Open Access Publishing Group

El orden de nacimiento se ha relacionado con diferencias conductuales y fisiológicas entre hermanos. Una de los fenómenos más estudiados es su relación con las diferencias en personalidad. Se ha reportado que los primogénitos tienden a ser más reflexivos, rutinarios, obedientes, organizados y perseverantes en sus metas; en contraste, en los hijos últimos predomina una personalidad más espontánea, flexible, impulsiva y desafiante. Sin embargo existen investigaciones que no respaldan estos hallazgos, señalando que los efectos reportados se deben a limitaciones metodológicas en los instrumentos utilizados (cuestionarios autoaplicables). Es necesario evaluar los rasgos de personalidad a través de pruebas menos sujetas al nivel de pretension de los individuos evaluados. En este trabajo se propone evaluar las funciones ejecutivas relacionadas con los rasgos de personalidad descritos. Evaluamos a estudiantes universitarios, 35 primogénitos y 35 hijos últimos, utilizando tareas neuropsicológicas que miden la inhibición conductual y otras funciones ejecutivas asociadas a las características de la personalidad descritas para primogénitos e hijos últimos. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas; los primogénitos puntuan más alto en áreas como control inhibitorio, y evitación del riesgo pero no tareas de flexibilidad cognitiva ni en habilidades de planificación. Estos hallazgos confirman la presencia de algunos rasgos de personalidad descritos en la literatura del orden de nacimeinto. Sin embargo se recomienda que estudios futuros incluyan otras mediciones neuropsicológicas y psicofisiológicas.

Sporting functional areas in industry require a multidimensional perspective. Developments and technological breakthroughs in today's world's sports organizations have made it imperative to take asymmetric variables into account, along with symmetrical ones. Because the form opponent and struggle will take will mean the absolute defeat of one-dimensional system of thinking. The goal of this research is to identify the role and functions of leaders in the frame of the level of the reach of the sports industry in the world. This research has been examined in accordance with qualitative research methods, phenomenological design and the descriptive approach. Sports management within the sport industry will need leaders who can make the right decisions through an effective judgment process, which requires multidimensional thinking, uncertainty and rapid reaction in unexpected situations. The leadership qualities and reasoning techniques and methods that have to be possessed in order to find solutions to institutional problems have increased in terms of significance by using the reasoning ability of the leading personnel who take roles in all the functional areas and all levels of sports organizations.

Teachers have important influence on learners’ academic achievement. However, Chepkorio division in Elgeyo Marakwet County has witnessed average results in academic performance in the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) examination. The study target population comprised of 521 teachers and 47 headteachers from Chepkorio Division. A sample size of 42 headteachers and 226 teachers were selected. The data was analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively using both descriptive and inferential statistics. It was found out that teachers utilised learner-centred approaches more as compared to teacher-centred ones; print media: textbooks and references books were commonly used as opposed to audio and video media in classrooms. The study recommends that; in-service training should be provided to teachers and head teachers should supervise teachers’ utilisation of various instructional resources in classrooms.

The use of Instant Messaging (IM) applications on the mobile phones of the youth has become inextricably attached to their everyday lives. Students on university campuses cannot leave their mobile phones behind for a minute because of the importance they attach to the use of IM applications. This paper investigated how the use of abbreviations in IM affects the writing of Standard English language of learners of English as a second language. A sample of 150 students in their 3rd and 4th years at Kenyatta University was used. The study also interviewed a lecturer on the problem. While students indicated that the IM usage does not do any harm to their formal English writing, a faculty member disagreed. It was recommended that awareness should be created through seminars and lectures to bring the issue to the fore for students. This would help students to be cautious of the use of IM.

This study investigated the effectiveness of Experiential Teaching Strategy (ETS) on students' achievement and scoring levels in senior secondary school physics. The study adopted the pretest, posttest, non-randomized control group quasi-experimental design. Simple random sampling technique was used to select two schools used for the study. Two research questions were raised to guide the study. Also, two null hypothesis were formulated and tested for acceptance or rejection at 0.05 significance level. The sample used for the study was ninety five (95) senior secondary two (SS2) physics students randomly selected from the two schools in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. The study made use of Physics Achievement Test (PAT) with internal consistency of 0.82 using Kuder Richardson Formular 21. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, t-test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Finding of the study showed that Experiential Teaching Strategy (ETS) had significant effect on physics student’s achievement (t-cal = 3.572, p = 0.000) and scoring level (F(2, 38) = 16.025 at p = 0.000) in the concepts of Optics in physics. The findings also showed that the high scorers benefitted most from the treatment followed by the average and low scoring students. The study concluded that teachers should be encouraged to adopt the use of Experiential Teaching Strategy in teaching the concept of Optics in physics in order to improve student’s achievement in the subject.

The purpose of this study is to find out the effects of teaching the unite “Granular Structure of Substances” using a four-stage life-based teaching model on students’ academic achievement and the retention of learning. The study employed a pretest-posttest randomized control group design. It surveyed a total of 52 6th-grade students attending a selected middle school. 24 students were included in the experimental group and 28 in the control group. The study used an “Achievement Test on the Granular Structure of Substances” consisting of 31 items as a data collection tool to measure the achievements of the main acquisitions and concepts covered in the unite “Granular Structure of Substances”. Independent samples t-test and dependent samples t-test were used in in the data analysis. The research results indicated that teaching activities prepared using the four-stage life-based learning model concerning the determined subject were influential on students’ academic achievement and the retention of learning. In addition, the four-stage life-based teaching model was found to be more successful in enhancing academic achievement and the retention of learning compared to the traditional approach to teaching.

After the 1990’s, the changes in the football world had helped to develop and to grow the economy of football rapidly. The development of digital broadcasting led to build a bigger commercial structure. With the effect of those changes, commercial incomes, sponsor revenues, stadium and facilities incomes, and betting incomes have increased over time. This rapid change also brings several problems. UEFA has published UEFA criteria in order to protect football’s sustainability and viability in a long term. Depending on license criteria that is published by UEFA, it has used a road map for football clubs, regarding of corporate structure of UEFA to work, that identified the general rules like in a company structure and management that should be all the necessary factors of production in a systematic and effective way in order to transform football clubs to a corporate organization and make them sustainable. With this out of the common guide explains readers how to run a club in today’s demanding, high competitive and high-tech environment and, establish its brand, and bring in the revenue required to ensure long-term success. Those who manage and lead clubs will find that they can improve a successful business plan of their club mission and have the instruments to develop and sustain organizations that are feasible and financially wealthy and that satisfy the needs of footballer and those who support them.

This study attempts to determine the effect of self-efficacy beliefs on English preparatory students’ existing capacities via the use of quantitative and qualitative methods within methodological pluralism (a combination of meta-analysis, descriptive survey, and qualitative document analysis plus action research). In the quantitative phase of the research, both meta-analytic method and descriptive method were used. In the meta analytic method, the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis statistical program was used to compute the effect size values of the included studies (N= 12) with the pretest-posttest control group model and carried out between 2000 and 2017 in national and international level. In the descriptive research of the study, the English Self Efficacy Beliefs Scale was used on English preparatory students (N= 117) to determine the effect of self-efficacy beliefs on their language skills. In the qualitative part of the study, data collected both through document analysis (N=7) from the included studies and through semi-structured interviews applied to English preparatory students (N= 58) were analysed via the Maxqda 11 program. The quantitative and quantitative results of the study are consistent and suggest that while self-efficacy beliefs on English learning is high, in terms of using the four skills, listening and speaking are the ones that the participants exhibit the weakest self- efficacy beliefs respectively.

El deterioro, la destrucción, la desaparición de los elementos naturales traen consigo numerosos problemas, en este sentido, la educación, bajo el objetivo esencial del desarrollo integral, juega un papel fundamental por la determinación que tienen los valores relacionados con el respeto al medio ambiente, cuyo origen se deriva del modelo de interacción y percepción del entorno inmediato. La preocupación por la Educación Ambiental llega a la escuela, como no podía ser de otro modo, como una de las fuentes de valores más importantes con la que poder trabajar en las aulas. El respeto, el cuidado, la valoración, la protección, el interés, por todo aquello que nos rodea, resulta fundamental para la formación y desarrollo integral de los alumnos. La Educación Ambiental toma un cariz especial en el entorno educativo, dada la situación actual de deterioro progresivo del medioambiente, propiciando y favoreciendo el desarrollo de competencias básicas relacionadas con la participación activa y el desarrollo de valores en el alumnado. En España la Educación Ambiental vino de la mano de los Ejes Transversales, de lo que se denominó Educación para…(Perrenoud, 2012), con la Ley de Ordenación General del Sistema Educativo Español (LOGSE, 1990) se trató de impulsar prácticas educativas que abordaran los problemas ambientales de manera interdisciplinar estimulando, con ello, la educación en valores en el alumnado. Aunque se trata de un planteamiento francamente abierto, este trabajo tiene como objetivo justificar la importancia del tratamiento de la Educación Ambiental, como valor educativo, dentro de la formación en valores.

The depletion, destruction and disappearance of natural elements entail numerous problems. In this sense, education, which has the essential aim of holistic development, plays a fundamental role due to the purpose that the values related to respect for the environment, and whose origin is derived from the interaction and perception of the immediate environment model. As was to be expected, the concern for Environmental Education reaches schools as one of the most important sources of moral values with which to work with in the classroom. The respect, the care, the value, the protection, the interest shown towards everything around us, is fundamental for the education and holistic development of students. Environmental Education takes a special turn in an educational setting, given the fact that the situation nowadays is of progressive deterioration of the environment, favours the development of the key competencies related to an active participation and of values in students. In Spain, Environmental Education came hand in hand with cross-cutting themes and was defined as Education for... (Perrenoud, 2012), in the education law called Ley de Ordenación General del Sistema Educativo Español (LOGSE, 1990), which tried to bolster educational practices so as to tackle environmental problems in an interdisciplinary manner, and thus education in values, with students. Even though it is a frankly open approach, the aim of this paper is to justify the importance of teaching Environmental Education as a moral value, within the formation of values in general.

En este artículo se presenta una propuesta de innovación en el área de la intervención tutorial y de la orientación educativa en Radio ECCA . Para poder realizar la propuesta de innovación previamente se inició un proceso de análisis dentro de un modelo de proceso y de trabajo colaborativo entre un grupo de profesores-tutores de bachillerato y su alumnado junto a un asesor de la Universidad de La Laguna. A través de esta revisión se pudo extraer una priorización de necesidades a atender para mejorar el sistema de tutorías y de orientación educativa del centro, proponiendo para ello el diseño de unos talleres que conformaron la experiencia preliminar a partir de la cual se propuso un programa de innovación basado en la investigación-acción en torno a la mejora de la acción tutorial en Radio ECCA.

This article presents a proposal for innovation in the area of tutorial intervention and educational guidance in Radio ECCA. In order to carry out the innovation proposal previously, a process of analysis was initiated within a process model and collaborative work between a group of teachers-tutors of the baccalaureate and their students together with an advisor from the University of La Laguna. Through this review, it was possible to extract a prioritization of needs to be addressed to improve the system of tutoring and educational orientation of the center, proposing for it the design of some workshops that formed the preliminary experience from which a program of innovation based on action research around the improvement of the tutorial action in Radio ECCA.

Research has proven beyond doubt that music activities are an invaluable resource in the learning process, especially for young children. However, how these music activities are used in the learning process is not known. The current study set out to document the various ways preschool teachers use music activities in the course of instruction. It was anchored on the theory of Multiple Intelligences by Gardner. The researcher randomly selected one preschool teacher from each of the twelve sub-counties in Kiambu County, Kenya. This made a total of 12 respondents. A researcher constructed observation guide was used to record how preschool teachers used music activities in real preschool classroom situations as they taught. The respondents were later interviewed. This article documents the findings, which revealed very innovative ways of integrating music activities in the course of instruction. It is recommended that teachers reflect and explore the best ways and times to use music activities in the learning process for maximum effect. Music may also be used at other levels of education to improve the learning environment.

The purpose of this study was to explore the immediate causes of Fire Disasters (FDs) in Boarding Secondary Schools (BSSs) in Tanzania. The study adopted a qualitative approach so as to allow the researcher to interact socially with respondents in the construction of meanings related to the immediate causes of FDs in BSSs. The study employed a descriptive case study design so as to enable the researcher collect in-depth information for detailed description of the immediate causes of FDs in BSSs in their natural settings. Purposively sampling was used to select 4 heads of schools, 8 teachers, 3 dormitory patrons, 2 dormitory matrons and 20 students, while convenience sampling was used to select 4 easily accessible BSSs from three easily reachable regions namely; Iringa, Njombe and Mbeya. Data was collected through documentary review and face to face interviews. Results indicated that the immediate causes of FDs in BSSs were: indiscipline and riots among students, the use of kerosene lamps and candles for studying during night and electric faults. The researcher recommends to the government that it should ensure BSSs have reliable electric supply systems so as to eliminate the use candles and kerosene lamps among students.

The study aimed at assessing how teachers’ mastery of practical Geography skills influenced A-level students’ acquisition of these skills. The sample comprised 744 respondents including 60 teachers and 672 students. Data was analyzed using one–way ANOVA and the t-Test using SSPS data analysis package (16.0 version). Qualitative data was analyzed using descriptions in themes deciphered in the course of the study. Majority of the teachers and students lacked requisite skills to in practical geography. There was a significant relationship between teachers’ mastery of skills and students’ acquisition of these skills. Both teachers and students found difficulties in interpreting photographs and map, and in using field and statistical data. It was concluded that many teachers and students lack sufficient skills in A-level practical geography. There is need to strengthen preservice and in-service teacher training focusing on teaching strategies, mastery of the skills in practical Geography and field work activities.

