A STUDY ON MAKING SOLAR-POWERED IRRIGATION SYSTEM ECONOMICALLY VIABLE AND SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE IN BANGLADESH

: Solar power is at the forefront of sustainable development discussions due to the global movement toward renewable energy. In Bangladesh, where agriculture is vital to the economy, sustainable irrigation is crucial. This thesis investigates the economic viability and socio-economic acceptability of solar-powered irrigation systems (SPIS) in Bogra, Bangladesh. Several approaches have been proposed to make solar power irrigation in Bangladesh more profitable. High-value crops like summer tomatoes and hybrid vegetables highlight the economic benefits and increased profitability of solar-powered irrigation systems. Furthermore, it is imperative to decrease the expenses associated with these systems. Partnering with government agencies to make vital equipment affordable and accessible can achieve this goal. Researching new methods and localized production can also lower solar panel prices. A collaborative technique between marginal and large-scale farmers can help small-scale farmers afford solar power irrigation by distributing costs fairly. Government backing, expanded R&D, localized manufacture, training, and subsidies can also help solar-powered irrigation become economically sustainable. To improve socio-economic acceptability, solar power irrigation benefits must be promoted and communicated. Training, informed advertising, and successful case studies help build faith in the technology and motivate farmers to employ it. Community involvement and practical examples in Bogra can boost social approval as farmers see the benefits of solar-powered irrigation. Sharecroppers, a large part of Bangladesh's agricultural community, need subsidies or reasonable financing. This paper examines the economic viability and socio-economic acceptability of solar-powered irrigation systems in Bangladesh, specifically in Bogra. The goal is to sustainably enhance agriculture in the region by examining many options and strategic methods. This field addresses the critical need


Introduction
Solar power has become a significant topic in discussions about sustainable development, as the world increasingly shifts towards renewable energy sources (Hossain, 2019).In countries like Bangladesh, where agriculture is the backbone of the economy, it is crucial to implement sustainable irrigation systems.Currently, the nation faces power shortages and escalating environmental issues, making it necessary to explore alternatives to traditional energy sources.One potential alternative is solar-powered irrigation systems (SPIS), although concerns remain about their economic feasibility and social acceptance.This thesis focuses on addressing these concerns.
Implementing SPIS offers a potentially effective solution to the challenges faced by Bangladesh.These systems utilize solar energy to extract water from various sources, such as rivers, ponds, and groundwater, primarily for irrigation purposes.According to IRENA (2016), SPIS not only reduces reliance on fossil fuels but also eliminates harmful emissions associated with their use.
In Bangladesh, the agriculture sector heavily relies on irrigation, with irrigation accounting for 4.58% of the country's overall electricity production (Bangladesh Power Development Board, 2021).Given the existing power limitations, relying on conventional energy sources for irrigation is unsustainable.Moreover, the combustion of fossil fuels for electricity generation contributes to air pollution and climate change, exacerbating environmental challenges in Bangladesh (Hossain, 2019).SPIS can address these challenges by providing a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy solution for irrigation.
However, the high initial costs of implementing SPIS and the lack of sufficient financial assistance have hindered widespread adoption in Bangladesh (Kabir et al., 2018).This thesis aims to explore strategies to enhance the economic feasibility of solarpowered irrigation systems in Bangladesh.This includes identifying potential sources of financing, evaluating the cost-effectiveness of different SPIS technologies, and formulating policy recommendations to improve their economic viability.
In addition to economic feasibility, the social and economic acceptance of SPIS is crucial.Solar-powered irrigation has the potential to transform traditional farming practices in Bangladesh.However, it is essential to approach its adoption with caution and ensure widespread societal approval.This requires understanding the opinions and attitudes of farmers, local communities, and other stakeholders towards SPIS.It is also necessary to explore approaches that promote the acceptance of SPIS, such as community involvement, educational campaigns, and capacity-building activities.Therefore, the secondary aim of this thesis is to investigate strategies for enhancing the socio-economic viability of solar-powered irrigation in Bangladesh.
To summarize, adopting sustainable irrigation practices in Bangladesh is imperative.The potential solution offered by SPIS requires a thorough examination of its economic viability and socio-economic acceptance.This thesis aims to contribute to the research field by fostering a more sustainable and resilient agriculture sector in Bangladesh.

