Academia.eduAcademia.edu
European Journal of Education Studies ISSN: 2501 - 1111 ISSN-L: 2501 - 1111 Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu Volume 3 │ Issue 8 │ 2017 doi: 10.5281/zenodo.839683 ANALYSIS OF TIME MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR INSTRUCTION IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY, KENYA Kapkiai Charles Kipkoech M.Ed Candidate Moi University, Kenya Declaration by the Candidate This thesis is my original work and has never been presented for a degree or a diploma course in any other university or institution of higher learning. .... Kapkiai Charles Kipkoech Date: May 30th 2017 Dedication I dedicate this work to my dear parents, dad Jacob Kapkiai and mum Helena Kipsat who sacrificed their limited resources during my formative years in school. God bless them. Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved. © 2015 – 2017 Open Access Publishing Group 456 Kapkiai Charles Kipkoech ANALYSIS OF TIME MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR INSTRUCTION IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY, KENYA Abstract: The study analyzed teacher spending of instructional time in public secondary schools. Objectives were to examine teacher preparation, teaching interruptions and teachers’ commitment. Pickle Jar Theory was applied. Research design was descriptive survey, while stratified random sampling was used to select 23 schools from 75. Questionnaires, interview schedule and document analysis were used. Validity was checked by expert review, test re-test technique was done for reliability. Results were presented using; frequency, percentages, tables and statements. Major finding was teaching interruptions reduce teaching time. Main recommendation was teachers shouldn’t allow unplanned activities. Findings and recommendations will be useful to teachers. Keywords: hidden causes, incompletion of syllabus, teaching time, teaching interruptions List of Figures Figure 1: Diagram of Conceptual Framework Error! Bookmark not defined. List of Abbreviations and Acronyms AGM : Annual General Meeting CIEM : Curriculum Instruction and Educational Media DOS : Director of Studies EFA : Education for All EMC : Elgeyo Marakwet County ERSWC : Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation G/C : Guidance and Counseling GoK : Government of Kenya HOD : Head of Department HOS : Head of Subject KESSP : Kenya Education Sector Support Program KESSHA : Kenya Secondary Schools Heads Association KCSE : Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education KICD : Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development KNEC : Kenya National Examination Council MDGS : Millennium Development Goals European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 8 │ 2017 457 Kapkiai Charles Kipkoech ANALYSIS OF TIME MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR INSTRUCTION IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY, KENYA MOE : Ministry of Education N/A : Not Applicable NEA : National Education Association Phd : Doctor of Philosophy PRSC : Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper QASO : Quality Assurance and Standard Officer SMASSE : Strengthening of Mathematics and Science in Secondary Education SPSS : Software Program for Social Sciences UNICEF : United Nations International Children Education Fund USA : United States of America 8.4.4 : Current system of education in Kenya; referring to 8 years for Primary education, 4 years Secondary education and another 4 years for University Education. European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 8 │ 2017 458 Kapkiai Charles Kipkoech ANALYSIS OF TIME MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR INSTRUCTION IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY, KENYA TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE .................................................................................................... 456 ABSTRACT: ........................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................................. 456 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................... 457 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...................................................................................... 457 TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................................................................... 459 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................. 460 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................... 461 CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................................ 461 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY ............................................................................................................ 461 1.1 Background of Study.............................................................................................................................. 461 1.2 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................................................... 462 1.3 The Purpose of the Study ...................................................................................................................... 463 1.4 Significance of the study ........................................................................................................................ 463 1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study ..................................................................................................... 463 1.6 Assumptions of the Study ..................................................................................................................... 463 1.7 Objectives of the Study .......................................................................................................................... 464 1.8 Research Questions ................................................................................................................................ 464 1.9 Conceptual Framework ......................................................................................................................... 464 1.10 Theoretical Framework .........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2 Teacher Preparation in Teaching ...........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3 Teaching Time Interruptions .................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.4 Teacher Commitment to Instruction .....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.4.1 Teacher Absenteeism .......................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.2 Study Area ................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.3 Research Design .......................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.4 Target Population ....................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.5 Sampling Procedures and Sample Size ................