Traditional learning allows students to study and memorize ineffectively in order to pass the tests. On the other hand, learning, in its real and new context, encourages students to apply information and improve their critical and imaginative thinking, mental creativity, and other different life skills. This study investigates the advantages and the effect of using competitions in EFL context. The participants of this study are 60 sophomores and juniors who were divided into four competing groups. The competition includes three tasks. In order to collect the data, the researchers have observed the students’ performances and attitudes during and after the time of the given task. Furthermore, an open-ended questionnaire was used to investigate students’ thoughts and opinion of the participation in the competition. The results showed that students' participation in the competition enhanced their motivation and awareness of their language use, critical thinking and creative abilities. In conclusion, although this was a small-scale study, the students' participation in the competition shows that the new teaching ideas can be implemented successfully despite of the limited resources and the time pressure as the competition was set at the end of the academic year.

This paper discusses adversity intelligence, tutor’s performance, and the contribution of adversity intelligence towards the performance of tutor in Learning Activity Center (SKB). The discussion in this paper is presented based on the research findings, where the research was done by using correlation research design and all tutors in Learning Activity Center of West Sumatra as the population. From the discussion, it can be concluded that there were many tutors in Learning Activity Center of West Sumatra whose adversity intelligence and performance were still low and the adversity intelligence had a significant contribution towards tutors’ performance.

In recent years, learning objects have been playing a crucial role in the teaching process. However, research focused on the analysis of science learning objects is particularly limited. The present study aims to analyze the science learning objects of the Greek Digital Learning Object Repository that are intended for primary school from a learning activities perspective. A total of 178 learning objects were analyzed. The analysis of learning objects from the perspective of the learning activities (cognitive and metacognitive) they activate in the students was carried out in line with the analysis framework of Overman, Vermunt, Meijer, Bulte and Brekelmans (2013). The analysis of learning objects showed that they are dominated by low level cognitive learning activities, while the learning objects that activate high level cognitive learning activities are limited. Finally, no learning objects activating metacognitive learning activities in the students were detected.

In this study, I would like to write the review of the book, entitled ‘Motivational Currents in Language Learning- Frameworks for Focused Interventions’. It was written by Zoltán Dörnyei, Alastair Henry and Henry Muir. Zoltán Dörnyei is a professor of Psycholinguistics at the School of English at the University of Nottingham in the UK. Alastair Henry is an associate professor in language education at University West in Sweden. Christine Muir is a postgraduate teaching fellow at the School of English at the University of Nottingham in the UK. This book was first published in 2016 by Routledge. The right of Zoltán Dörnyei, Alastair Henry and Christine Henry to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright. Designs and Patents Act 1988.

In this study, I would like to write the review of the book, entitled ‘The Autonomy Approach’. The authors of this book are Brian Morrison and Diego Navarro. It was published by the Delta Publishing in England in 2014. The International Standard Book Number of this book is 978-1-909783-05-8. It was edited by Mike Burghall and designed by Christine Cox. It was printed in Greece by Bakis Aebe. The introduction part of this book starts on page 3 and the title of that page is From the Authors.

Reading competence is one of the main foreign language learning skills in English language teaching. All students who learn reading in ELT classes need motivation, and there are different methods of motivating students in reading classes. Brain-compatible learning and teaching is one of the most useful strategies in English language education. This paper deals with brain based learning strategies in reading classes. Brain based learning strategies will be examined and brain based learning theory will be highlighted. Sample activities and exercises will be given, and useful websites and books will be suggested.

This study aims to reveal the relationship between the levels of sportspersonship and narcissism of athletes. The sample of the study was selected by 33 football players, 36 volleyball players, 40 handball players and 30 basketball players who already ranked among the top three athletes in Turkish Championships. Narcissistic Personality Inventory and Multidimensional Sportspersonship Orientation Scale were used as a collection tool in the study. Portable IBM SPSS Statistics v20 software package was also used to analyze the data. The descriptive analysis was used in the analysis of the data, a correlation analysis was used to determine the severity and direction of the relationship between variables and regression analysis was used to reveal cause-effect relationship between the variables. As a result of the correlation analysis carried out, it was determined that there is a statistically significant negative relationship between an athlete’s narcissism score, and respect for opponents and respect for social convention.

Universally, educational reforms are meant to positively impact a country. Botswana has over the years been introducing innovations through government funding of education especially basic education. Reforms have been focused on each level of education including early childhood education (ECE). While a move to develop early childhood education was slow as is started some few years back (2012) with the introduction of the first policy on early childhood education, the government should be applauded for taking this bold step signaling an international move to advance and manage this level of education. Experience has indicated that early childhood programs are mostly operated by none government providers like religious group, private organization and individuals. However, there is nothing in place to regulate their provision in terms of an accreditation model. The absence of such a model can defeat the very efforts to improve, expand and support provision of ECE. This paper argues for the introduction of a minimal accreditation model taking into consideration the nature of provision and the fresh interest that the government has given to ECE. It is suggested that a minimal model can have tremendously benefits for Botswana. It can shape a remarkable trend of regular review, regulate issuance of certificate to practice, formation of national accreditation body, development of standards for compliance and coordinate different provisions. Unquestionably, these milestones would not be achieved with unregulated practices that currently characterize ECE provision in Botswana. The paper support efforts for relevant provision of ECE which can spark renewed interests by all stakeholders including parents, communities and nation at large.

Poor performance of students in Biology has been attributed generally to factors relating to the home, school and the students themselves. Previous studies have investigated personality type and learning style preferences in relation to students’ achievement in tertiary institutions rather than at the secondary school level. This study was therefore conducted to examine the effects of Myer’s Briggs personality type- ESTJ (Extroversion, Sensing, Thinking, Judging) and VAK (Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic) learning style preferences on students’ achievement in Biology at the Senior Secondary School (SSS) level. Three instruments [Cognitive Type Inventory (CTI), VAK Learning Style Indicators (VLSI), and Biology Achievement Test (BAT)] were administered on 1,480 SSS II Biology students. The results were presented using path analysis and multiple regressions. It was established that five hypothesized predictor variables (age, extroversion, sensing, thinking and kinesthetic) had direct effects on Biology achievement. On the other hand, only three hypothesized predictor variables (gender, age and thinking) had indirect effects on Biology achievement. However, sensing and kinesthetic preferences had the most significant direct effects on Biology achievement. Also, sensing had the highest total causal effect on Biology achievement. Students should be encouraged to develop improve and exhibit sensing and kinesthetic preferences when learning Biology.

The aim of this study is to measure both dynamic balance of elite martial arts athletes doing functional strength exercises on instable ground and the effects of circuit training program on their anaerobic capacities, and compare them with those following classical training program. Students studying in Faculty of Sport Sciences at Duzce University and doing martial arts (kick box and muay-thai) constituted the study group. In the study conducted in 6 weeks with 24 sessions, while experimental group (EG) included 14 individuals (age: 19.78±1.36, height: 1.68±0.06) control group (CG) included 14 individuals (age: 19.92±2.09, height: 1.67±0.07) similar to those in experimental group. While athletes in EG followed circuit training program including strength exercises on instable ground in 6 weeks with 24 sessions, those in CG followed classical training program. Pre and posttests were applied before and after 6-week training program. First of all, height, weight and bioelectric impedance method was used for body fat rate, RAST test was done to measure agility by using electronic chronometer system with two-gated photocell having measurement in the sensitivity of 0.01, y-balance test battery was used to measure dynamic balance. Data was analyzed with SPSS 18. Collected data, pretest and posttest values of study and control group was analyzed with Wilcoxon test which was in 95 reliability range an significance level was accepted as p<0.05. When statistical data was examined, it was found that study group reported significant increments than control group in terms of anaerobic capacity, minimum power output, fatigue index, average power output and dynamic balance (p<0.05), while no significant differences were found in terms of other variables. Consequently, it was observed that exercises on instable ground developed dynamic balances of athletes. It is thought that athletes use required muscle function for balance during movement in the lowest level and this retards fatigue by effecting power output positively.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of Early Childhood Development (ECD) teacher training on learning process in classrooms in Kanyarkwat Zone, West Pokot County, Kenya. A descriptive survey research paradigm was used. The study was conducted in 14 ECD centres within the division. A sample size of 42 ECDE teachers was selected. All the head teachers of the selected ECDCs participated. The teachers were selected through simple random sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview and observation schedules. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and presented thematically. It emerged that policy framework governing ECDE programme in Kenya was not being fully practiced in the zone. Most teachers had a certificate while a few had a diploma in ECDE. The training content was sufficient to make teachers competent. However, majority had never attended refresher courses since training. Moreover, most teachers did not enjoy harmonized terms and conditions of services, though the conditions of services were emphasized during inspection by DQASOs. The study recommended facilitation of ECDE teachers by educational officers, cooperation of parents, administration, community leaders and MOE to improve the working conditions of ECDE teachers.

The aim of this study was to revise Goal Commitment Scale, developed by Hollenbeck, Williams and Klein (1989) with 9 items, revised by Klein, Wesson, Hollenbeck and Wright (2001) to 5 items and adapted to Turkish by Şenel and Yıldız (2016) to measure commitment to team goals and analyze validation and reliability in a sample including athletes. The Turkish version of the 5-item Goal Commitment Scale was revised by taking expert opinion to measure commitment to team goals. The Revised form was sent to at least 2-year licensed athletes on the Internet, and data was collected from 400 athletes. The data were examined and 25 improper data were excluded. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS by using Exploratory Factor Analysis and in AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structure) program by using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Results showed that the revised commitment scale that measures commitment to team goals could be used for samples including athletes.

Development in children; may vary according to the growth stages. Therefore, the age factor is one of the most controversial topics in child training. Children belonging to the same age group develop at different speeds and at different times according to each other. Because of the rapid development of childhood during puberty, even during the birth of the age of the developmental superiority can be seen even at birth. This suggests that children may fall into disadvantages within the same age group, according to the birth month. It is believed that children are affected by this disadvantage as well as external factors in sport finishing. The Naili Moran Age Groups Races organized by the Turkish Athletics Federation (TAF) to strengthen infrastructure work include sportspeople aged 12-15 years. The study was based on the participation of these age groups for the 2016 and 2017 seasons, and the data was downloaded from the TAF website. In the study, the achievement levels of 328 athletes (n = 172) and male (n = 156) were examined. In this study, four quarters of a year were separated and success and failure rates of the athletes were determined according to the quarters. For statistical analysis, in the SPSS 22.0 program, independent samples t test, one way ANOVA and LSD correction tests were used. When the months of birth of the male and female athletes were examined, it was seen that the births were higher in the first quarter of the year for each age group. It was observed that the athletes born in the first quarter were more successful than the athletes born in the other quarters. It was determined that the athletes who continued the sports in the following year (2017) were successful and the athletes who had dropped in the following year had a failed year in the 2016 season. It is thought that the bad grades obtained in the termination of the sport are influenced and the success status is due to the Relative Age Effect.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the inquiry-based science methods course on preservice elementary teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs about science teaching. Eighty-six preservice elementary education majors enrolled in the elementary science methods course participated in the study. Data were collected through Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument- Form B (STEBI-B), a participant information form, and semi-structured interviews. Findings from the quantitative data revealed that there was significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores on both the Personal Science Teaching Efficacy (PSTE) and Science Teaching Outcome Expectancy (STOE), which are two subscales of STEBI-B. The qualitative findings of the study were utilized to further clarify the quantitative results. Overall, findings from the study indicated a positive relationship between participating in the elementary science methods course and changes in science teaching self- efficacy beliefs.

The aim of this research is to discover what science teachers' opinions about outdoor education learning environments are. Outdoor education learning environments contribute to problem-solving, critical and creative thinking skills of students. For this reason, outdoor education learning environments are very important for students to learn by recognizing the nature and the natural environment. Qualitative research method was used in this research. The study group of the research constitutes 16 science teachers. A semi-structured interview form was used as a data collection tool. According to the results of the research, most science teachers stated that they have taken their students to science centers and museums as the outdoor education environment in order for the students to be aware of the nature and the natural environment. They desired to use the outdoor learning environments, but the conditions of them are not appropriate. Teachers stated that they had problems in school-family cooperation, in-service training and obtaining legal permission.

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate and identify the relationship between managers’ strategic thinking style and staff’s readiness-for-change. As for its nature, this study is considered as ‘applied’ research and methodologically it is descriptive-correlational. The population of the study was composed of 150 subjects where, based on Morgan and Krejcie scale, 110 subjects were randomly sampled out. To collect the required data, the researcher applied the most effective instrument- the questionnaire. The validity of both questionnaires was approved by the experts in the field and their reliability was calculated through Cronbach Alpha, where it was 0.870 for the strategic thinking questionnaire and 0.902 for the readiness-for-change one. T0 analyze the data, the researcher used descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation, and Linear Regression. The results of the study showed that there was a significantly positive and direct relationship between managers’ strategic thinking style and staff’s readiness-for-change. Therefore, it can be concluded that managers with strategic thinking style are required in an organization so that they can explore the factors effective on its performance and by analyzing them; they can appreciate the environment properly in order to identify the opportunities and make correct decisions.

The study sought to assess teachers’ conception towards the use of social networks as a tool for professional development in Tanzania government secondary schools in Dodoma Municipality. Thus, the specific objectives of this study were to assess teachers’ conception on the available social networks opportunities that can support professional development, and to examine the limitations that hinder teachers’ use of social networks available for professional development. The paper is guided by the social-cognitive theory which stresses that learning takes place in a social environment. A cross-sectional  research design  was  used  to  collect  data  that  involved 84  teachers  from  ten secondary schools, six heads of schools, three quality assurers and one respondent from District education office. Qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis and quantitative data were descriptively analyzed through SPSS Version 20 of which the mean score was obtained. The survey results indicated teachers had positive conceptions towards the use of social networks as a tool for professional development. Furthermore, the findings revealed that teachers faced several challenges which include lack training on how to integrate SNs in TPD and high costs of the internet bandwidth, just to mention a few. Finally, the researchers recommend that, teachers should be exposed to professional development programmes that empower them to develop various pedagogical skills and understand a variety of learning environment that can improve their practice through collaborative online social networks. Again, teachers should be provided with opportunities to use the available SNs to create professional learning networks in their local context and globally.

