European Journal of Education Studies
ISSN: 2501 - 1111
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1111
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.167624 Volume 2│Issue 9│2016
ARISTOTLE’S EDUCATIONAL IDEAS
Vo Van Dung1i , Do Thi Thuy Trang2, Bui Thi Khanh Vy3
1PhD., University of Khanh Hoa, Vietnam
2PhD., University of Finance and Accounting, Vietnam
2 MA., University of Khanh Hoa, Vietnam
Abstract:
Aristotle (384-322 BC) was a great thinker, an encyclopedic brain of ancient Greek
science and philosophy. Perhaps few people know him as an educator who brought out
extremely deep opinions about subjects, program contents, role of education, etc. nearly
2500 years ago. In all his researching life, he has many scientific works that are
meticulous and scientifically valuable aimed at bringing the best things for humans. In
the book Politics - although educational ideas are not the main contents of the book,
they are presented quite closely by Aristotle – positive factors are included and have
been very important up to now.
Keywords: idea, education, reform
Introduction
In human history, Greece is one of the places where its people’s mind is soon affirmed
through lots of brilliant achievements in many different fields like philosophy, politics,
culture, art, science, education, etc. Their values have been shining until now. Aristotle
is the person who leaves the most indelible mark on the road having been conquered by
Greek people. To build an ideal State, Aristotle considers that it is necessary to dignify
the role of education because educating a citizen to become a virtuous man is a
particularly important matter. When a country has it citizens both well-educated and
irreproachable, it will turn better. “ristotle claims the authorities’ mission is to construct
the best educational system for all citizens. That education must be shown in terms of
both physicality and spirit in every citizen.
i
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In this article, we will use such the methods as analysis, synthesis, logic and history to
study “ristotle’s educational ideas and have discussions on their values.
2. Content
2.1 Historical conditions forming Aristotle’s educational ideas
Aristotle is a great philosopher of ancient Greece. He is the man who fully embodies
essence and performs a summary of Greek history in the ancient times; the age when he
lived is the classical period of Greek culture (the fifth – sixth century BC), and the
center is Athens with the features of diversity and variability, the trend for freedom and
humanity having been expressed in literature, art, philosophy, science, etc.. Besides, one
noticeable thing is that in the prosperous time of philosophy, the Greek spiritual culture
is shaped and developed in a receding democracy. The crisis of the democracy together
with serious conflicts within the society leads to the risk of disbanding many city states.
In that context, on the one hand, Aristotle raises the aspiration to obtain the sublimation
of thoughts in splendid accomplishments of spiritual culture, but on the other, it is an
effort to overcome the existent order for the construction of a better society. In such the
historical conditions, “ristotle’s educational thoughts are formed and manifested
deeply and systematically in the book Politics. Indeed, it is only education and through
education to solve thinkers’ meditations and concerns.
Living in the Athens democratic age that is weakening and showing serious
defects accompanied by the crisis in values and beliefs, the state of people getting lost in
spiritual life, the depravity and self-indulgence of the authorities; Aristotle sees in there
the necessity for giving prominence to the role of education. He states that education
not only directs people to virtue, to the official origin of happiness but also creates basic
conditions for the establishment and stabilization of morality, which means ensuring
the contentment for community. He considers education a condition to reach to the
idealization which is the unity of goodness and supreme benefit. Therefore, all the
citizens have to be comprehensively educated in physicality, mind and spirit for the
purpose of serving the government.
2.2. Contents of Aristotle’s educational ideas
2.2.1 Idea of educating the whole people
In the theory of politics - society by Aristotle, the ideal state is constructed on the
foundation of citizens’ virtue. Hence, he particularly concerns education and
contemplates it as a vital aspect in the training of philosophers, authorities in future as
well as good citizens for the state. Aristotle divides them into two groups, the
prominent ones must be educated to become authorities and all citizens must be trained
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to obey the laws and to suit the government model in which they are living. For man,
when perfected, is the best of animals, but, when separated from law and justice, he is the worst
of all; since armed injustice is the more dangerous, and he is equipped at birth with arms, meant
to be used by intelligence and virtue, which he may use for the worst ends. Wherefore, if he has
not virtue, he is the most unholy and the most savage of animals, and the most full of lust and
gluttony. But justice is the bond of men in states, for the administration of justice, which is the
determination of what is just, is the principle of order in political society “ristotle, , p.