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.6 Data Collection Instruments ..................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.6.1 Questionnaire ....................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.6.2 Interview Schedules .........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.6.3 Document Analysis ..........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.7 Piloting of Research Instruments...........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.7.1 Validity ..............................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.7.2 Reliability...........................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.8 Data Collection Procedures ....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 8 │ 2017 459 Kapkiai Charles Kipkoech ANALYSIS OF TIME MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR INSTRUCTION IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY, KENYA 3.9 Data Analysis ...........................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.9.1 Ethical Considerations .....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSIONSError! Bookmark not defined. 4.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2 Teacher Preparation Towards Time Management Strategies in Public Secondary Schools ....Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2.1 Preparation for Teaching as a Strategy in Management of Teaching TimeError! Bookmark not defined. 4.2.2 Content Presentation Strategies in Teaching Time ManagementError! Bookmark not defined. 4.3 Teaching Interruptions and Time Management in Public Secondary SchoolsError! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.1 Teaching Time Interruptions ..........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.2 Effect of Teaching Interruption on Syllabus Coverage ...............Error! Bookmark not defined. . Teacher’s Commitment on Instruction as a Strategy for Management of Teaching Time .......Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2 Summary of the Findings .......................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2.1 Lesson preparation towards time management strategies in public secondary schools in Elgeyo Marakwet County .....................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2.2 Teaching time interruptions in public secondary schools in Elgeyo Marakwet County ..Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2.3 Teacher commitment towards time management strategies for instruction in public secondary schools in Elgeyo Marakwet County ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.3 Conclusions ..............................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.4 Recommendations ...................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR TEACHERS .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. APPENDIX II: INTERVIEW GUIDE WITH THE DIRECTOR OF STUDIESError! Bookmark not defined. LIST OF TABLES Table 3. 1: Sample Size ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 4. 1: Teacher Preparation and Use of Schemes of Work as a Strategy of Time Management .. Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 4. 2: Content Presentation in Teaching Time Management ............... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 4. 3: Teaching Interruptions Experienced by Teachers ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 4. 4: Nature of Teaching Interruptions and Time Management StrategiesError! Bookmark not defined. Table . Teachers’ Authority over Teaching Interruptions and Effect on Syllabus Coverage ....... Error! Bookmark not defined. European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 8 │ 2017 460 Kapkiai Charles Kipkoech ANALYSIS OF TIME MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR INSTRUCTION IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY, KENYA Table . Teacher’s Commitment on Instruction as a Strategy of Teaching Time Management ..... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table . Teacher’s Creativity in Teaching as a Strategy of Time ManagementError! Bookmark not defined. Acknowledgement I acknowledge the following persons who assisted me in the process of developing this research thesis. Much thanks goes to my research supervisors, Dr. Violet Nabwire Kafwa and Prof. Jackson Too. Their valuable time and effort put on this study is here acknowledged. My heartfelt gratitude also goes to my dear wife Loice, our lovely daughters; Stephanie, Carol and Marion for their support and encouragement. Lastly, and above all, I acknowledge the Almighty God’s will. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY 1.1 Background of Study For many years now, the Kenyan secondary school syllabi content has been perceived to be wide by teachers. For this reason, since inception, the 8.4.4 secondary syllabus has been reviewed twice to address this challenge. The first review was done in 1992 followed by another in 2002. The main reasons for these reviews were to make curriculum more relevant, adequate and address issues of coverage. Since then, still many teachers have not been able to complete syllabus on time with learners as expected. A study conducted by Mwangi (2011) on syllabus coverage in public secondary schools, revealed that syllabus was not covered before the end of the year for a particular class. When syllabus is completed in time, students have humble time for revision and good preparation for final examinations. Which results in good performance. This explains why, teachers and students get pressure from school administration, government and parents to end syllabus on time, Nyagundi (2012). Syllabus completion on time has been used as a solution to address the issue of academic performance at secondary level. The Kenyan secondary school performance has not been good. The KNEC report (2010), show that a massive 154,830 students representing 43% of the total candidature obtained D+, D, D- and E in KCSE examinations. The KNEC report (2008) also reveal that only 25% of students scored at least a mean grade of C+ in KCSE, with girls being less likely than boys to score at least a C+ (a minimum grade required for university admission). The performance was worse in district schools, where only 11% of students scored at least a C+, compared to 43% in provincial schools and 90% in national schools. European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 8 │ 2017 461 Kapkiai Charles Kipkoech ANALYSIS OF TIME MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR INSTRUCTION IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY, KENYA Another problem facing syllabus completion is teacher absenteeism. According to Ongeri & Bii (2012), teacher absenteeism is a persistent problem in many countries as it reduces the quality of education and results in poor performance of students. Teachers lose teaching time. Studies also has shown that teachers engage learners in activities that are not core to teaching and learning. For