The aim of this study is to determine preschool teachers’ views on home visits. The study used a semi-structured interview to collect data. The form was developed by the researcher and it consists of two sections: a demographic information section and the views on home visits of preschool teachers’ section. Thirty preschool teachers participated in this study. The results of the research suggested that the pre-school teachers thought that they needed to make home visits to children with problems, to get information about the child’s home environment, to get to know the child, and to learn about their family relations.

El conocimiento de los estilos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes constituye el primer paso para mejorar la labor docente y la base para la sustentación de la modificación del currículo panameño. El propósito del estudio fue investigar la relación que existe entre los estilos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes del nivel superior y su rendimiento académico. Se administró el cuestionario Honey Alonso de Estilos de Aprendizaje (CHAEA) adaptado a una muestra de 151 estudiantes de cuatro carreras de la Universidad Especializada de las Américas. Se encontró que el estilo de aprendizaje predominante fue (activo moderado), además hay una escasa frecuencia (altamente pragmático). Se identificó una caracterización cognitiva elevada al iniciar el curso, en donde los estudiantes empleaban procedimientos mecánicos para estudiar porque sus mejores resultados fueron en tareas descriptivas o de identificación en las que podían reproducir textualmente, sin elaboración personal, no empleaban recursos auxiliares que les facilitaran el aprendizaje y olvidaban rápidamente lo estudiado.

Knowledge of student learning styles is the first step to improve teaching and the basis for sustaining the modification of the Panamanian curriculum. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between the learning styles of upper level students and their academic performance. The Honey Alonso of Learning Styles (CHAEA) questionnaire was administered, adapted to a sample of 151 students from four careers of the Specialized University of the Americas. It was found that the predominant learning style was (moderate active), in addition there is a low frequency (highly pragmatic). A high cognitive characterization was identified at the beginning of the course, where the students used mechanical procedures to study because their best results were in descriptive or identification tasks in which they could reproduce textually, without personal elaboration, they did not use auxiliary resources that would facilitate them learning and quickly forgot what was studied.

This paper reviews literature on character education with a view to making recommendations on how learning institutions in Kenya could integrate character education in the curriculum in order to equip learners with skills needed for success in life and workplace. Character education is a component of learning which forms part of the four integral dimensions of a complete and balanced education namely knowledge, skills, character, and metacognition. Integrating character education in the curriculum is crucial because the goal of education is to produce confident, compassionate and ethical citizens who are well engaged in the development of their society. Teachers are expected to adequately prepare learners to face the challenges of the 21st century by instilling them with personal development and the ability to fulfill social and community responsibilities as global citizens. Teachers’ success in this expectation is pegged on the quality of their pre-service training. Thus, if teachers are to effectively impart learners with character, teacher training institutions should make character education an integral and compulsory component of pre-service teacher training. Examples of character qualities are mindfulness, curiosity, courage, resilience, ethics, leadership, equity, equality and inclusion. It is hoped that this review will shed light on the need to integrate character education at all levels of learning to enable learners acquire holistic quality education that is capable of transforming them into empowered ethical citizens who are capable of contributing to the development of the society at both local and global arenas. The paper will be followed by an empirical research in teacher training institutions in Kenya to determine whether the institutions have incorporated character education in their curricula.

The aim of this article is to present an overview and a comparison of the Greek and German educational systems from an educational and sociological perspective. It purports to provide a synopsis of the educational systems pointing to areas of convergence and divergence. It especially emphasizes on two aspects of educational policy: tracking or ability grouping and the teaching of foreign languages. The choice of these features was determined by the fact that they are linked to the issue of equality of educational opportunities and participation in globalized knowledge societies. The article is organized in the following way. First, it presents the educational system in Germany. This is followed by a description of the Greek educational system. Finally, we present a comparison of the educational systems in these two countries, pointing to areas of convergence and divergence and focusing on the potential of the educational systems to address the issue of educational equality.

Purpose: This study aims to identify the effect of factors including homework assignment given within semesters, class attendance and the type of high school graduated on vocational college students’ academic achievements in the Corporate Accounting course.
Design/methodology/approach: In order to determine the sample’ understanding level on the topic of stock corporations which is a subtopic in Corporate Accounting course, a test consisting of 20 multiple-choice questions was prepared by the researchers. The reliability of the test was determined as 0.84 by using the formula “KR-20”. Causal - comparative research design was used in scope of the study. The data obtained was analyzed by using independent samples t-test, ANOVA and regression.
Findings: Upon the analyses carried out, it was found out that academic achievement varies depending on the homework assignment given within the period and class attendance hours of the student. When the joint effect of the factors on academic achievement was examined, it was seen that only the homework assignment factor has a significant effect.
Research limitations/implications: This study only examined the Corporate Accounting course which is studied by the students of Accounting and Tax Applications Department in one vocational college in Turkey. In this study, used variables that are thought to be related with the academic achievement and on which unbiased data can be collected were preferred.
Originality/Value: In the studies so far, the effects of the related variables on academic achievement have been examined one by one. This study determines the common effect of multiple variables used in this study called homework assignment, class attendance and the type of high school graduated on academic achievement. In this way, it will be possible to learn the variables that are more influential on academic achievement within a single study.

Dans cet article est présentée et discutée une approche pour le choix d’une planification didactique efficace à l’enseignement des sciences physiques et naturelles dans la classe.  Cette analyse propose un grand effort au niveau de la recherche éducative dirigée avant tout vers l’approfondissement de nos connaissances quant aux questions au sujet de la nature de l’apprentissage et surtout de l’apprentissage scientifique pendant le développement de l’enfant. Elle s’oriente aussi vers les modalités et les fonctions de l’apprentissage aux différents degrés de l’éducation, sur la base de l’apport de diverses connaissances et compétences qui vont de l’épistémologie et la psychologie à la didactique contemporaine.

In this article is presented and discussed an approach to the choice of an effective didactic project for the teaching of sciences at the school. This analysis propose a great effort at the level of educational research directed primarily towards deepening our knowledge on issues about the nature of learning and especially the scientific learning during the child development. The analysis also turned to the modalities and functions of learning at different levels of education, on the basis of the contribution of various knowledge and skills ranging from epistemology and psychology in the contemporary didactics.

The purpose of this study is to observe outcomes of utilizing from active learning strategies in Advanced English courses with 6 university students coming from different countries. After completing the course which is presented in detail in the methodology section, students were asked to compare the course and the process with previous ordinary courses and evaluate it.

The purpose of this study is to find out recreational tendencies of university students, the factors which prevent them from participating in recreational activities and whether these factors differ according to some variables. 200 students, 96 males and 104 females, studying in three different faculties (faculty of theology, faculty of education and faculty of sport sciences) of Samsun Ondokuz Mayıs University during 2016-2017 Academic Year participated in the study voluntarily. Leisure Constraints Scale was used as data collection tool. SPSS 22.0 was used in the statistical analysis of our data. Factor analysis was conducted on the data obtained, followed by Anova Test, Kruskal Wallis Test, Mann-Whitney-U test and T Test according to the data set. When the results of our study were examined, no statistically significant difference was found between age groups in terms of lack of access and friends, lack of information, lack of time and lack of facility, and between genders in terms of lack of facility, lack of time, individual psychology and lack of information (p>0.05). Statistically significant difference was found between faculties in terms of lack of knowledge and individual psychology, between genders in terms of access and lack of friends (p<0.05). As a conclusion, it can be seen that there are differences between students studying in different faculties in terms of lack of knowledge about recreational activities, problems in finding facilities and individual psychology.

This research aims to study the prospects of cultivating creative thinking of pre-school children from the perspective of the use of educational software by potential pedagogues of pre-school children. The survey involved 104 future educators who chose freeware spontaneously in order to utilize it in the pre-school children's learning process. They analyzed, evaluated and prioritized the software in their discretion through an assessment grid developed by the researcher. In this context, the prospects for the cultivation of children's creative thinking in the development of the use of technology by future pedagogues were studied. According to the results, the potentially positive perspective of cultivating creative thinking of children is examined in view of the intention of educators to exploit learning software. It seems that the spontaneous choice of freeware aims to cultivate children's creativity. The pursuit of creative thinking seems to be one of the main criterion for educators' software selection. They, also, estimate positively the software which is designed to practice creativity. Moreover, future educators seem to identify and recognize the added value that new technologies offer in cultivating creative thinking of pre-school children.

This study was designed to develop a scale and examine its psychometric properties to offer a new complex adaptive leadership for school principals (CAL-SP). This was an exploratory mixed method research. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to develop and assess psychometric properties of the questionnaire. This study introduces the construct of complex adaptive school leadership, which comprises three dimensions: enabling leadership, managerial leadership and adaptive leadership. The scale shows internal consistency, reliability, construct validity and nomological validity explaining that the instrument had a good structure and reliability. Directions for future research and managerial implications of the new construct are discussed.

The aim of this study is to examine the number sense skills of preservice elementary school mathematics teachers. This study was conducted by using the survey model among descriptive research methods. A total of 111 preservice teachers studying at second and third grades in the elementary school mathematics teaching program at a state university participated in the study. The data of the study were collected by using the number sense test consisting of 17 questions and developed by Kayhan-Altay (2010). The findings of the study indicated that the number sense performances of preservice elementary mathematics teachers were lower than expected and there was a significant difference in favour of third-grade students. It is considered that the “Special Training Methods I and II” courses and the “Mathematics Curriculum” course, which are taught in third grades and in which subjects such as estimation and making mental calculations, etc. superficially related to number sense are mentioned, may cause this difference. Thus, it was suggested that it was necessary to include courses consisting of number sense and how it can be developed in the curriculum.

This paper is an attempt at highlighting the relevance of Open and Distance Learning in the education of girls and women in a country like Nigeria. Girls’ and women’s participation in education in Nigeria has been slowed down as a result of some barriers. Barriers to girls’ and women’s access to education are multifaceted. However, the ODL system has a philosophy that aims at removing barriers to education and allowing learners to study what they want, when they want and where they want. ODL can be effectively used to remove barriers to girls’ and women’s education in Nigeria.

Ensuring access to quality education for girls across the globe is crucial to sustainable development. Several barriers such as poverty, gender inequality, poor infrastructures, insecurity, etc. are known to impede the realization of girls’ right to education. These issues are further aggravated by armed conflicts such as the Boko Haram insurgency. This study investigated the threat posed by the Boko Haram insurgency on the girl-child’s access and inclusion in education in the North-eastern part of Nigeria. The study answered a research question and tested a research hypothesis. The target population was the Northeast of Nigeria. The sample for the study was drawn from Adamawa state. The sample size was 180 teachers randomly sampled from public primary and secondary schools in the three senatorial zones in the state. A ten item Likert scale designed by the researchers was used to collect data. The instrument was validated by experts in Test and Measurement and the reliability of the instrument was determined through test-retest method of testing reliability. A Crombach alpha correlation coefficient of .67 was obtained. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi square test. The result of the study revealed the following barriers to access and inclusion: damage to school facilities, emotional disorders, fear and insecurity, stigma, poverty, unwanted pregnancy, forced marriage and lack of teachers. The hypothesis tested was rejected indicating that the girl-child’s access and inclusion in education in the North East of Nigeria has been significantly affected by the Boko Haram insurgency. The study recommended the use of flexible learning, abolition of school fees for girls, rehabilitation programmes for victims of insurgency, guidance and counselling services and programmes to address stigmatizing attitudes toward girls and women to ensure access and inclusion in education.

The study investigated the effect of class classification, class size and gender on academic performance. Specifically, the objectives of the study was to evaluate the effect of class classification, class size and gender on academic performance of senior secondary school students in Mathematics and English Language. However, three research questions and hypothesis were designed to guide the study. The study employed expo-facto research design and purposeful sampling technique which is stratified in nature in selecting all one-hundred and eighty nine (189) Grade II (SSS II) students participated in the Unified Promotion Examination (UPE) conducted by Osun State Ministry of Education in May, 2017. In this regards, Grade II students’ scores in Mathematics and English Language was used to proxy academic performance which are disaggregated  into three strata such as class stream (Science, Art and Commercial), gender (female and male) and class size (large class size and small class size). Inferential statistics such as t-statistics was used to analyse the generated data. The findings of the study revealed that there was no significant difference between the academic performance of students in Science and Art stream, Science and Commercial stream and Art and Commercial stream while significant difference existed in the academic performance of students in English Language between Science and Commercial stream as well as Art and Commercial stream respectively but in favour of Science class and Art class. The study also indicated that there was no significant difference in the performance of students in both Mathematics and English Language not only on the basis of the number of the students allocated into a class (Class size) but also gender quality (female or male). It was concluded that the explanatory variables such as class classification, class size and gender are not only the necessary condition in determining academic performance among students but also work hand-in-hand with other factors in order to guarantee favourable academic performance. The study recommended intensification of efforts by school authority towards monitoring of students in doing class work, assignment, punctuality in school and re-visitation of the classroom instructional practice by the teachers among others.