Rational of the Study
Farmers who are using solar-powered pumps for irrigation purposes need or use solar pumps for irrigation a maximum of 3 to 4 months.But there is no use of it for the rest of the month.That's why we should find other possible options to make solar power irrigation economically viable & socioeconomically acceptable.
We know that Nationally Determinant Contribution (NDC) targets of Bangladesh promised to generate 10% power from renewable energy, but we could not meet the target.Besides, the Bangladesh government promised renewable energy issues in the perspective plan, sustainable development goal, eight five-year plan, 100 delta plan, and Mujib perspective plan.
So, to make it happen, we need to ensure full use of solar power wherever we install it.In that regard, efficient use of solar power irrigation comes first.

Goal of the Study
The goal of this study is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing the economic viability and socio-economic acceptance of solar-powered irrigation systems in Bangladesh.The study aims to identify feasible financial mechanisms, assess the cost-effectiveness of various solar technologies for irrigation, and propose policy measures to enhance their economic feasibility.

Specific Objectives of the Study
1) To find options to make solar power irrigation economically viable in Bangladesh.
2) To find a way to make solar power irrigation socially acceptable.

Scope of the Study
This study will examine various critical areas of solar-powered irrigation system installation and acceptance in Bangladesh.
• Geographical Focus: Bangladesh, a large agricultural economy, might benefit from sustainable irrigation systems.Bangladeshi agricultural regions may be chosen for thorough case studies.
• Technological Evaluation: The study will evaluate Bangladeshi irrigationsuitable solar technologies.This entails testing solar panels, pumps, and other equipment for efficiency and suitability in local conditions.• Economic Analysis: Solar-powered irrigation systems' economic viability will be a major focus of this study.This comprises original investment, operation and maintenance costs, savings, and ROI.We'll also look into subsidies, grants, and loans to help implement these systems.
• Socioeconomic Acceptability: The study will examine local people, farmers, and other stakeholders' social and cultural acceptability of solar-powered irrigation systems.This includes assessing their thoughts, ideas, and attitudes toward these systems, their desire to switch to solar-powered irrigation, and the potential societal benefits or problems.
• Policy Analysis: The study will examine Bangladeshi renewable energy, irrigation, and agriculture policies and recommend solar-powered irrigation system adoption strategies

Limitations of the Study
The present study seeks to offer a full comprehension of solar-powered irrigation systems in Bangladesh; nonetheless, it is important to acknowledge that certain limitations will necessarily influence the extent of its investigation.The primary methodology employed in this study was a qualitative survey.Limitations in the study may arise due to various factors, including temporal constraints, resource limitations, and data availability, which could potentially restrict the extent or scope of some aspects of the research.For instance, the research conducted may exhibit limitations in terms of its coverage of various regions within Bangladesh, as well as its inclusion of all relevant stakeholder groups.Likewise, the comprehensive examination of specific policy initiatives' feasibility may be hindered by the intricate nature of the policy landscape and the methodological constraints inherent in the study.

Orientation of the Field Work Introduction:
Chapter One provides the background, aims and objectives, limitations and scopes, and also the rationale of the present study.A logical rationale for the necessity of conducting the present study along with its possible benefits has also been chalked out in this chapter as a backdrop of the study.Literature Review: Chapter Two provides a brief description of the review of relevant literature, including policies, documents, articles, reports, and books, on related topics on solar-powered irrigation which are thought to be relevant to the current research works.Methodology: Chapter Three briefly describes the study area and details the research methodology, sample, and data collection methods employed in this study.Finally, data analysis and presentation are planned.The chapter also describes the study's methodology.The sample, sampling strategy, data collection, fieldwork procedure, and questionnaire design are detailed.Data Analysis: In Chapter Four, after the collection of relevant information from the respondents, data were analyzed mostly by using descriptive analysis.The conversations were transcribed, and the data was meticulously organized into Microsoft Excel for further analysis.