6). Education aims at bringing common benefits for people so it must be homogeneous
for all of them. Education also has an effect on the unity of a country, overcomes
problems about local separation. For Aristotle, the goal of education is not only to head
to humanitarian idealization but also as a supporter for humans, an enormously
important condition for an individual to take part in the community. Therefore, the
subject that education intends is all citizens.
To Aristotle, education is the foundation for the sustainable and thriving
development of the State. According to him, one of the methods performing politic
power most effectively is educating humans, tempering sense of citizenship and
responsibility towards society. Like Plato, Aristotle considers that education equips
humans with the ability to awake to life, to shape the right track to greatest advantages
and generosity. While Plato only focuses on educating combatants and leaders in
future, Aristotle specifies the subject of education broadly. The talents need training to
become leaders-to-be and the populace also needs the education to live and act legally.
For the subject’s ascertainment of education is all people for the purpose of creating
excellent citizens, so the model of ideal state that Aristotle mentions can be obtainable
in reality in comparison with that of Plato.
2.2.2 Idea of comprehensive education
Aristotle sets forth the idea of comprehensive education in physicality, spirit and
intelligence. He expresses the role of a pedagogue when he suggests four subjects for
teaching program: reading and writing, physical education, music and drawing. The
customary branches of education are in number four; they are – (1) reading and writing, (2)
gymnastic exercises, (3) music, to which sometimes added (4) drawing “ristotle, , p.
. Of these, reading and writing and drawing are regarded as useful for the purposes of life
in a variety of ways, and gymnastic exercises are thought to infuse courage “ristotle, , p.
. Music, from “ristotle’s view point, is an important subject not only for
entertainment but also for using free time appropriately. Enough has been said to show
that music has a power of forming the character, and should therefore be introduced into the
education of the young. The study is suited to the stage of youth, for the young persons will not,
if they can help, endure anything which is not sweetened by pleasure, and music has a natural
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sweetness “ristotle, , p. . In addition, the nature of music is the combination of
sounds that makes the soul reaches a balance between emotion and reason. Therefore,
music should be included in the educational system. It is realized as a way for people to
freely use for relaxation in spare time. It seems that “ristotle’s age is the period of art,
poetry, music, etc., and the period of acquiring Plato’s ideas about role of art that is
thought to have a contribution to the formation of fantastic qualities of humans. Hence,
art has to serve education so that is why Aristotle dignifies music and drawing in the
educational program.
Next, Aristotle proposes a program training adolescents completely and that
suitable for every different age group, from the way bringing up children to educating
them to be mature. The educational system that Aristotle aims at is a permanent,
constant, covered and lifelong one. From his viewpoint, people, when reaching
adulthood, continue practicing things they learned and turning them into habits and
skills for themselves. By means of education, people who are perfect, charming and
generous are produced, which is regarded as the most adequate condition for the
achievement of ideal State.
In order to have the best preparation for the birth of a child, Aristotle assigns the
pregnant age suitable for both father and mother, and the pregnancy should be in
winter. During the pregnant period, mothers must look after themselves carefully by
going for a walk, having an adequate diet, and having a complete peace in mind. He
states that after children are born, what they eat considerably influences their physical
strength. Thus, they need to have a highly nutritious food portion. People should be
trained as soon as possible to be able to endure difficulties that their bodies must have
capacity to cope with; yet this process should be done gradually. As for children, from
their natural warmth, they can be trained to withstand the coldness easily. That
children gain the endurance of chilliness in their childhood is contemplated as an
excellent approach assisting them to stay healthy and training their body strong enough
for later military missions. These training should be applied from the very first stage of
life.