The purpose of this to equate ALES (Academic Personnel and Postgraduate Education Entrance Exam) scores with linear equating and equipercentile equating methods in the periods of 2011 spring and autumn conducted by SPSS, to determine the most suitable one of these two methods for research and to propose the most suitable one thanks to the findings in case of a similar study. The study population was 21860 people participating in ALES made in the periods of both 2011 spring and 2011 autumn. The sample of the study was 2186 individuals, respectively selected %10 of population randomly via computer. In the study, the internal consistency was calculated without eliminating items by using KR-21 formula because data were raw scores. Analyzes were carried out because of the fact that internal consistencies were high without eliminating agents of heights. Linear and equipercentile methods applied separately to the raw scores of sizes. Error quantities were measured by WMSE formula to determine which equating method was more appropriate for research and when the data of research findings were analyzed it was found that WMSE coefficient of equipercentile method was lower. As a result of this study equipercentile equating was found more appropriate on the equating study concerning to the field of quantitative, verbal, equiponderant.

In the present study, an attempt has been made to find out the management of blood cholesterol level of obese male college students by some yogasana and some selected exercises with diet regulations. Randomly selected 40 obese college students were divided into four groups consisting of 10 subjects each. Experiment group I underwent yogic practice with diet regulation, experiment group II underwent exercise (Aerobics) with diet regulation, Experiment group III underwent combined exercise with diet regulations and controlled was not subjected to any experiment. Before the treatment, the subjects were tested of their blood cholesterol level, total cholesterol (TC), low Density Lipoproteins, (LDH), High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) which formed pre test scores. And after the experiment period of 10 weeks, the subjects were again assured of their cholesterol level which formed the final score. Experiment protocol significantly altered cholesterol levels, total cholesterol, low Density Lipoproteins, High Density Lipoproteins. As the obtained f values were on adjusted mean 164.90, 124.48 and 10.68 were greater than the required F table value to be significant at 0.05 level. Comparison among treatment groups showed that yogasana with diet regulation and combined groups with diet regulations were better than exercise (aerobics) with diet regulation in reducing total cholesterol and low density lipoproteins. As for high density lipoproteins, the result proved that the combined group was better than other two treatment group in increasing high density lipoprotein. Finding of this study was further proved that while combining yogasana and exercise with diet regulations significantly contributes to alter protocol of college male students. It was concluded that the combined protocol namely exercises, yogic practice with diet regulations was found to be better than exercise with diet regulations in managing cholesterol of obese among male college students.

The aim of the study was to determine the effect on flexibility of volleyball players by some selected exercises. For this purpose 20 male volley ball players (10 for control group and 10 for experimental group) of Government Boys Higher secondary school Charirshareef Budgam were selected randomly as subject and the age was ranging from 17 to 21 years. Exercises were restricted to Trunk twisting, Rope skipping, Shoulder and chest stretch, Alternative toe touch zigzag Running, Hip stretch and Hamstring stretch. Flexibility was restricted to Trunk and Shoulder flexibility. The data were collected before the start of 8 weeks selected exercise programme (pre test) and immediately after the completion of 8 weeks selected exercise programme (post test) by sit and reach test for the trunk flexibility and shoulder elevation test by using yard stick and ruler and score was recorded in centimeters. To determine the training effect on flexibility Independent and Dependent t-test statistical technique were employed. The level of significance was set at 0.05 to check the significant mean difference. The finding of statistical analysis revealed that there were significant difference between the mean of pre and post test of experimental group and post test of control and experiment group. Experimental group significantly improved the selected flexibility because of systematic training programme.

The present study was conducted with purpose to survey the related injuries in university skiers (ski players) at Gulmarg. These injured players were selected as a subject for the present study. Their age was ranging from 19 to 25 years. After screening of 63 questionnaires, only 48 Skiers (ski players) were included in the study. Questionnaire prepared by Cromwell F. J. Walsh Gromely for the elite Gaelic footballers (2000) were develop by researcher and utilized for the present study. Mean, standard deviation and percentages were used to identify the nature, location and the cause of the injury in university skiers (ski players). The study concluded that most of the injuries in the university skiers (ski players). Study concluded that most of the injuries sustained to the lower limb (65.27%), the mostly commonly injured anatomical site was knee (26.38%), and the ankle (21.42%). Upper limb injuries were relatively low (36.10%) of which the shoulders injuries were predominant (19.64%). Regarding the nature of injuries, ligament sprain are the most common injuries in the skiers (ski players). Regarding treatment of injuries, doctors and physiotherapist are the most common attention providers of skiers (ski players).

World history has been characterized by periods such as Feudalism, Industrialism and Capitalism that have served social scientists as tools to analyse and identify particular societies. Similarly, the characteristic and defining feature of the contemporary society is Information and Communicating Technology (ICT). Resultant to the ICT explosion and application there has been radical transformation in education, corporate sector, Government sector and most significantly, democracy is being reassessed. This paper attempts to gaze into the social impacts of new media technologies assuming that in this ICT dominant world human and social contexts of technology are undermined with an assumption that ICT and its applications have the same meaning and consequences for all. But recognizing the fact that social context plays a significant role in influencing ICT and its applications in diverse ways, an attempt is also made to highlight the reciprocal relationship between social context and information technology.

Life is sustained through physical activity. The Nature scope and worth of physical activity require study from the various scientific disciplines, in order to ensure proper use of activity for favorable development. Running is the supreme cardiovascular conditioning activity. It is the standard against which all other exercises and programmes can be measured, running stresses the heart and lungs more than almost any other forms of physical activity, while running, the heart rate rise and remain elevated, rather than fluctuating up and down as it does in other games. Therefore, realizing that when the running will be done on different surfaces, it will call for different cardiovascular responses. The study of this aspects will highlight to coaches and physical education teachers to prepare conditioning programme according the stress particular surface puts on an individual.

The ever-increasing athletic performances in speed, strength and skills used in sports performance around the world has made the athlete more stressful to achieve their own objectives. This stress and pressure on the athlete's body will certainly result in injuries. The research is meant to identify the Biorhythm, its different Cycles and how to organize and perceive their impact on athletes.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of plyometric training method on developing the explosive power and some basic skills in handball, by performing an experimental study where researchers chose one group pattern. This study was fulfilled on a sample of 12 players of Wafaa club in Ainwasara that belongs to Handball association of wilaya of Blida. After applying the suggested exercises, both pre-test results and post-test results of the explosive power (for upper and lower limbs) and some basic skills (performing the skills of aiming from jumping, passing and receiving the ball, dribble) were collected. The researchers treated these results statistically using arithmetic average, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient, T test, therefore, they came to the fact that there are significant statistical significance for dimensional tests in the physical tests (the explosive power of the arms, the explosive power of the legs), and there are also differences of statistical significance for dimensional test in skills tests (aiming from jumping, passing and receiving the ball, dribble). Basing on that, the researchers recommend the necessity of encouraging the coaches on using the plyometric training method due to its big importance in developing the physical and skills sides and avoiding the traditional followed methods. In addition, they also emphasize the necessity of linking between some kinetic and physical abilities and also the performance of the different skills in handball as well as adopting some plyometric training exercises in order to develop the explosives power which is very imperative for many skills.

Sports are a social activity that has existed throughout human history. Basketball, as a sports branch, has been in continuous development since the first day it emerged. Basketball is one of the most popular hall sports played all over the world. Anyone who wants to play basketball must have certain characteristics, one of the most important of which is height.

Cycling sport is one of the sports that require physical and psychological resilience. It is thought that athletes should show physical and psychological resilience to reach specific target, find solution for unexpected, sudden problems, be patient and be determined in this sport that requires physical and psychological resilience that is done under extreme conditions. It is important to examine goal commitment and psychological resilience of cycling athletes for performance improvement, success motivation and contribution to the studies in this field. Purpose: This study aimed to examine goal commitment and psychological resilience of elite cycling athletes. 94 elite bicycle athletes participating in national and international races between the ages of 18 and 27 participated voluntarily. Resilience Scale for Adults, developed by Friborg et al. (2003), was used to determine psychological resilience of athletes. Goal Commitment Scale, developed by Hollenbeck, Williams and Klein (1989) and adapted to Turkish by Şenel and Yıldız (2016), was used to determine goal commitment. Scale reliability coefficient was found to be 0.913. In conclusion, no significant differences were found between sex and psychological resilience and goal commitment. But, significant differences were found between sports ages and subscales of self-perception, perception of future, and structural type of Resilience Scale for Adults. Significant difference was found between sports ages and goal commitment. As sports age increase, so did goal commitment. There was no significant correlation between goal commitment and psychological resilience. Goal commitment and psychological resilience training is recommended for different sports branches requiring physical and psychological resilience.

The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the anthropometric measurements among the different groups of throwers. 40 (10 javelin throwers, 10 discus throwers, 10 hammer throwers, 10 shot putters) male university level throwers were assessed during the All India Inter University Athletic Meet. The age of athletes was between 18 to 25 years. All the athletes were measured for height, weight, lengths of body parts, diameters of body parts and circumferences of body parts. One-way ANOVA revealed that the significant differences were reported in height (p<0.05), weight (p<0.05), length measurements (p<0.05), diameters of body parts (p<0.05) and circumferences of the body parts (p<0.05) among the different groups of throwers. Post-hoc analysis revealed that discus throwers were the tallest among the throwers. In the same way, the discus throwers had highest diameters among different groups of throwers. The shot putters had highest weight and circumferences among the different groups of throwers.

The study aims to identify the values of Certain kinematics variables to field defends skill in volleyball with players of the clubs of section II 'nobles' and the discovery of mechanical errors that have an impact on the skill performance when volleyball players’ accuracy, identify the percentage contribution of some kinematics variables in result skill performance, indicate that the kinematics variables significant impact on the development of corrective exercises own skill, and finally to show the effectiveness of the exercise corrective built according kinematics variables extracted from videos analysis of performance of the players and proposed to correct skill performance of the players in clubs of section II ''nobles''.
In order to further study, we used the experimental method on a sample deliberate volleyball clubs activist in the second national department (regional center) volleyball, and was the 30 players, a control group of 15 Players and an experimental group of 15 club players (NAHD), (NRBH), (ASJK). Using the field observation, videography, Anthropometric measurements, field defends skill testing, kinematic analysis of videos. The researchers found that corrective exercises programmed her highly effective in developing and improving skill performance of the players of clubs in section II ''nobles'', kinematics analysis helps to detect and determine the kinetic errors in performance, kinematics analysis helps build corrective exercises necessary to amend the players mistakes. From all this, the researchers concluded that kinematics variables and because of its importance is an important factor that should be resorted to in order to develop and improve the performance of the players in the field defends skill in volleyball. Therefore, the researchers suggest the need to be a coach familiar with the principles of bio-mechanics and familiar techniques of analysis and variables kinematics skill, help of the principles of bio-mechanics and the results of the kinematic analysis to propose practical exercises and corrective exercises for skills errors.

The purpose of this study is to know that the mental training through imagery allows improving the learning of individual defensive tactical principles in young footballers, and validate the program by experimental procedures that is to say, to study its effects on learning in young footballers. Twelve national footballers, aged 12 ± 1year participated in the experiment. Among this population, two groups including a group of physical training, technical, tactical (EPTT) and a group of physical training, technical, tactical and mental (EPTTM) were formed. The group (EPTTM) was subjected to 32 mental training sessions of 20 minutes spread over 4 months with two sessions per week. The compendium of measures was made by the experimenter. These measures consisted of all ratings assigned by judges; experts obtained by the players during the various competitions, tactical execution notes were identified and recorded in the form of penalty. The average individual tactical principles (marking, pressing, cover, superiority), footballers Group (EPTTM) increased significantly mannered penalty charges reduce the pre-test to post-test (1.93point vs 0.76 point p <0.05) ., while the players of the group (EPTT) increased insignificantly penalty charges decrease from pre-test to post-test (vs 1.66 1.86point point p> 0.05). The homogeneity of the groups (EPTTM) and (EPTT) during the pre-test, allows to suggest that mental training produces a better learning of the principles of individual tactics. This assessment allowed us to test the hypothesis raised. Indeed, the mental training associated with physical training, technical, tactical causes an improved learning of individual defense principles.

State of the Republic of Turkey the first time in 1924 in Paris participated in Olympiads, which is the most important of international sport organizations. For sports organization of young Republic of Turkey has been new, Turkish sportsmen couldn’t show any success in these Olympic Games. They gained an experience by participating in such international organization. Later on, Turkey participated in 1928 Amsterdam, 1936 Berlin, 1948 London, 1952 Helsinki, 1956 Melbourne, 1960 Rome and 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games [1]. Turkey participated in 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games with group of 49 people, 29 of which were sportsmen in such branches as athletics, boxing, wrestling and shooting [2]. Due to high altitude of the Mexico in addition to problems came up between the President of Turkish Wrestling Federation of that period and Turkish national wrestlers before 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games, Turkey contented itself with championship of Mahmut Atalay and Ahmet Ayık in freestyle wrestling and with fourth place of İsmail Akçay in athletics marathon branch.

This survey aims at revealing the relationship of sources of psychological stress to the level of self-esteem. It focused mainly on the following questions:
• Is there a correlation between fear of physical abuse and self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between rewards, incentives, and self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between conflict of social dimension and level of self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between media dimension and level of self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between physical condition, time and level of self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between fear of failure and level of self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between personal conflict and level of self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between media dimension and level of self-esteem?
The survey suggested a number of hypotheses based on the existence of a correlation between each of the dimensions of psychological stress mentioned above and the level of self-esteem. The study was based on the descriptive correlative approach as it dealt with the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variables. The sample of the study consisted of elite referees of the professional football division, which was chosen in a deliberate manner, and reached 80 referees. The following tools have been used: the self-assessment scale prepared by Hussein Abdel Aziz Al-Derini and Mohamad Ahmad Oussama, Abdelwahab Mohamad Kamil which has been applied and adapted by Professor Bachir Mamria on the Algerian environment, psychological sources of stress measure and initial information form. These tools were applied after estimating the psychometric properties that confirmed their suitability for use with the basic study sample. The following statistical methods have been relied on, Pearson correlation coefficient using the statistical software version 20 SPSS for statistical significance.
The study comes out with the following results:
• There is a correlation between fear of physical abuse and self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between rewards, incentives, and self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between conflict of social dimension and level of self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between media dimension and level of self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between physical condition, time and level of self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between fear of failure and level of self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between personal conflict and level of self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between media dimension and level of self-esteem.
The study outcomes have been discussed in light of the theoretical framework and the results of previous studies and concluded with a set of proposals.