Conclusion:
Finally, the last chapter (Chapter Five), includes the conclusion of the study findings and also presents some possible recommendations, which were put forward before the policymakers to satisfy the research objectives.

Literature Review
The literature review is a crucial component of any research endeavors, as it serves to establish a strong foundation for designing a study.Additionally, it allows researchers to identify recurring patterns and observations found in existing literature pertaining to the topic at hand, while also highlighting areas that require further investigation or offer potential for future research.

Section I: Importance of making economically viable solar-powered irrigation system:
• Understanding the Current State of Knowledge: A literature study offers a thorough and inclusive examination of the existing body of knowledge pertaining to a specific subject matter.Gaining an understanding of previous studies, their conclusions, and the procedures employed therein might be beneficial.The aforementioned information plays a vital role in the identification of deficiencies within the current body of knowledge, as well as in guiding the development and implementation of novel research initiatives.• Identifying Gaps and Opportunities: Through a literature review, one can identify areas that have not been sufficiently addressed in previous studies.For our focused work, solar-powered irrigation's economic effects on farmers, its capacity to lessen GHG emissions, and its place within the broader framework of Bangladesh's energy strategy and climate obligations are all possible topics for such an investigation (Gupta et al., 2017).• Informing Policy and Practice: The inclusion of a literature review in research can additionally contribute to informing policy and practice by the provision of insights that are grounded in evidence.For example, it has the capacity to provide insights into the most economically efficient approaches for promoting solarpowered irrigation, the possible advantages and disadvantages of various financing structures, or the manners in which solar-powered irrigation might contribute to the attainment of sustainable development objectives.• Basis for Further Research: The literature review serves the purpose of identifying gaps in existing research, so assisting researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in determining the areas that require more investigation and allocating their resources accordingly.

• Understanding the Local Context:
In a country-specific study like this one, a literature review can help figure out how local factors might affect how well solarpowered irrigation systems work and how they are put in place.These could be, for example, the geography and climate of Bangladesh, the way the agricultural sector is set up, or the way green energy is regulated in the country (Papaioannou, Sutton, & Booth, 2016).
In essence, doing a comprehensive literature review on the economic viability of solar-powered irrigation in Bangladesh is an essential undertaking that facilitates comprehension of the feasibility, potential advantages, and limitations associated with implementing such systems within the specific local context.This can provide valuable guidance for future research endeavors, policy formulation, and the practical execution of initiatives in this particular domain.
In a country like Bangladesh, where farming is so important to the economy and the people's way of life, irrigation is more vital than ever.Nearly half of all jobs in Bangladesh are in the agricultural industry, so reliable irrigation systems are critical to the country's economic and food security (World Bank, 2016).Irrigation allows farmers to maintain consistent crop output despite the country's heavy reliance on monsoon rains for agriculture and helps mitigate the effects of seasonal variability and climate change (BBS, 2017).More food is needed to feed the country's rising population, Parvin and Rahman (2009) point out that irrigation can help boost agricultural production.As a result, the agricultural expansion and food security of Bangladesh depend critically on the establishment and administration of irrigation systems.

