This research examined the challenges faced by students demanding accountability when engaging in online activism in selected public universities in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study was informed by Good Governance Theory. The study employed a qualitative research approach under the multiple bounded-case study design. The target population consisted of 2 universities, 2 deputy vice chancellors, 2 deans of students, 2 student association chairs, and 1500 online activists. The study used criterion purposive sampling to include the 2 universities, 2 deputy vice chancellors, 2 deans of students, and 2 student association chairs. The 60 student activists were selected using snowball sampling to identify information-rich participants with relevant experience in online activism. Data collection tools included in-depth interview guides for deputy vice chancellors, deans of students, student association chairs, and student activists. The study also used an observation checklist to collect data. The study ensured the trustworthiness of instruments by triangulating data from interviews, observations, and documents. Credibility was achieved through prolonged engagement with participants and member checking. Transferability was supported by providing thick descriptions of context and participants. Dependability was maintained by clearly documenting research procedures and maintaining an audit trail. Conformability was achieved by bracketing researcher biases, keeping reflexive notes, and ensuring findings were grounded in participants’ voices rather than personal assumptions. The data collected was analyzed using a thematic approach and presented in the form of narratives and direct quotations. The study found out that student activists face various challenges, including disciplinary actions, suspension threats, and academic penalties for expressing dissenting views online. It was also revealed that surveillance and monitoring of student posts on social media by university authorities created an atmosphere of fear and mistrust, discouraging open participation and honest dialogue. The study recommends that the government promote digital inclusion and student protection by expanding internet infrastructure, especially in underserved areas, integrating digital literacy into curricula, and establishing legal safeguards for student activists. Public universities should be required to implement transparent and responsive communication channels to address student issues. These reforms aim to ensure safe, equitable, and impactful civic engagement, empowering students to influence decision-making and drive meaningful transformation in higher education.

 

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