Gender is an ongoing classification of an individual starting from infancy to adulthood. In the Turkish society, the roles of women and men are clearly distinguished by cultural, tradition, custom, beliefs, educational, income and family norms. It is thought that girls in Turkish society can overcome restrictive over-traditionalist attitudes by doing sports. One of the relatively favorable environments for equality between men and women in social life is the sports environment. It is important that the participation of the athletes, coaches, managers and sports specialists in sport environments as well as men and women whose gender role attitudes are favored by all gender role attitudes of all sports employees, will increase the number of sports people in the society as well as increase the number of physically and psychologically healthy individuals, It is thought. The aim of the study based on this idea is to examine the attitudes of sports employees regarding gender roles. The average age of the survey is 30.45 ± 8.41 and 244 sportsmen working in Antalya. Muğla and Bitlis Youth Services and Sports Provincial Directorate constitute the sportsmen. “Attitude Scale Related to Gender Roles” developed by Zeyneloglu and Terzioğlu (2011) was applied to determine the gender perception of sports employees participating in the survey. In the evaluation of data, SPSS 23.0 statistical package program was used frequency analysis Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro Wilk normality test Mann-Whitney U test Kruskal Wallis test Chi-square test Pearson correlation test statistic was used. As a result, gender role attitudes of sports employees were found to be significantly different between gender, education, mother, and father education variables. It is noteworthy that the traditional attitudes of female sports employees and the equality attitudes of male sports employees are high. The low level of gender role in marriage according to the level of education of the mother shows that the employees' mothers have traditional holdings in marriage. The high level of egalitarian gender role attitudes in sports employees according to their educational status indicates that they have a traditionalist position in the egalitarian gender role.

The Kenya National Assembly enacted the Sports Act 2013 after many years of suggestions, deliberations and proposals over the making of such a law. The Sports legislation is an Act of Parliament to harness sports for development, encourage and promote drug-free sports and recreation, to provide for the establishment of sports institutions, facilities, administration and management of sports in the country, and for connected purposes. This law has come up with various institutions namely Sports Kenya, National Sports Fund and Kenya Academy of Sports. It also provides for Financial Provisions, procedures for registration and regulation of sports and licensing, arbitration of Sports disputes and miscellaneous provisions. Furthermore, the Act has four schedules namely sports facilities to which the Act applies, matters to be provided for in the constitutions of sports Organizations, the conduct of business and affairs of the board of the authority, board of trustees and council of the institute and transitional provisions. Although the Act is very progressive in the domain of sports in Kenya and the entire East African region because it legitimizes institutions, provide for arbitration mechanisms and recognize research as a core aspect in sports, it has introduced a number of challenges to the sports fraternity. Among these, include aligning the constitutions of various Sports associations to the Act and undergoing the new vigorous process of registering, regulating and licensing sports agencies. Sports professionals therefore need to update with the new Sports Act to retain relevance in their profession and warrant them professional growth. Therefore, it was deemed relevant to enlighten the practitioners of these new developments and seek for ways to upgrade their administrative strength and correct any inconsistency in this law through amendments to the Act.

While the purpose of this research is to investigate the relation between the job satisfaction and self-esteem of provincial directors of youth and sports, their self-esteem and job satisfaction has also been investigated with regard to some demographic variables. As data collection tools, “Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory”, “Minnesota Job Satisfaction Scale” and “Demographic Information Form” developed by Stanley Coopersmith have been used. The statistics of Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney U and Correlation Analysis have been used in the research. Following the statistics performed, a significant difference hasn’t been established between the variables of self-esteem of the participants, age, educational background, term of employment, term of employment as a manager, sex and marital status. No significant difference has been found between the job satisfaction of participants and sex; between the term of employment and term of employment as a manager. It has been determined that the scores of the individuals with a bachelor’s degree are significantly higher than those having master’s or PhD degree in the sub-dimensions of extrinsic satisfaction, intrinsic satisfaction and general satisfaction in job satisfaction, there is a significant difference between the extrinsic sub-dimension scores of the participants and the variable of age, extrinsic satisfaction scores of the individuals aged 40 and above are significantly higher than the individuals aged between 30-34. According to the results of Spearman correlation analysis, it has been ascertained that there is a negatively moderate relation between the self-esteem and extrinsic satisfaction and a positively moderate relation is in question between the self-esteem and general satisfaction.

Child development is a lifelong process being associated with a series of specific changes which result to be more visible and vigorous in childhood. Achievements in technology with which the present-day children are being grown up as well as the advance of science have brought a challenging reality for parents, teachers and adults concerning quests and dilemmas they are being faced with in the course of their children’s growth and development. In these terms, this study aims to convey some know-how and methodical guidance for both parents and teachers being involved with pre-school children education, mainly related to some of the main fields of the child’s development. I think and hope that treated issues concerning pre-school children thorough development will serve as guidance and contribution to their healthy growing and education.

The study aimed to determine the Agility contribution ratio in the accuracy of the Overwhelming shooting of the volleyball youngsters, where the researchers used the descriptive approach in its two methods associative and analytical approach center regional Algiers. The research sample has included 24 players from the second national department Center regional Algiers randomly chosen from the original group of (120) players percentage of 20%. The researcher used the Agility Test and the Overwhelming rational shooting Skill Test. The SPSS statistical package program was also used to analyze the results of the study and in the end, the following has been reached:
• there is a statistically significant correlation between the Agility and the Overwhelming rational shooting of the volleyball youngsters
• the proportion of the contribution of Agility in Overwhelming rational shooting was good, which confirms the effectiveness of this capacity in the performance of the skill.
• draw an equation from which we can accurately predict the results in Overwhelming rational shooting in indication of the volleyball youngsters Agility.
Accordingly, the researcher recommended the need to pay more attention to overwhelming rational shooting for players during the training sessions, rely on the predictive equivalent resulting from this study, and make studies on the contribution of other physical and kinetic abilities in various offensive and defensive skills in volleyball.

Besides supposing that the anxiety levels of the athletes have an impact on their performance it is also important to know the level of this impact. In this study it was aimed to investigate the relationship between the anxiety level and the sporting performance especially the reaction time which is the determinant of the speed requiring sudden movements. The study included 60 university students who participated voluntarily, were actively engaged in sports and were living in Esenyurt district of Istanbul. The average age of the participants was 20,68±2,33, their average height was 179,05±6,43cm, their average body weight was 75,55±9,32 kg and their average sport age was 6,31±3,23years. The State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used in the study in order to determinate and measure the state and trait anxiety levels of participants. The State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was developed by Spielberger and his colleagues in 1970 and its reliability and validity study was carried out by Öner and La Compte by translating it into Turkish in 1983. The analyses of the obtained data were carried out with the SPSS Statistic 17.0 package program. The measurement results were given as mean (x) and as standard deviation (SD). Correlation and regression analysis were applied for the statistical evaluation of the data.  In the conducted study the state anxiety level of the athletes was detected to be  29,62±4,46 points, their trait anxiety level was 32,12±6,39 while their double hand reaction time was found to be 0,23±0,02 sec. A positive low level relationship was detected between the trait anxiety levels and the double hand reaction times of the athletes (r=,279,p<,05) while a positive and moderate level relationship was observed between the state anxiety level and the state anxiety level (r=,311, p<,016). Due to the fact that this research is a preliminary study done in the field of sport science, this study is considered to contribute to other studies planned to be done in the future. As a result, it was detected that with the increase in the anxiety level the response time given to an effect from any external factors lengthened. The fact that there was a low level positive relationship with the trait anxiety level revealed the conclusion that with the increase in the trait anxiety level, the reaction time also increases.

Cardio workout is an important part of the training plan of any athlete. It is includes stretching exercises, workout on an exercise bike and treadmill. It requires special diet. During cardio workout recommended physical activity of moderate intensity.

The objective of this study is to analyze the thinking styles of wrestlers. 267 licensed wrestlers participated in the study. “Rational-Experiential Thinking Styles Inventory” developed by Epstein et al. (1996) and adapted into Turkish by Buluş (2003) was used to find out the thinking styles of wrestlers. In statistical analysis of the data, t test was used for independent groups while one way variance analysis was used for the comparison of multiple groups. When the rational thinking style levels of wrestlers were examined in terms of age, no statistical difference was found (p>0.05). When the intuitive thinking style levels of wrestlers were examined in terms of age, it was found that wrestlers between the ages 21 and 27 had higher intuitive thinking style levels than wrestlers between the ages 18 and 20 (p<0.01). No significant difference was found between high school or university students in terms of rational and intuitive thinking styles (p>0.05). It was found that being a national team athlete and sports age did not have an influence on rational or intuitive thinking styles of athletes (p>0.05). As a conclusion, when athletes’ scores from thinking styles were examined, it was found that both thinking styles were used at an intermediate level. It was found that age had an influence on intuitive thinking style, while being in a high school or university student, being in a national team athlete and sports age did not have an influence on thinking styles.

Hopa is a kind of region with difficulties of economic life. The territorial property of the region has some boundaries for mechanical cultivation causing an effect on social life. People tried to concentrate on the activities that they got used to do in the past. The things produced, took place in their social life. The production of hazelnut and walnut, important source of agriculture, took place not only in economics and nutrition but also in life. These were used as a tool for play in addition to the art of decoration and oil industry.

The purpose of this study is to reveal 14-16 age group Iraqi and Turkish boys' achievement motivation differences in terms of various personal characteristics. Working group consists of 155 children (67 Iraqis, 88 Turks) in the 14-16 age group and being interested in football. Sport Specific Achievement Motivation Scale was used to obtain research findings. SPSS 22.0 program was used to analyze the data, the independent samples test was used for comparison of pair groups, One Way ANOVA test was used for comparison of multiple groups. As a result, while the Turkish children's power showing motive and motive to approach success was significantly high, it was found that the Iraqi children had higher scores in sub-dimensions of motive to avoid failure. Therefore, the motive to avoid failure of Iraqi children was higher than their achievement motivation scores and it can be said that Iraqi children tended to move away from competition conditions. This case may be due to personally negative reflection to children's psychology of internal disorder and negative events in their country and low self-confidence. In addition, according to obtained correlation results, it can be said that the physical structure of boys (height and body weight) increases power showing motive and motive to approach success but decreases motive to avoid failure.

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of tennis technique training and games on reaction times of 10-12 years old boys. For this study, 40 subjects who did not perform any physical activity volunteered. Subjects randomly assigned two groups: Experimental group: 20, control group: 20. The experimental group was subjected to 8 week three days a week and 60 minute per session tennis and education with games training program modified according to relevant age group. The control group did not participate any physical activity. Visual, auditory and mix reaction times were measured by Newtest 1000 reaction timer. Subjects’ reaction times were measured twice before and after training program. SPSS 22.0 package program was used for analysis of the data obtained from the study. Independent Sample T test was used for comparison between groups, and paired samples t test was analyzed at p <0.05 significance level. As a result of the study, there was no difference in the control group, and after eight weeks of tenement-specific games and technical training, the research group revealed significant changes between auditory, visual and mixed reaction times in both hands.

Reduction of working hours and increase of the spare time with technological development provided people to stay the level of education and income. Therefore, inadequate physical activity based on the industry has become one of the biggest problems of people and societies in our day. As a result of them the demand of recreational activities has increased. It is important for our future to educate young people about these issues. This study which is conducted for participation of college students to sportive recreation activities and determining their interests has been done with the aim of contribution to our future. Target population of study is 245 students (121 girls and 129 boys) that are randomly chosen and studying in Academy of Kırkpınar Physical Education and Sports and the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences in Trakya University. The data of the research were collected as a survey. The obtained data were analyzed on SPSS 15 program. Chi-square test, frequency and crosstabs analyses were used. The proportion of the students who participated the research was %48 of girl and %52 of boy. There were 126 participants from Kırkpınar College of Physical Education and Sports and 119 participants from Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. In total, 300 surveys were used for this research. 245 of them were taken under review. Most of the students take part in the activities for their health and generally they prefer being with their groups of friends.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between extremity measurement and tennis performance in athletes aged 22-25 years. 15 male and 15 female athletes who has 23.57 ± 1.15 year average age participated in the study voluntary. AOS test was applied to athletes and the data were analyzed by Spearman test. Data were given with averages and standard deviation values. The average body height of the female athletes were 179,14 ± 5,97 cm, the average body weight was 75,00 ± 5,79 kg, the average arm length was 37,46 ± 1,53 cm, the average leg length was 97,00 ± 2,21 cm, the average foot length was 26.71 ±, 72cm. AOS test averages 173.85 ± 19.39 and the mean age was found to be. The mean height of the male athletes participating in the study was 170.33 ± 3.47cm, the weight average 60.60 ± 3.66kg, the arm length average 32.90 ± 1.07cm, the leg length average 89.40 ± 2.72cm, the foot length average 23.20 ±, 77cm, AOS test average of 148,53 ± 11,90, average age was found to be 23,67 ± 1,17. As a result, there was no significant relationship between Tennis performance and Body Weight, Arm length, Hand length, Leg length, Foot length both Female and Male participants. (p> 0.05).