Section II: Significance of Irrigation and Solar Pumps
Irrigation plays a crucial role in agricultural production by facilitating the acquisition of energy and nutrients necessary for optimal crop growth.Conversely, regions in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia that lack access to irrigation have experienced significant challenges in crop production (FAO & GIZ, 2015).
Farmers rely on a range of sources for irrigation.Historically, rainfall has been one of the primary factors contributing to irrigation.However, with the advent of deep tubewells, farmers have increasingly turned to this method for irrigation.Additionally, motorized tube-wells powered by diesel have also been utilized by farmers for irrigation purposes (Shah et al., 2004;Agarwal & Jain, 2015).Solar-powered pumps have emerged as a significant innovation in the field of irrigation, with potential implications for crop output.Research conducted by Alofe et al. (2016) and Burney et al. (2014) has revealed that the utilization of solar-powered pumps can positively impact crop diversity and promote food security.
The utilization of solar module pumps appears to have witnessed a rise, potentially attributed to the government's implementation of greater subsidies for their adoption.These pumps are favored due to their environmentally benign nature and comparatively lower cost in comparison to alternative irrigation instruments (Bloomberg, 2016).According to a report by Grant View Research (2016), the solar pump market is currently seeing significant growth and is projected to reach an annual volume of 1.5 million units by the year 2022.
According to Suman (2018), the implementation of solar pumps in agricultural practices has been found to contribute to increased income for farmers.This is attributed to the changes in crop production patterns, reduction in costs, and lower water wastage.According to a feasibility study conducted by Karim and Shankar (2017), solar pumps have been demonstrated to be more financially advantageous and less prone to danger.

Section III: Solar-Powered Irrigation System in the Agriculture Sector
Renewable energy, including solar power, can help farmers develop value-added agricultural goods and generate long-term revenue.Agriculture uses solar energy to reduce electricity and heating costs, facilitate crop drying, improve residential and livestock thermal conditions, provide hot water for dairy processes, and power farm activities and remote water pumps.Clean, low-risk, and environmentally friendly energy sources are needed to run agricultural facilities efficiently (Chikaire et al., 2010).
Solar power has become a viable alternative to grid-powered and diesel-powered water pumping equipment in the Indian agricultural industry.Solar water pumping devices reduce diesel fuel use by providing irrigation water to small farmers.Considering the original investment, operational, and maintenance expenses, these systems are cheaper and greener than diesel engine pumping systems.In addition, solar water pump systems can generate power when irrigation is unnecessary (Kanna et al., 2020).This technology is becoming crucial to Bangladesh's sustainable agricultural development.Due to its large and accurate energy supply, it is ideal for agricultural irrigation, especially in desert regions (Islam et al., 2017).Direct solar electricity for irrigation is an efficient and sustainable way to alleviate Bangladesh's rice production issues.Solar panels and submersible pumps irrigated 15 acres without electricity or diesel fuel.The Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) suggest that this method is economically viable (Khan et al., 2015).Solar pumps for irrigation in Bangladesh are cheaper and greener than diesel pumps (Akter & Bari, 2022).However, solar pumps have a benefit-cost ratio of 0.277, suggesting that for particular families, their costs may outweigh their benefits over diesel pumps.
When growing traditional crops, Bangladeshi farmers choose fossil fuel-based pumping technology (Thapa et al., 2019).Due to their low starting cost and efficient supply chain networks, such technologies are preferred.Solar pumps are being used as backups to traditional pumps, frequently with grants or subsidies.Diesel-electric pumps are still used, however, solar pumps have reduced their use, providing benefits.According to Hossain & Karim (2020), solar irrigation reduces air pollution and allows farmers to water more areas and use solar-generated electricity for other income.Marketbased finance and gender inclusion can make solar irrigation projects economically viable for rural nations like Bangladesh.
Solar irrigation systems use less fertilizer than diesel systems.Inelastic irrigation demand means farmers use the same amount of water regardless of cost (Rana et al., 2021).Sustainable agriculture requires a delicate balance between agricultural output, natural resource utilization, and environmental effects.Renewable energy technologies like solar, wind, biomass, and geothermal power can reduce agricultural fossil fuel use's environmental impact (Chel and Kaushik, 2011).