The next stage lasts to the age of five. In this period, children should not be
forced to study or work in order not to prevent their development, but should have
moderate activities for their arms and legs to exercise. It is possible to do this in many
ways. One of which is using games that should not be too violent or weak. Choosing
stories to tell children must be done carefully and it should be performed to prepare for
children’s later career and should aim at jobs that children will seriously pursue in
future.
Aristotle emphasizes that children should be taught really useful and necessary
things. A special attention should be paid on education so that children can be
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developed physically and morally: Children should be limited their relations with
slaves in the house for until the age of seven children still stay indoors, thus they are
easily influenced and infected by evil things that they hear, etc.. Therefore, children are
not allowed to repeat or hear something bad and ashamed. In them, rudeness in
speaking manner or seeing inappropriate pictures must be excluded to avoid causing
bad influences. Not until children reach their adulthood, they will keep away from all
what morality chastises.
When children get to the age of five, in the next two years, they should locate
targets that they will learn later. The age of seven is the time children need to go to
school. Teaching must contemplate limits suitable for learners including age, characters,
acquiring competence, physical strength of learners. Education should be divided into
two stages in each person’s life: the former is from the age of seven to the puberty, and
the latter is from the puberty to the age of twenty-one. However, the process of
education is not finished at the age of twenty-one. In this duration, humans receive a
sagacious education and care. Until they get to their adulthood, they still practice things
they learn in this period and turn them into customs, habits of themselves.
According to Aristotle, subjects only making children delighted should not be
taught to them as study is not a pleasure but is accompanied by hard work. The study
that targets at benefits will not assist people to get freedom and sublimation. At the
same time, Aristotle considers that in educating children, practice must be taught before
theory and subjects training their mind must follow physical education. Accordingly,
children should be sent to gymnasts to help them have a supple body and to wrestling
instructors to teach them wrestling exercises.
The eclectic principle is again applied in education by Aristotle who claims the
avoidance of extreme and intense in teaching. Also, in the field of physical training, the
desire to generate champions at all cost is inadvisable. In tutoring music, it is better to
build a pleasure in music for everyone than training geniuses. Moreover, it is
recommended to require learner to do what he can. Politic lessons should not be
imposed upon the youth when they have not gained any life experience.
As presented by Aristotle, legislators have to build an educational system that is
homogeneous for everyone and must be a public education prescribed by the State.
Aristotle realizes that the study is to cultivate virtue or to create the finest life.
Education should be more concerned about the training of mind and virtue.
On that account, in his educational philosophy, Aristotle regards music as one of
the subjects being recognized and as a tradition of education. Children should be taught
useful things such as reading and writing, not only because of the usefulness of these
subjects, but also by means of which children can collect other kinds of knowledge.
With a similar look, children ought to learn drawing not for the prevention of making
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mistakes in shopping but for the training of their competence in observation and
evaluation about the beauty of appearance. He suggests the teaching for children to
develop physical state before that to develop mind. Therefore, children should learn
physical exercises beforehand as instructors will assist them in building endearing
habits, then music and subjects about knowledge finally. Following that order, children
will be developed perfectly. Learning should be seen as a means not to obtain personal
goals but to reach free spirit and the ability to self-select. Moreover, Aristotle highly
appreciates the communicative method, the voluntariness in education which shape
human personalities such as self-control and flexibility. Such the teaching method does
not make learners incurring passively. Conversely, only that method can evaluate
learning result accurately.