Horseback wrestling is an indispensable combat game played at the festivals, feasts, sports events and assemblies of the Turkic Republics of Central Asia. A popular sport in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, it requires substantial physical strength and will to fight. Its local names include Oodaryş and Audaryspak, pronounced “er-enish”. The present study aims to make a contribution to the wider recognition and embrace of this sport, which is relatively unknown in Turkey, and to help it gain a solid place among traditional Turkish games. Given the rarity of the printed sources on this matter, the study employed interviews to support and complement literature survey. The input gathered were categorized and coded, followed by the analysis stage culminating in the final version of the text. Horseback wrestling was found to be a traditional game played in weddings and festivals in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan in particular. In this context, the game is played without any time or space limitation, and continues till one of the players is able to bring the other down through wrestling on horseback. Today, however, a rather professional offshoot is established, where athletes in 4 weight classes compete on an individual as well as team basis, subject to time and space limits, as well as a scoring mechanism, with the scores often determining the winner. Horseback wrestling is essentially a game to prepare for combat, based on the skills to command the horse and overpower as well as neutralize the opponent without using any weapons. In time, a set of rules were developed to govern the game format; yet it still is a traditional sport true in its nature. Even though horse breeding and training as well as associated subcultures had somewhat withered away among Turkish peoples who embraced a more sedentary lifestyle in Anatolia, the Traditional Sports Federation of Turkey has an open perspective for such endeavors, and is expanding its activities. We believe the present study will be useful in this context.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cold water immersion on some performance parameters. The study consisted of 19 male badminton athletes, 10 of whom were experimental and 9 of whom were control groups. All athletes who participated in the study were given a pre-exercise agility test and a 30 m speed test. Afterwards, the muscle injury exercise protocol consisting of depth jumps was applied to the athletes and then, cold water immersion was applied to the test group for 10 minutes at 15°C. Field tests were repeated 24 hours after cold water immersion (24h). Athletes in the control group participated in all measurements except cold water immersion. Significant differences were found between control and experimental group at 24h 30 m and agility tests  showed significant difference between experimental and control groups (p <0.05). As a result, it was concluded that due to the shorter recovery times, the performance of athletes exposed cold water immersion is better.

In this study, the aim was to investigate the effect of acute exercise on blood lipids in females. Research group consists of females; 33,6 aged. From the beginning of the exercise to the end of acute swimming exercise, the participants gave blood samples in order to analysis the Cholesterol, LDL, HDL Cholesterol and Triglyceride levels. According to results, there was significant difference between pre and post tests in research group on Cholesterol, LDL, HDL Cholesterol and Triglyceride levels (p<0,05). Consequently, acute swimming exercises lead to significant alteration the level of Cholesterol, LDL, HDL Cholesterol and Triglyceride levels in females and ıt could say that acute exercises are useful application in terms of health.

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the obesity levels of the individuals living in Van in terms of some variables.
Methods: A total of 1000 people participated in the survey, with 399 women and 601 men with a mean age of 35.89 ± 8.60. The results obtained from the study were analyzed with the SPSS 20.0 package program. In the analysis of the data, the t test and the One Way Anova test were applied to determine the difference between the groups.
Results: As a result of the analyzes, % 3.5 of the participants were weak, 60.1% were normal weight, 28.3% were overweight, % 6.5 were 1. degree obese,  % 1.3 II the grade is obese and % 0.3 is III. degree obese. The grade was determined to be obese. There was a statistically significant difference between the BMI values of the participants and regular sporting, gender and marital status (p <0.01). However, a significant difference was observed when body weight, gender and marital status were examined (p <0,01). On the other hand, there was no significant difference between body weight and regular sport (p> 0,05).
Conclusions: As a result, it was determined that % 28.3 of the participants were overweight and 8.1% obese. Regular sporting can have a positive effect on BMI.

In the study, it was aimed to investigate the changes in some biochemical parameters (urea, AST, ALT, glucose, creatinine and TSH) of women with acute exercise. 50 women aged 19-48 years participated in the study as volunteers. Urea, AST, ALT, glucose, creatinine and TSH levels were analyzed in blood samples taken before exercise and at the end of an acute exercise session. SPSS package program and Paired Samples t test were used for the comparison of pre and post test results of the obtained data. When the results were evaluated,  while there was a statistically significant difference between the pre-test and post-test values of the study group in urea, AST and ALT levels (p<0,05), it was determined that Glucose, creatinine and TSH levels were not significantly different (p>0,05). In conclusion, it can be said that acute swimming exercises applied to women are causing a significant change in liver enzymes (AST, ALT) and urea levels and these changes may be considered beneficial for the health status of the individual.

This study aims to analyse the effects of SAQ training on anaerobic endurance and flexibility of novice tennis players, selected subject from Ramanadan Krishnan Tennis Academy, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Totally twenty participants were selected and randomly divided them into two groups (n=10) namely SAQ training group (age: 10.80 ± 0.78 years, height: 147.90 ± 2.60 cm and weight: 39.95 ± 1.51 kg) and control group (age: 11.10 ± 0.73 years, height: 147.30 ± 2.79 cm and weight: 40.12 ± 2.23 kg). After 12 weeks training, all subjects had tested their anaerobic endurance and flexibility according to Tennis Specific Agility Endurance Test and V-Sit and Reach Test. The data were analyzed by SPSS software, Paired-‘t’ test was used to determine the difference between pre and post mean scores of experimental and control groups and experimental group had improved more significantly (p<0.05) than the control group. The study suggests that SAQ training is more beneficial for anaerobic endurance and flexibility of novice tennis players.

The purpose of the present study is to examine the effects of football basic trainings applied to 12-year-old male children on some motoric properties. 40 male children at the age of 12 were included in the study after “Parents Information Forms” were approved by their legal guardians. The average height of the children was 150,20±9,97 cm, the average weight was 46,40±6,42 kg and Body Mass Index average was 20,51±2,56 kg/m2. Basic trainings that are specific for football were applied to the children 3 days a week, for at least 12 minutes for 12 weeks. Before and after the training, standing long jump, flexibility, and 30-m speed tests were applied to the children. The statistical package program was used in analyzing the data. The “Dependent Sampling t-Test” was applied to determine whether there was a difference between the measurements or not. The results were analyzed according to “0,05” significance level. The differences determined between standing long-jump, flexibility, 30-m speed pretest and posttest values of the footballers were found to be statistically significant (p<0,05).

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of eight-week core and balance training on single-leg sway parameters and well-directed kick of male soccer players. 24 male players of an amateur soccer club aged 14 to 15 participated in the study. The participants were randomized into an experimental group (EG, n=12) performing core and balance trainings with soccer training and a control group (CG, n=12) performing only their routine soccer training programs for 8 weeks. Biodex Balance SD (Biodex Inc., Shirley, NY) device was used to measure single-leg sway parameters and Mor–Christian general aptitude soccer test was used to evaluate well-directed kick. EG athletes showed statistically better results in well-direct kick and dominant-leg-sway parameters than CG athletes (p < 0.05) while there was not seen any changes on non-dominant leg sway parameters (p > 0.05). When classical soccer practice supported by core and unstable surface exercises, possible developments in balance affects dominant and non-dominant legs of athletes to achieve in soccer the necessary skills more easily so it can be concluded that regular soccer training with core and balance exercises would be particularly effective in improving balance parameters and soccer skills.

Job satisfaction is defined as the result of individuals’ attitudes towards their jobs, which is affected by such factors as job related wage, supervision, working conditions, improvements opportunities, acknowledgement of skills, job evaluation, human relations in the organization and environment. It is the most important problem of human resources in every area, from public sector to private sector, industry to sports, teachers to officers, athletes to referees. Job satisfaction has social, economic and psychological consequences on individuals. The purpose of the present research is studying the job satisfaction levels of volleyball referees as one of the human resources sports sector. The universe of the research consists of referees working for Turkish Volleyball Federation, while the sample consists of 134 volleyball referees selected via simple sampling method among the universe. Job Satisfaction of the participants was evaluated with "Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ)" short form. At the first step, Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) scores of participants were calculated. With these scores, referees’ satisfaction levels from external and internal environment factors were determined. At the second step, variation in these scores by gender was analysed. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was utilized at 0.05 significance level, to analyse the variation in average scores from job satisfaction factors.   
The findings of the present research are as follows: General job satisfaction of volleyball referees ranges between 3.73 and neutral satisfaction level, increasing towards satisfaction level. This is a positive development for Volleyball Federation. For the institutions to survive and compete, they need to use the resources they have efficiently and increase their general performance accordingly. Average satisfaction score of referees from internal environmental conditions is 3.9200 and the average satisfaction from external environmental conditions is 3.3582. This finding indicates that referees are more satisfied with the refereeing job than they are with the opportunities provided by the federation.

Leadership and rewards are two key management constructs that plays significant roles in organization’s effectiveness. Thus, this study investigated the impact of these two management variables on team performance in Nigerian Premier League (NPL). A total of 75 respondents comprising of 60 players and 15 coaches from 3 NPL teams were selected through a stratified random sampling technique and used in the study. The Club Structure-Performance Questionnaire (CSPQ) was the instrument used for data collection (r=0.88). A total of seventy five copies of the questionnaire were administered on selected respondents (Players=60; Coaches=15) and the data collected were analyzed using inferential statistics of t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at alpha < 0.05.The findings revealed that transformation leadership (mean=3.22) and direct financial reward (mean=3.44) recorded higher influences on team performance as compared with other variables in each group. In addition, a stronger correlation was recorded between rewards and performance as compared with leadership.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of plyometric training on repeated sprint ability in amateur soccer players. Twenty amateur soccer players participated in this study as the subject. The subjects were randomly assigned to plyometric training group (n=10, age: 19.7±2.26 years) and control group (n=10, age: 18.8±0.6 years). The training group is experienced a plyometric exercise 2 days a week for 12 weeks. Pre- and post-tests assessed 6x35 meters (Repeated Anaerobic Sprint Test) repeated sprint test, body composition, rest heart rate, and peak heart rate in control and plyometric group. For the comparison of groups, paired samples t-test and independent (IBM SSPS 21.0) was used. The results revealed that significant difference in six piece repeated first sprint after the 12 weeks plyometric training were in the plyometric group. The plyometric group also showed a significant difference in rest heart beat rate, peak heart beat rate, right leg fat (%), fat mass, fat free mass, left leg fat mass, and fat free mass. However there was no a significant difference in left leg fat (%), BMI, BMR and total body water. The major finding in the study was the significant improvements in repeated sprint performance and body composition. According to these results, it can be said that practicing of plyometric training develops repeated sprint performance and also increases mass fat loses, in addition to regular soccer training.

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the healthy lifestyle behaviors of physical education teachers, working in Istanbul Bahçelievler, district according to some variables. The sample of the research carried out as descriptive research; It constitutes a total of 98 physical education teachers in 65 middle schools and high schools in Bahçelievler district of Istanbul. In the study, a structured questionnaire consisting of two parts was used as data collection method. In the first part of the questionnaire; questions about the demographics of the participants, in the second part, in order to evaluate the healthy lifestyle behaviors of the physical education teachers Walker and ark(1996) developed by Bahar and ark (2008) used the Turkish version of healthy living behavior scale. The obtained data were recorded in the SPSS package program. Statistical analysis Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis H difference analysis were applied. As a result, although significant differences were found in some of the subscales of healthy lifestyle behavior according to gender, age, marital status and professional experience variables, no significant difference was found in some subscales.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relation between velocity and power values during propulsive phase of bench throw exercise and upper-body strength characteristics in professional handball players and to determine whether upper-body strength characteristics have a significant effect on velocity and power parameters. In accordance with this purpose, a total of 13 professional handball players competing in Turkish Handball 1. League (age: 25.4 ± 3.86 years; height: 187.5 ± 8.33 cm; body weight: 90.9 ± 14.8 kg) voluntarily participated in the research. In this study, maximal dynamic strength test was applied in bench press (BP) exercises in addition to the right and left hand grip strength test with the purpose of determining the upper-body strength characteristics. In order to determine velocity and power parameters, bench throw (BT) exercises were applied by using an external load that corresponds to 30% of body weights of the participants via an isoinertial velocity converter (T-Force dynamic measurement system) and values of mean propulsive velocity (MPV), peak velocity (PV), mean propulsive power (MPP) and peak power (PP) were obtained. Descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation analysis and Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality tests were used in order to analyze data. According to analysis results, while mean one-repetition maximal (1RM) strength values of the participants in BP exercise were obtained as 97.8 (± 15.0 kg), their right and left hand grip strength values were respectively obtained according to the order specified as 55.4 (± 8.16 kg) and 53.7 (± 5.81 kg). It has been concluded that while there is a statistically positive and significant relation between the MPV (r = .674, p < 0.05; r = .698, p < 0.01, respectively) and PV values (r = .644; r = .670, p < 0.05, respectively) of the participants in BT exercises and both right and left hand grip strength values, there isn’t any statistical relation in terms of the MPP (r = .528; r = .456, p > 0.05, respectively) and PP values (r = .487; r = .401, p> 0.05, respectively). It has also been concluded that there is a statistically positive and highly significant relation between 1RM strength values in BP exercises of the participants and MPV (r = .728), PV (r = .775), MPP (r = .703) and PP (r = .759) values obtained during the propulsive phase of BT exercises (p < 0.01). As a result, it can be suggested that upper-body strength characteristic positively affects velocity and power parameters, velocity and power characteristics are dominant and provide a significant contribution to the performance and these results will contribute to trainers and conditioners while preparing training programs in sports branches.