Section IV: Nexus between Solar Powered Irrigation System and Energy Savings
Khan, M. N. H., Khan, M. H., & Khan, M. F. H., (2015) propose that the utilization of direct solar-powered irrigation may present a viable alternative for distant regions situated in subtropical and low-latitude nations.This approach has the potential to diminish electricity expenses and facilitate energy conservation.Additionally, it underscores the possibility of mitigating carbon dioxide emissions by employing sustainable energy resources.
The global community has expressed significant concern regarding the management of energy consumption in the agricultural sector, primarily due to the detrimental impacts associated with carbon dioxide emissions stemming from the use of fossil fuels.Renewable energy systems play a crucial role in reducing fossil fuel consumption and mitigating CO2 emissions in the agriculture sector.The use of renewable energy technologies in agriculture is suitable for any location in the world and offers the additional benefit of earning carbon credits compared to conventional fossil fuel-based technologies.Efforts should be made to reduce fossil energy use in agriculture and promote green energies to mitigate climate change and its impact on human life and the environment (Chel and Kaushik, 2011).
According to the research (Guno & Agaton, 2022), we can say that solar irrigation systems have significant environmental benefits, including a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants, compared to diesel-powered pumps for irrigation.Solar irrigation systems, despite their relatively higher initial investment cost, exhibit reduced maintenance and operational expenses, thereby yielding substantial long-term fuel cost savings for agricultural practitioners.The adoption of solar irrigation systems has the potential to yield substantial energy conservation within the agricultural industry, specifically in the context of rice cultivation.Promoting the adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems as the predominant energy source can effectively alleviate the strain on the grid power supply (Hossain & Rahman, 2021).
As emphasized by Muhammad Joni Iskandar et al. (2023), the utilization of solarpowered automatic drip irrigation systems offers several supplementary benefits, including the provision of endless renewable energy, environmental sustainability, and the ability to react to agricultural climate fluctuations.The research additionally examines the significance of optimizing water allocation in irrigation systems to enhance production outputs.

Section V: Global Scenario of Implementing Solar Power Irrigation System
Solar pumps in agricultural irrigation are affected by many elements.These determinants include household size, irrigation water sources, views of improved productivity, and yield estimates for the year.Solar pumps are less popular in houses with shared irrigation infrastructure (Khan, M. N. H., Khan, M. H., & Khan, M. F. H., 2015).Khan, Sarkar, & Islam (2013) list many benefits of using locally-made solar water pumping systems.First, these systems are cheaper than imported ones.They also promote energy self-reliance by reducing diesel and grid electricity use.Local specialists and farmers can install and replace them, and maintenance is much lower.Optimising solar panel efficiency and voltage can boost pump performance.Installation of solar water pumping systems may also generate carbon credits.Solar irrigation systems (SIF) can reduce agricultural energy use and boost food self-sufficiency and economic growth (Sunny et al., 2022).Recent research shows that solar-powered irrigation systems (SPIS) increase wheat production technical efficiency (TE) by 6.657% in Balochistan, Pakistan (Ullah et al., 2023).The analyzed farmers have a 13.7% solar technology adoption rate and a wheat production efficiency (TE) above 80%.Looking ahead, significantly subsidized investments in renewable energy technology adoption are justified.Such activities should speed up the distribution of renewable energy-powered machines, benefiting the targeted beneficiaries (Islam & Hossain, 2022).
Agrawal & Jain (2018) noted that solar irrigation pumps (SIPs) have great potential to increase irrigation in economically challenged nations.SIP sustainability depends on crop water requirements, water source depth, solar irradiation, farm scale, utilization efficiency, alternative costs, system quality, post-sale services, and technical knowledge.These varied aspects determine the sustainability of Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs); hence a thorough examination is needed before implementation.
Despite the benefits, local farming groups are slow to use solar pumps due to budgetary constraints.Current market conditions make it doubtful whether farmers can switch to solar power soon.However, public awareness campaigns and government financial incentives may boost solar pump popularity (Akter & Bari, 2022).
Awareness campaigns can encourage rural populations to embrace solar irrigation systems even without prior understanding.Small-scale solar irrigation systems are ideal for land irrigation because their pressure head is within subsurface water pressure limits.A solar irrigation system with a battery requires a longer ROI than a battery-free system, regardless of field size.In small-scale applications, a solar irrigation system with a battery takes five years to pay for itself (Kamruzzaman & Haque, 2022).

