated with mental and psychological well-being. Findings in the literature overlap with the findings of this study.
Another variable that predicts psychological well-being is the level of hopelessness. Snyder (2002) defined hope as a perceived capacity to derive paths on the way to desired goals. In general, it is defined as the perception of achieving the goals. Hopelessness is defined as a negative attitude towards the future and is associated with psychopathological conditions such as depression and schizophrenia (Beck et al., 1993;Lysaker et al., 2004). There are also research findings showing that hopelessness is also found at the clinical level in the general population (Haatainen et al., 2003). Hope is defined as a healing power, and hopeful people are found to be more resilient in adverse situations. Hope appears to have a protective function against adverse situations (Sarı & Tunç, 2016). In the research carried out in Turkey, in parallel with the findings of this research, there is evidence that hope is the predictor of life satisfaction, psychological resilience (Çelik, et al., 2017), self-efficacy (Kemer, 2006) and psychological well-being (Sarı & Tunç, 2016).
According to the results of this study, psychological well-being is related to cognitive emotion regulation strategies, general self-efficacy perception, self-esteem and hopelessness, positive reappraisal, acceptance, and blaming others. Psychological wellbeing will increase as individuals use more positive reappraisal strategies against difficult life events, and as they use strategies to blame and accept others, general selfefficacy perceptions and self-esteem less and as hopelessness level decreases. According to this result, individual and group psychoeducational programs that support individuals' coping skills should be developed. Starting from primary school level efforts should be made to develop studies that will support each variable discussed in this study. It should be noted that this research has some limitations in addition to its remarkable findings. First of all, when considering the findings, it should be taken into consideration that a relational pattern is used in the research and random sampling is done. With the experimental or longitudinal studies, investigating the cause-effect relationship and the findings of the research can be examined more in-depth. Besides, another limitation of the research is that the research is carried out using scales based on self-assessment. Scales based on self-assessment carry the risk of reflecting the ideal or the favorable situation. Therefore, using other objective evaluation tools will make the research results more objective.