This study was conducted with the aim of determining the problem solving skills of infrastructure athletes playing basketball in the local league in the province of Canakkale. A total of 130 athletes (111 male, 19 female) participated as volunteers in the study. The average age of the participants was 12, 76 ± 1, 72 who are trained in the sports clubs in Çanakkale. In the study, personal information form created by the researchers and "Personal Problem Solving Inventory" developed by Tümkaya and Yerlikaya (2009) were used. The scale is a 5-point likert-type measure consisting of 50 items and 5 sub-dimensions (Progressive Negative Approach, Constructive Problem Solving, Self-Disbelief, Taking No Responsibility and Persistent-Perseverant Approach). The answers to the scale items are ranked from "I do not agree at all" to "I completely agree". SPSS-20: 0 package program was used in the analysis of the data. In binary comparisons, t test was used for independent groups and Pearson correlation analysis was used for interrelated research. The results were considered significant at p <0.05 level. According to the results of the study, problem-solving abilities of basketball players were determined, arithmetic means and standard deviations values were found in the sub-dimensions as stated; according to sex, negative attitude towards problem in males (29.47 ± 4.95), in females (28.63±4.03), constructive problem solving was found in males (26.90 ± 5.22), in females (28.42 ± 4.71), lack of self-esteem was found in males (22.35 ± 5.71), females (24.21 ± 6.07), taking no responsibility was found in males (29.94±5.93), in females (30.10±6.99),  persistent-perseverant approach was observed in males (23.70 ± 5.24), in females (23.63 ± 5.29). There was no significant difference (p>0,05) in problem solving sub-dimensions according to gender. There was no significant relationship between age and problem solving sub-dimensions. As a result; when investigating the problem-solving skills of athletes dealing with the basketball branch, there was no significant relationship between age and sex. In order to determine the problem-solving skills of the players and to develop them with appropriate methods, we believe that it will contribute to out-of-play performance by having the trainees who will provide professional support to coaches and sportsmen in sports.

The study aims at comparing each of the mini-games and high-intensity intermittent exercise in order to figure out which of the two methods that most developing the aerobic capabilities (VO2max-VMA), using the experimental approach through proposing two training programs, each program consists of 8 weeks, by two training sessions each week. The size of each share ranged from 90 to 120 minutes, the programs conducted on a sample consisted of 36 players, divided into 18 players from the WABT team and 18 players from the USBT team. It has also been relying on research tools that are in line with the nature and objectives of the study. Physical tests that have been tested validity of the scoping study. They involved 10 players (5 from WABT team, and 5 from the USBT team), without involving the members of the scoping study in the basic study.
    All of these steps have led to discharging a set of results that have been analyzed and processed statistically to reach at the latter to the following results:
• No statistical significance between the two groups in pre- tests.
• There are similarities between the two methods in the development of an aerobic capacity (VMA et VO2max).
• There is no statistical significance in the post tests between the two groups.
After comparing the results of pre and post tests within each group, we concluded the extent of the contribution of each of the two programs in the development of aerobic capacities. All these results prompted us to develop a set of suggestions:
• The organization of forums and special days of formation of modern requirements in football means and methods especially from the physical trainers.
• Proposing the use of both the high-intensity intermittent exercise way and mini-games during the various stages of the annual planning, especially in the preparation stage and competition stage.

The objective of this study is the determination and comparison of the body composition and somatotypes of the elite level Turkish and foreign taekwondo athletes. Totally 93 taekwondo athletes, being 45 Turkish (27 male, 18 female) and 48 foreign (35 male, 13 female) in the age range of 17-27, taking part in the national teams of their countries participated in the study. Sportive ages, heights, body weights, body mass index, body fat percentages, and somatotype of taekwondo players were determined. The difference between the groups was analyzed by t test in independent groups. The analyses were conducted in the SPSS 16.0 package program and 0,05 was accepted as a significance  level. No significant difference was determined between Turkish and foreign athletes in all the measured variables in the male and female athletes (p>0.05). It was determined in the study that Turkish male athletes were mesomorph-ectomorph and that of foreign male athletes were mesomorphic ectomorph, and that of Turkish and foreign female athletes were central. As a result, we can say that the Turkish and foreign national team taekwondo players have similar body composition and somatotype.

Background: Situational interest is believed to be critical in enhancing physical activity engagement among high school students. Besides, social support is associated with situational interest. The purpose of this study was to examine indicators of situational interest, and the relationship between social support and situational interest.
Methods: This study was done with high school students (N = 477) enrolled in physical education classes in Kenya. Data were analyzed using simple correlation, independent t-test, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling.
Results: Regression results show that the five indicators predicted about 73% of the variance in situational interest. Confirmatory factor analysis support four indicators (optimal challenge, attention demand, exploration intention and enjoyment) of situational interest. There is no relationship between students’ interest and gender. Situational interest is influenced with both teacher and peer support. Personal interest is associated with situational interest.
Conclusion: Students’ physical activity motivation is associated with situational interest. Findings partially support previous studies that point to five indicators of situational interest. Establishing learning environment that uphold teacher and peer support might help trigger and maintain situational interest. Students’ past experiences could influence situational interest.

The aim of this study is investigation of acute effect of circuit aerobic exercise and traditional aerobic exercise on hamstring muscle flexibility in sedentary women. Forty four sedentary women voluntarily participated in this study as subject. Subjects divided two groups as circuit aerobic training group (n=24), and traditional aerobic training group (n=20). For hamstring flexibility, modified sit and reach test was used. The test was applied three times as: before warm-up (T1), after immediately warm-up (T2), and after immediately exercise (T3). For warm-up intervention, 15 min mild running and static stretching were performed. Traditional aerobic exercise intervention consisted of 30 min moderate interval treadmill running. Circuit aerobic exercise intervention consisted of 30 min, 3x4 station (bench-step, jumping rope, cycling, treadmill running), and all station maintained to 3 min load with 2 min rest. Both training intervention performed at 65-75% HRmax that controlled with chest band. For statistical analysis, 2x3 mixed factor ANOVA and Bonferroni correction were used. Hamstring flexibility determined in the traditional aerobic exercise group as T1 by 13.90±4.22 cm, T2 by 19.90±4.55 cm, T3 by 29.45±6.54 cm; in the circuit aerobic exercise group as T1 by 21.20±6.89 cm, T2 by 24.08±6.67 cm, T3 by 25.62±6.67 cm. Differences between the three measurements of both groups were found statistically significant (p < 0.05). There were significant differences between T3 and T1-T2; and between T2 and T1 in both groups (p < 0.05). Differences in traditional aerobic exercise group were found more significant than circuit aerobic exercise group (p < 0.05). In summary, it could be said that hamstring flexibility increased after aerobic exercise, and at this point, traditional aerobic exercise has one step ahead of circuit aerobic exercise.

The aim of this study was to assess opinions of families whose children are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders on the impact of participation in sports on children. The research was carried out using qualitative method in a phenomenological design. The study group consists of 8 families of children with autism spectrum disorders that are doing sports for at least one year, and those families are selected according to "convenience sampling" of purposeful sampling methods. The data were collected by a semi-structured individual interview form based on review of literature, expert opinions and pilot practice. Content analysis technique was used to analyze the collected data. The questions in the interview form were designed to cover the development of children's motor skills, mental skills, daily life skills, problematic behaviors, social skills and sporting branches. According to research findings, it has been found that children's motor skills, mental skills, daily life skills, problematic behaviors, social life skills and sport skills have been developed and changed positively in so many ways.

Multilingualism lies at the heart of educational policies adopted in most European Union countries. Knowledge of foreign languages now forms a significant part of the agenda concerning equality of educational opportunity. These policies are based on the premise that foreign languages help individuals in their professional and private life, combating poverty and social exclusion. In this paper, we present the education policies in relation to foreign languages in three European Union countries, Germany, Spain and Greece in order to examine whether they have been influenced by the equality agenda. We also present the results of a research study the aim of which was to investigate lower secondary education students’ views and attitudes toward the teaching of foreign languages. Students seem to accept the official rhetoric regarding the beneficial outcomes of foreign languages. We conclude that multilingualism can contribute to the reduction of social class inequalities, as they can offer to all students, regardless of socioeconomic background, the opportunity to overcome obstacles and succeed in the education and employment field.

The number of heritage language speakers in the world has increased in recent years and the diversity and importance of heritage language education has become significant. The focus of this paper is Japanese heritage language learners in an Australian context. The project was conducted at a hoshuu-koo, a Japanese supplementary school and explored the experiences of a group of year seven students over a period of one year, in an alternative language class especially designed for heritage language learners. Emphasis for this study was on exploring the language learning experiences of a group of students and considering these against the experiences they brought with them to assist in their learning. The theoretical approach underlying the design of language instruction for the research was based on theories of language acquisition for heritage language learners and emphasised integrated, meaningful content with a focus on the academic register. Data were based on student performance in writing tasks. This research has implications for the design and pedagogical approaches adopted for Japanese heritage language education programs.

The MoEST (2006) initiated the integration of multimedia into teaching of Kiswahili grammar aspects so as to enhance the following language aspects: pronunciations, spellings, punctuations, constructing sentences correctly and general appropriate use of Kiswahili language patterns. Though, this has not been achieved as witnessed by students’ low performance on Kiswahili grammar aspects CATs over years among Sub-County secondary schools in Nakuru County, Kenya The objective of the Paper was to determine the differences between students taught Kiswahili grammar aspects using multimedia and those students taught the same content using TTMs on learning achievements on Kiswahili grammar aspects. This Paper employed a causal-comparative design. A sample of 750 participants was drawn from a target population of 12900 subjects. Stratified, purposive and simple random sampling methods were used to select the study sample. Questionnaires and Document Analysis Guide were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Piloting was done in three schools to determine the validity and reliability of the research items in two weeks before the commencement of the actual study, whereby the study confirmed that the instruments were valid and reliable; the students’ each was computed separately using Cronbach’s Alpha Formula internal consistency and students’ alpha coefficient yielded an alpha of 0.75 which were considered adequate for the study. Mean and standard deviations were used to analyze quantitative data while independent T-tests were used to test the hypothesis so as to find out the differences between the two means on performance on Kiswahili reading comprehension between the two groups. Quantitative data was presented and interpreted in frequency table distributions, bar graphs and pie-charts. The findings of the study established that multimedia enhances learning achievements on Kiswahili grammar aspects. The t-test findings also indicated that there was a statistical significant difference in favour of the multimedia group students  it was concluded that the use of multimedia in teaching Kiswahili grammar aspects increases learning achievements on Kiswahili grammar aspects.

Purpose: This research investigated the effect of immediate and delayed error correction on motivation of EFL learners to approve or disapprove the research hypothesis that, there is not any significant difference between three group of immediate correction, delayed Correction and control group.
Methodology: This article was conducted by three groups of 30 subjects and in total, population of 90 learners. The errors committed by three groups of immediate correction, delayed Correction and control group were corrected in three different ways: immediately and with delay and with no special method, respectively. A motivation questionnaire and a language test were given to three groups in the first session of the term and the last session of the term to see the effect of different kind of error correction. The data of pre-test and post-test were analyzed by SPSS and one way ANOVA was used.
Findings: The result provided evidence for reject of the hypothesis and immediate group performed better than delayed group and control group.
Significance: This study is the first research investigating the effect of error correction time on motivation.

University education is characterized by the atmosphere and opportunities offered to students to help master new skills, develop existing ones, realize and accept cultural diversity, hence broaden their horizons. Compared to past, students now have numerous alternatives either in the university in their home country or abroad. According to the statistics, 10% of the students graduated from university in the mid-1990s had studied abroad for different time periods (Jahr, Schomburg & Teichler, 2002). Undoubtedly, this number has probably increased given the fact that developments in technology have resulted in obvious easiness in communication and transportation. More importantly, there are now student exchange programs like Erasmus+ that help support student mobility.

The linguistic description on the syntactic level is formulated in terms of constituent analysis as a generative. We now can ask what form of grammar is presupposed by description of this sort. We find that the new form of grammatical is essentially more powerful than the finite state model rejected above, and that the associated concept of “linguistic level” is different in fundamental respects. The Albanian generative words, nouns, verbs etc., are possible to analyze and to generate new words with a new meaning. Thus, even an entire clause may function as a noun or verb phrase. Some further evidence that categories are complex entities comes from the fact that phrase categories go together with, or are “projection” of, specific word level categories. This was first highlighted in Harris (1951) ad was take up in Chomsky (1970), Jackendoff (1977) or Muysken 1985 etc. The aim of this paper is to description some Albanian words in the concept of the generative. The aim of this paper is to description some Albanian words in the concept of the generative.

We examined the unmanipulated performance of students under real classroom conditions in order to assess the effect of a technology-enhanced hybrid learning approach to second language, (L2) instruction on beginning and advanced Spanish language learners. This research focused on the transition period of technology implementation when the entire section of Spanish of a modern language department of a liberal arts university transitioned from traditional face-to-face instruction, to a technology-enhanced hybrid learning approach with concurrent reduction in face-to-face classroom hours. This implementation provided an opportunity to compare the performance of students prior to and during the transition to hybrid model of instruction across multiple language proficiency levels. This research is designed to critically evaluate the performance of students under real classroom conditions in order to examine the effectiveness of a hybrid approach during its implementation such that the performance of students participating in the methodological transition can be understood in light of the performance of students in the previous quarters. The results indicate that introductory students did not realize the full potential benefits of hybrid instruction in the transition period, but that the performance of advanced students was improved, suggesting that a phased-in approach to hybrid instruction implementation, where advanced students are the first to transition to hybrid instruction, may supplement training experiences for instructors and support staff and improve overall student success during technology implementation.