2.2.3 Educational idea to match government model
According to Aristotle, education is a national mission because education not only
determines the perfection of human personality but also affects the existence or
perishableness of political regime. He said that No one will doubt that the legislator should
direct his attention above all to the education of youth; for the neglect of education does harm to
the constitution “ristotle, , p. . Due to the belief that education aims at matters
bringing common benefits, he advocates the necessity for building a homogeneous
educational system for everyone. To him, citizens have to be educated to live and
follow regulations of law, clearly awake to their role and responsibility towards the
State. The talents must be trained to become leaders. He lists noble qualifications that
leaders need to possess first of all, loyalty to the established constitution; the greatest
administrative capacity; (3) virtue and justice of the kind proper to each form of government
(Aristotle, 1999, p. 125). All those prove that Aristotle does not define virtues of an
officer generally for all regimes, but states that there must be virtues fitting every
different form of government. Hence, if a political regime wants to last for a long time, a
proper education has to be established for The best laws, though sanctioned by every
citizen of the state, will be of no avail unless the young are trained by habit and education in the
spirit of the constitution “ristotle, , p. 6.
Accordingly, by looking at the whole educational ideas of Aristotle, we can see
that virtues are imbued in his opinion about the purposes of education that target at the
suitability and service for the government; the creation of citizens and officers talented
and skillful to shoulder missions of the State; the establishment of a regime most
appropriate to human characters; the intensification of happiness and advantages for
each individual and of leaders’ qualities, etc.. However, those virtues are not natural or
innate characters of individuals and the State, but are formed from education. Hence, in
“ristotle’s thoughts, virtues play the role of a political foundation and are
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simultaneously a basic content of education for learning is to cultivate virtues or to
build the best life; and at the same time, education serves politics. Aristotle considers
education as one of the approaches to perform political power most effectively. It is the
unity between politics, virtue and education in his thoughts.
By making clear many matters of the State like origin, power, the State nature,
etc., Aristotle points out the role of the State is training citizens in term of virtue. The
main duty of the State is directing citizens to right activities, teaching them to head to a
noble goal of life and to stay firm in that life. Citizens will be brave, calm, free, noble
and will perform justice, express their behaviors as if they are perfect friends. In short,
they are nice and kind persons. Cultivating the citizens to become virtuous ones is
extremely important. When a country has their citizens who are well-educated and
moral, it must, of course, become better and the political regime will be more stable.
According to Aristotle, if members of a country are real citizens, they have to
take part in opportunities that the country produces. Those who possess ability to
participate in discussions or management of national private law become citizens of that
country; and generally speaking, the state is an entity of citizen which is enough for purposes of
life . “ristotle states that citizen character of a person is not generated due to that
person having been born and settled in some country. Citizens in the democracy are
different from those in the first regime. Therefore, education to match the model of
government can produce proper citizens best serving the political regime.
In “ristotle’s view, there is only one criterion to specify a citizen’s character: “
citizen is the one who has the right to take part in political affairs and hold many
positions in the government, there are many different kinds of citizen, a citizen in the deepest
meaning is the one who has honor in the State . Together with those rights, citizens need to
have responsibilities towards the country. He tightly glues rights and responsibilities
together when discussing about citizen’s nature. He displays pictures to compare:
sailors on a ship keep it safe to arrive at an intended place. Like citizens, the final
purpose is the maintenance of the regime safety, which is defined as the common
virtue of all citizens. “ristotle says The help towards community is the common work of
them all. This community is the constitution, thus virtue of citizens must relate to the
constitution in which he is a member . Citizens, in spite of taking the position of leaders or
normal persons, have to have knowledge as well as competence to guide or obey. An
excellent citizen must possess both of the capacities (rule and comply), he should be clear in how
to govern a free person and how to obey like a free one – these are virtues of a citizen . “ristotle
also particularly requires an extra quality in leaders apart from what all citizens have:
People who never learn obedience will be unable to become a good leader and the perfect
officer is a generous and wise one, and that anyone in the role of a politician will have to be a
wise one. Several people say that educating leaders must be a special kind of education ,
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wisdom is a characteristic of a leader. Hence, Aristotle realizes the role of education in
training useful citizens for the State. It is true that by means of education citizens gain
enough competence to perform their rights and responsibilities and train their skills,
experience to be inured to become a person skillful in both conducting and serving the
regime. Thus, citizens are able to attend activities that bring goodness for the country.