instance, in England, according to Merriam (2009) teachers were concerned with tasks that take sizable chunk of their time which has no value to teaching and learning process. For example, engaging learners in games, speeches, farm activities and cleanliness during class hours. Many at times teachers attend meetings and seminars during teaching hours of school. In order to complete syllabus on time, teachers resort to teach syllabus during irregular school hours such as early morning, evening, weekends and holidays, Drucker (2005) and Ngugi (2013). Without them doing so, syllabus for a class spill over to the next. However, syllabus for a class has been structured and organized to be completed within a school term and academic year as well. This is a challenge many teachers in secondary schools in Kenya face. 1.2 Statement of the Problem A study conducted by Mwangi (2011) on syllabus coverage in public secondary schools, revealed that syllabus was not covered before the end of the year. When syllabus is completed in time, students have humble time for revision and good preparation for final examinations. Which results in good performance. This explains why, teachers and students get pressure from school administration, government and parents to end syllabus on time, Nyagundi (2012), Sub-County Director of Education, Keiyo. One of the factors for incompletion of syllabus on time is teacher absenteeism, Ongeri & Bii (2012), however there are other factors which this study sought to establish. In order to complete syllabus on time, teachers resort to teaching extra hours away from the stipulated regular hours of school. Without them doing so, syllabus for a class spill over to the next. However, curriculum has been structured and organized to end within a school term and academic year as well. This is a dilemma teachers in many secondary schools in Kenya, find themselves in. This situation reveals gaps in management of teaching time in many secondary schools which this study was intended to address. Time related issues in teaching such as holiday teaching, Gichunga (2011), uncovered syllabus, Mwangi (2011), teaching on weekends, Sulo (2012), teacher absenteeism, Ongeri & Bii (2012), and cheating in exams (KNEC Report, 2011) are indicators of improper time use in teaching in secondary European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 8 │ 2017 462 Kapkiai Charles Kipkoech ANALYSIS OF TIME MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR INSTRUCTION IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY, KENYA schools. Therefore, this study was carried out to analyze hidden causes of incompletion of syllabus in public secondary schools in Elgeyo Marakwet County. 1.3 The Purpose of the Study The purpose of this thesis was to analyze time management strategies for instruction in public secondary schools in Elgeyo Marakwet County. 1.4 Significance of the study This research will help identify existing gaps in the management of teaching time in public secondary schools in EMC. It will also be of importance to teachers in overcoming time-related challenges in schools. The government education officers will find it useful. 1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study (i) Scope The study was both quantitative and qualitative in approach. The study applied the Pickle Jar Theory of time management advanced by Jeremy Wright. The study research design was descriptive survey. The instruments for data collection were the questionnaires, interview schedule and document analysis. The statistical analyses were frequencies and percentages on tables as well as statement descriptions. The study findings were generalized from analysis of a sample applied to the whole population of Elgeyo Marakwet County. The data collection instruments for the study were self-developed by the researcher. (ii) Limitations The study was limited by time factor. The researcher faced financial constraints in facilitating the study and therefore had to use a sample population to overcome the time and financial constraints. 1.6 Assumptions of the Study (i) That there are time management strategies on instruction in public secondary schools in Elgeyo Marakwet County. (ii) That teachers prepare lessons before teaching in public secondary schools in Elgeyo Marakwet County. (iii) That teachers have strategies on managing interruptions in teaching in public secondary schools in Elgeyo Marakwet County. European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 8 │ 2017 463 Kapkiai Charles Kipkoech ANALYSIS OF TIME MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR INSTRUCTION IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY, KENYA (iv) That teachers have some commitment towards time management strategies in public secondary schools in Elgeyo Marakwet County. 1.7 Objectives of the Study The study focused on three objectives namely; (i) To examine teacher lesson preparation towards time management strategies in public secondary schools in Elgeyo Marakwet County. (ii) To establish teacher management strategies on interruptions during teaching time in public secondary schools in Elgeyo Marakwet County. (iii) To assess teacher commitment towards time management strategies for instruction in public secondary schools in Elgeyo Marakwet County. 1.8 Research Questions (i) What are the time management strategies on teacher lesson preparation in public secondary schools in EMC? (ii) What are the teacher management strategies towards interruptions during teaching time in public secondary schools in EMC? (iii) What is the teacher commitment level towards time management strategies in public secondary schools in EMC? 1.9 Conceptual Framework The framework shows the relationship between time management strategies and instruction with respect to academic achievement in public secondary schools in EMC. Teaching time management (Independent Variable) determines the success of instruction (Dependent Variable), depending on how it is done by teachers. If teaching time management is done properly, good instruction of learners is realized. Consequently, good academic achievement is obtained. The converse is also true. Academic achievement of learners was used to measure instruction. By implication, the same variable was also used to measure teaching time management by teachers. For downloading the full article, please access the following link: http://oapub.org/edu/index.php/ejes/article/view/941 European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 8 │ 2017 464 Kapkiai Charles Kipkoech ANALYSIS OF TIME MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR INSTRUCTION IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY, KENYA European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 8 │ 2017 465 Kapkiai Charles Kipkoech ANALYSIS OF TIME MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR INSTRUCTION IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY, KENYA European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 8 │ 2017 466