This study aims to investigate the degree of directness and amount of lexical / phrasal internal and external modifications employed by 20 Turkish EFL learners, 10 native speakers of English, and 10 native speakers of Turkish. It also aims to explore whether there is a difference across three groups while making requests. The participants were asked to write two requestive e-mails to a friend and a professor. The e-mails were analyzed and classified based on Economidou-Kogetsidis’s (2011) framework which relies on Blum- Kulka et al. (1989) and Biesenbach-Lucas (2006, 2007). The results indicated that these three groups had both similarities and differences with respect to the degree of directness, the amount of internal and external modifications. Turkish EFL learners and native speakers of Turkish resorted to more direct strategies, while native speakers of English performed more conventionally indirect strategies. None of the participants utilized non-conventionally indirect strategies. Turkish EFL learners were very similar to native speakers of Turkish in the formation of their request head act. They showed strong similarities in the formation of certain structures as the basis of request.  However, the internal and external modification indicated that the phrases Turkish EFL learners utilized were similar to native speakers of English.

Speaking is widely recognized as being the most important tool for communication that influences how students succeed in foreign language learning. In particular, given its importance to enhancing students’ oral performance, drama-based role plays are strongly connected to this language learning skill through English. Recent reforms in higher education in Vietnam have stressed the increased demands on universities to promote the quality of teaching and learning foreign languages at all levels to meet learners’ needs, particularly students’ capacity of interacting with others using English. However, research into the effects of drama-based role play activities on English as a foreign language (EFL) students’ oral performance is limited in the Mekong Delta. Moreover, students’ reluctance to interact in the target language is largely influenced by traditional speaking instruction, whereas speaking requires a more interactive and communicative learning environment. This paper therefore provides insights into students’ attitudes towards the use of drama-based role-play activities in EFL speaking classes. Using a descriptive design, interviews were undertaken with freshmen who were currently learning at a Vietnamese university in the Mekong Delta. The findings show positive attitudes of the students towards drama-based role play activities. Pedagogical implications for productive instructional practice to advance students’ oral performance are also discussed.

The use of podcasts is growing in the instructions of listening comprehension. However, the success of computer technology generally depends on learners positive attitudes towards it. The present study explored attitudes of Saudi EFL undergraduates toward the use of video-podcasts integration in listening comprehension. Moreover, the study also examined students’ attitude from the perspective of the number of video-podcasts they received in their instructions. Samples included 90 English major male undergraduates divided into three groups. The three groups received five (5), ten (10) and 15 video-podcasts in their listening classes before they answered an attitude questionnaire. ANOVA results revealed that the students had positive attitudes towards the use of video-podcasts in listening. However, no significant difference was found between the attitudes of the three experimental groups who received varied number of video-podcasts in their instructions.

Factive verbs are known to presuppose the truth of their complements, and regret is an example of factive verbs. This corpus-based study aims to investigate the complement, use, and frequency of occurrence of regret in COCA, and shed light on various uses of this verb. The scope of this study was limited to the bare form of regret, and most common complements of regret were analyzed throughout the study. The findings revealed that all the complements were presupposed to be true due to the factive verb regret, and regret has various complements such as regret + Ving, regret + to V1, regret + that. What is more, all these complements assign different meanings to regret in context.

The objective of the present study was to find out whether the monolinguals and bilinguals learning English as a foreign language in Iran commit similar or different errors in learning the different types of the genitive case. A total number of 120 male and female English learners at three levels of English proficiency took part in the study. Out of these participants, 60 were monolinguals whose native language was Persian and 60 were bilinguals who spoke Turkish as the first language and Persian as the second one. They were selected randomly from different Iranian EFL learning institutes. To collect the learners’ errors, a genitive test based on possible errors due to interference from Turkish and Persian language was designed and administered. To ensure the reliability of the test, the internal consistency of ‘Chronbach’s Alpha’ was employed. The errors of the two groups (Monolinguals & Bilinguals) were identified and classified according to the different types of genitive case. Then, the sources of the errors were established by the principles of ‘error analysis’. The results indicated that both groups committed similar errors, though to a varying degree. The sources of errors seem to be attributed to transfer from both Turkish and Persian language. Another finding is that, the similarities between languages, either between Persian and English or between Turkish and English did not prevent their speakers from committing errors; in conclusion, the idea of positive transfer due to similarities between native and target language needs to be treated cautiously. This study confirms the effect of the negative transfer from both the mother tongue and the second language on the target language.

The purpose of this study is to find out the predictive degree of university students’ levels of need for cognition and metacognition on their academic achievement. A total of 253 university students formed the study group. To collect the data of the study, ‘The Metacognition Awareness Inventory’ (MAI) and ‘The Need for Cognition Scale’ (NFCS) were used to measure students’ metacognitive awareness and their tendency to think and enjoy thinking. For the students’ academic performance, the average points (GPA) that they got during the term were taken into consideration. The correlation analysis revealed the fact that there is a significant and positive relationship between students’ levels of need for cognition, metacognition and their academic achievement at the level of p<0.01. The multiple linear regression analysis suggested that the power of need for cognition and metacognition to predict academic achievement are meaningful. In another word, the two independent variables, namely need for cognition and metacognition can be considered as the significant predictors of the dependent variable, academic achievement.

This study investigates the effects of conceptual metaphors on Turkish EFL learners’ acquisition of phrasal verbs. The participants were 120 beginner, elementary, and pre-intermediate level students. The research follows a pre and post-test quasi-experimental research design. The students were assigned to proficiency levels according to their Michigan Placement Test scores. A phrasal verb completion test was used as the measurement instrument of the study. With regard to their proficiency levels, students were divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group received cognitive linguistics inspired phrasal verb teaching (conceptual metaphors) while the control group was provided only traditional memorization method. Three paired samples t-tests were run in order to investigate the effects of conceptual metaphors in proficiency levels. In addition, a 2X3 MANOVA was conducted to investigate whether the method (traditional and conceptual metaphors) and proficiency level (beginner, elementary, pre-intermediate) have an effect on completion test of phrasal verbs (as measured by exposed and unexposed phrasal verbs). This study found evidence that conceptual metaphors have positive effects on the learning of phrasal verbs.

This study intended to examine the language used in cheating in higher learning education examinations. The study specifically sought: to explore the body language used during cheating in examination; identify reasons for choice of the body languages in cheating during examination; to identify linguistic expression used to facilitate cheating in examinations. The study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The researcher used random sampling to obtain the sample. The study involved 350 students from Dar es Salaam regional centers of the Open University of Tanzania (OUT). The instrument used for data collection was the questionnaire. The data were analyzed through SPSS 16 version. The study found that; the most used forms body language in cheating during examination are facial expression (81.4%) and hand-finger gestures (62.3%). However, majority of the students rated high on the positioning of the invigilator (91.1%), number of invigilators during invigilation (80.0%). And the angle one sat (57.7%) as reasons for the choice of body language in cheating during examination. Further, students gave linguistic expressions of body language in cheating like: “attention” (eye brow movement), “ready to help someone” (head movement up –down), “I don’t know” (body posture- up- down shoulder movement or right left of the head) “wait” (up and down of the hand palm). It can be said that, cheating during examination is obvious; use of certain body language depends on the needs and intention of the cheating student in cheating. It is recommended that the invigilator should be keen when invigilating, and the institution has to send their invigilators for short course on language use in educational context especially during examination and techniques used in cheating for quality education.

The aim of the study was to examine the Language change from Kibena to Kimaswitule, specifically the study ought to identify social factors of Language change from Kibena to Kimaswitule; also to explore the impact of language change to the society. The study was done in Njombe District. The targeted population was the youth; the middle age and the elders (men and women) from Njombe district, below 15 years were not included in this study since they had little knowledge on the language change and shift from Kibena to Kimaswitule. 50 respondents were included in the study. The study used qualitative and quantitative approaches. The purposive and random sampling were used, the researcher predominantly used snowball sampling method to have sample for the study. Data were collected through, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), structured interview, questionnaire, observation and checklist methods. Data were analysed by scrutinizing, sorted, classified, coded and organized according to objectives of the study. The findings showed that, participant, personal needs, influence of other languages and development of towns are social factors for language change and  the research concluded that, changes of Kibena to Kimaswitule  has endangered the indigenous education of Wabena because change in the society  goes hand in hand with the changes of the norms and values as language embeds culture. The study recommended that; society has to find ways of preserving their original ethnic language.

This study was designed to compile the studies conducted on curriculum development and evaluation in ESL/EFL contexts and to specify their general characteristics through content analysis. The studies were chosen in line with the inclusion criteria through which online articles and dissertations were included. No specific timeline, context or research design was set for the literature search. As a result of the review of the related literature, 86 studies were reached and analyzed in terms of their contexts, sample type and size, data collection tools, data analysis techniques. All the studies were coded through a protocol and the results were tabulated. As well as the characteristics of the studies, their findings were also analyzed through content analysis and common points were presented and interpreted. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the curriculum evaluation studies were more popular than the curriculum development studies. It was also found that the studies were mainly about primary and secondary levels; they mostly employed Likert-type scales; semi-structured interviews were more common; descriptive statistics were applied more frequently. Finally, common findings were detected among the studies conducted in different contexts with different grades of study. By taking the findings as the basis, some suggestions are provided for further studies.

This study is intended to find out (1) why do the students use code mixing in their communication at twitter status (2) what factors influence the students in using code mixing in twitter status (3) what types of code mixing that students produce in their status. The technique used is qualitative research through content analysis. The data were gathered by doing observation, documentation, and interview. Researchers focused on code mixing used by students at Eighth Semester of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University. To analyze data, the researchers used matrix descriptive of Miles and Huberman consisted of data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusion/verification. Data reduction was used to collect data from observation, documentation, and interview. Last, conclusion was used to describe all of the data. The result of this research was form of code mixing used by the students, including insertation, alternation, congruent lexicalization. Then, the factors cause code mixing due to the psychological factors from the students.

The demand for learning English in Iran as an EFL context is high. So, running a language institute slowly is changing into a highly profitable and competitive market in recent years. In order to survive and to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage, higher institutions' principals can employ marketing mix element (7Ps) in order to satisfy customer needs and influence demand for the services. Current study sought two purposes: applying of 7Ps to learners' choice model of language institutions and investigating the relationship between marketing mix and students' decision making for selecting language institutions. The data was collected quantitatively by a questionnaire drafted in Persian. Subjects were a total of 120 males and females English learners aged from 18 to 35. They were chosen randomly from two language institutions located in Shahrekord and Chabahar, Iran. The findings of the study revealed people element as the first important element (mean=17.8) followed by program (mean=17.3) and the least important element was price element (mean=8.9). Regarding the relationship of 7Ps and learners' choice of language institution, significance level of 0.596 (p > 0.05) showed that there are no significant correlations 7Ps and Iranian EFL Learners' Choice of Language Institution.

Motivation plays a significant role in the rate and success of second and foreign language learning in general, and in classroom language learning in particular. This paper overviews research on motivation as a promoting determinant in second and foreign language classroom and deals with the meaning of motivation, theories of motivation and explains how teachers can generate and maintain motivation in second language classroom. Research on motivation for second language learning has shown that teachers should be aware of their actions and behaviours in classroom because it is very likely that teachers' actions can demotivate learners.

The present study was designed to examine the effects of ARCS motivational model (Keller, 2010) on university prep class students' motivation. For this purpose, ARCS motivational model strategies were inserted to the instructional design via detailed lesson plans which were applied throughout ten weeks. To find out the effects of ARSC model Course Interest Survey (CIS) and Instructional Materials Motivation Survey (IMMS) were administered at the beginning and end of the study. The results of CIS indicated a significant increase since students showed higher course motivation based on the overall CIS results at the end of the study. CIS was evaluated in terms of each ARCS category and a significant difference was observed in all scales. The results showed that the ARCS model inserted language instruction had positive influence on students' course motivation in all categories. As for IMMS results a significant difference in students' instructional motivation scores was found. For a deeper understanding, two subscales of IMMS were assessed separately and the results revealed significant differences in both subscales. Students' instructional materials motivation increased.

Globalization and mass migration cause living of different cultures together. Immigrants take their own culture to foreign countries. Hence, cultural varieties occur in target countries. Foreign cultures cannot be reshaped, so different cultures meet and live together in target countries. Integration of different cultures is an obligation for cultural pluralism. In order to build a multicultural and tolerant society, society translators who know the cultures of immigrant societies have some important roles. In addition, society translators could contribute to building a stable integration in target countries. Hence, it is important to train society translators not only on target language, but also on target culture. This study has qualitative design investigates contemporary cross-cultural interaction, cultural variety, hybrid cultures and multi-culturalism by interpreting the obtained data. In addition to these, contribution of society translators who know the cultures of immigrant societies to building multicultural policies will also be investigated.

Bilingualism and multilingualism are the speaker’s ability to speak two or more languages. This capability is achieved by the individual speakers, where besides the mother tongue (L1) learners different languages on a parallel basis or gradually, indifferent times and places, creating different language competence, which memorializes in his cognitive and uses the self-actualization in the process of instruction in the language required in compliance with contextual communication situation.
Linguistic diversity reflected in multicultural social community enables all individuals to develop bilingualism and multilingualism skills ranging from family environment with mixed marriages and social environment with formal education systems, formal and informal education for the achievement of personal and collective in ward-processing versatile in every aspect of life.
Achievements of the Individual in ward-processing to multilingual speakers reflected on the enrichment cognitive with different competitive languages, in developing affective achieving empathic on respecting the principle of multicultural democratic society toward psychomotor skills development of oral and written expression in every language, communication towards the provision and acceptance of different messaging and social terms with the facilitation of providing vital existential unemployment challenge in the XXI century.
This project aims to clarify scientific theoretical concepts about bilingualism and multilingualism and with empirical research to illuminate the current state of bilingualism and multilingualism which is used by the speakers to provide vital existentiality in everyday life in the city of Gostivar, Republic of Macedonia. In this research shall use combined questionnaires prepared in advance according to Likert scale and with alternative questions for three groups of bilingual speakers. The survey will held with employed citizens of three ethnic groups in Gostivar with Albanians, Macedonians and Turks.