Hence, Aristotle affirms that education is a national mission. The State keeps
responsible for not only organizing an ordered and ruled life, bringing a good life for
individuals and community, but also organizing the optimum education to generate a
qualified workforce for society.
3. Discussion
Twenty-one centuries have gone by, “ristotle’s educational ideas, despite having
overcome distances of time and space, are still meaningful to present time.
Globalization has given lots of opportunities and challenges, required countries to
cooperate and compete with each other. To meet that demand, to push the countries out
of difficulties and to stay firm in integration, educating and training people is an
extremely important mission; for education generates persons who are intellectual and
creative etc. and especially the core of education is to produce moral people. The
education of virtue and lifestyle is one of essential contents in which the focus is on the
youth, pupils and students.
Therefore, it is education to create for the country future hosts who are virtuous
and talent, aware of their responsibilities towards society, competent enough to absorb
knowledge and shoulder missions, active in catching opportunities, etc. to foster the
country to be rich and strong. Hence, virtue has to be an extremely important matter
and is always the initial goal of education in every country, which proves that ideas
about education and the relation between education and politics that Aristotle mentions
are still historically meaningful to us.
The opposite side of the globalization has caused some alarming problems such
as: a not-small part of the youth is depraved, unconscious of great values in traditional
virtues of the nation; lacks ideals for their life, accepts unhealthy lifestyle, relies on
others; prefers enjoyment, looks down on labour; concerns only themselves rather than
other people; lacks self-awareness, often puts the blame on others, becomes dishonesty
and irresponsibility, neglects present situation, refuses participation in community
activities; involves bad habits, imitation, wastefulness, immoderate adoration for idols,
etc.. There are many young people behaving unmannerly, showing the shortage of
respect to the poor, disgusting and staying away from the ill, the disable… More
seriously, education in schools is getting worse, crimes and social evils are increasing.
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School violence does not end at struggles, fights, or quarrels but also causes many
murders. Another deeply worrying problem in the recent years is that educated youth
getting involved in criminal cases is also rising. The fact that moral education is
degrading results in the increase of crimes and social evils, which has become a concern
and an urgent matter in many countries and is requiring appropriate and timely
solutions.
To solve those problems, in our opinion, we have to simultaneously carry out the
following approaches: Firstly, there is a close connection between family, school and
society in education in which the role of family is fundamental, of school is decisive and
of society is important. Secondly, teachers are trained to be conscientious and diligent
with their career, always self-improve their virtue, cultivate their mind to become a
perfect example and promptly adjust learners’ wrong behaviors. Thirdly, the necessity
for students, pupils to experience the reality, visit historical remains or different areas of
the country to meet hard-working and poor people; concurrently the youth is assisted
to directly participate in social-political life of the country, make friends with
exemplars. Real people, real works will form in the youth sympathy and a fully
meaningful experience that strongly impact their thoughts and emotion as well as wake
up the pride and the desire of the youth. Fourthly, organizing many programs
considerably emphasizing the humanity, campaigns and movements on a large scale
are launched extensively together with lots of activities of culture, music, sports, etc.
from which active and positive young persons are praised and awarded,
encouragement and reminder are timely given to other young individuals so that they
can strive for self-improvement. Fifthly, law system should be reinforced to make it
stricter and clearer.
The dignity of qualities that officers need to possess is able to drive the majority
of people to such great things as loyalty to the established constitution, the most
effective management competence, virtue and justice appropriate with every form of
government that “ristotle mentions and all of that have been still considered as golden
criteria so far to selectively choose officials. The leading requirement refers to the
loyalty then come talent and virtue. The message Aristotle leaves us is like a reminder
in selecting personnel for the State organization that must be based on competence of
selected ones and that work must be reasonably arranged for those who are skillful in it.
The chosen are the ones who have ability to meet requirements of work and own an
absolutely faithful spirit. It is necessary to contemplate the effectiveness of work to
assess official’s quality. Therefore, the State officials must be competent and virtuous.
The emphasis on leaders’ qualities also expresses a great educational meaning as a
living example is worthier than a hundred speeches.
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The appropriation of education with the government model that Aristotle
discusses about not only has a profound significance for the period of city states or
countries coexisting together, but is particularly paid attention in our age. Besides, the
concentration should be emphasized on the development of working skills and
methods, competence, professional knowledge and proficiency which help the young
gain enough stuff and ability to adapt to rapid changes of society. Thus, we can deeply
feel the ideas Aristotle puts forward, education aims at making the spirit of constitution
imbued so that all people avoid doing things influential in the safety of the regime.
In the present stage, the leaders are required to be strong-willed, determined,
enthusiastic, and creative in their work. To promote those qualities in official and civil
servants, that the State uses them rightly to their trained professions, simultaneously
establishes policies for officials and civil servants to encourage their talents, arranges
work suitable for their competence are basic and necessary missions. The State
operation is fairly complicated and plays a crucial role for the whole social life, the
existence and growth of the nation. That is why it is essential to train officials and civil
servants rightly with skills and majors in State management. Officials with other majors
are not absolutely used in State management, which helps avoid the state every
organization is at the same time overstaffed and short-staffed due to the fact that workforce
is plentiful but highly qualified staff remains deficient, recruitments concentrate on
relatives or descendants of an influential family and ignore the top criterion that is talent
and virtue.
If in the past Aristotle affirms that the government needs to take control over the
education, the State, nowadays, always keeps its role in managing and orienting the
education to match the demands and the development of society because the honorable
missions of education are to raise people’s intellectual standards, to train human
resources, and to develop talents.
Aristotle widens subject of education to the whole population and advocates
setting up a system of comprehensive education. That is the vital factor leading to the
solid growth of a country. A society whose members are all well-behaved, well-
educated, intellectual, and knowledgeable will surely be an advanced and civilized
community. Concurrently, a system of national education is constructed fairly fully
with all grades and levels from education in nursery school, high school to university
and postgraduate ones, which generates advantages for all people to learn and study
throughout their life. In spite of facing lots of adversities and challenges, and problems
that are still unclear and unsold, that action program has brought back the ideas that
Aristotle proposed thousands years ago.
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4. Conclusion
With the thoughts of enlightening humanity, Aristotle always concerns and seeks an
ideal politic institution in order to bring the most positive things for people. The
considerable desire of the thinker is driving the society out of the crisis and the
sluggishness. Aristotle realizes in there the essentiality of education towards cures for
defects of present society, limitation on depravity of authorities, appeasement of bitter
conflicts in the society heart, etc. Therefore, in his thoughts, education must aim at
subject in large scale – the whole population; education must be inclusive in physicality,
mentality and spirit. When a citizen has enough competence and virtue, he will
certainly be the person who efficiently serves the government, awake to their role and
responsibility and be the one who will try hard to preserve the regime. That is the close
relationship between education and politics, in other words, education must suit and
target at serving the politics in his ideas.
Biodata
1. PhD. Do Thi Thuy Trang Finance and Accounting University.
2. MA. Bui Thi Khanh Vy University of Khanh Hoa, Viet Nam.
3. Vo Van Dung, Ph.D. Work place: University of Khanh Hoa
Address: 1st Nguyen Chanh Str, Loc Tho Ward, Nha Trang City, Khanh Hoa Province,
Vietnam.
Cellphone: (+84) 0948 666 159. Email: vovandungcdk@gmail.com
References
1. Aristotle (1999). The Politics. Translated in to English by Benjamin Jowett, Batoche
Books, Kitchener.
2. Aristotle, The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation, Vol. 2
(Bollingen Series LXXI-2) by Aristotle.
3. Plato (1955), The Republic, Translated in to English by B.Jowett, M.A, Vintage
books a Division of random house, New York.
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