Section VI: Solar Powered Irrigation Scenario, Especially in the Case of Bangladesh
Solar-powered irrigation is improving in Bangladesh, especially in delivering drinkable water to communities and irrigation (Hossain et al., 2015).Bangladesh's favorable location makes solar radiation a promising energy source (Hossain & Rahman, 2021).The country's cumulative solar power capacity reached 220 MW in 2018, a major step toward the government's 600 MW objective by 2021.This capability covers household systems, rooftop installations, mini-grids, and solar-diesel hybrids.
Abdullah-Al-Mahbub et al. (2022) note that Bangladesh is leading worldwide solar energy activities due to diminishing fossil fuel reserves.Solar parks, charging stations, irrigation systems, and water utilities are examples.Sustainable Drip Irrigation Systems (SDrOP) reduce life cycle costs (LCC) and make solar-powered drip irrigation more affordable for small farmers (Khan, Sarkar, & Islam, 2013).
Solar-powered irrigation practices (SIP) in Bangladesh are reliable, sustainable, and cost-effective.SIP ensures water supply reliability, accessibility, and cost, according to Hossain & Karim (2020).SIP enhances yields in some agricultural sectors and seasons, but they warn that expenses must be reduced to boost future agricultural revenue.
Bangladesh will rely on solar energy for residential systems, irrigation, street lights, and drinking water pumps.This meets the country's power generation program's renewable energy goals (Abdullah-Al-Mahbub et al., 2022).Sunny et al. (2022) found that northern farmers' solar irrigation facility use is influenced by agricultural competence, environmental awareness, land fertility, and irrigation apparatus ownership.
However, financial issues slow solar irrigation scheme implementation in Bangladesh.Islam et al. (2017) recommend considering local customers, societal hierarchy, discourse, and technological training for successful adoption.Biswas & Hossain (2013) worry about groundwater access owing to climate effect-caused water decline.Given Bangladesh's third-largest rice producer status and significant water demand, they suggest large-scale solar pumps.

Section VII: Cost Comparison for Economic Viability
The economic benefits of solar irrigation systems in Bangladesh have been thoroughly examined.As shown, solar irrigation is not beneficial for all crops.Onion, carrot, chili, and tomato crops are economically burdened by it (Pathik et al., 2014).Solar-irrigated potato, cotton, soybean, and sunflower crops are more profitable (Pathik et al., 2014).
Solar photovoltaic pumping, a potential energy solution in Bangladesh, is especially advantageous for Boro rice cultivation (Rana et al., 2021).Farmers using sustainable irrigation strategies saw lower irrigation expenses and higher ROI (Rana et al., 2021).The Bangladeshi government should invest in solar-powered irrigation systems for their long-term economic and environmental benefits (Rana et al., 2021).Islam & Hossain (2022) revealed that tiny solar irrigation pumps have the largest investment potential, followed by large pumps.The "fees for ownership model" of solar irrigation pumps outperformed the "fees for service model" (Hossain et al., 2015).Solar pumps are cheaper than diesel pumps over five years (Hossain et al., 2015).
Solar-powered irrigation systems in Bangladesh have higher gross and net margins than diesel-powered systems despite higher startup costs (Rana et al., 2020).Diesel systems emit a lot of CO2, therefore solar systems are better for the environment (Rana et al., 2020).The economic and environmental benefits of solar irrigation systems and the need for financial aid for small farmers (Guno & Agaton, 2022).

Section VIII: Financial Barriers and Possible Collaborative Solutions
Recent research has focused on solar pumping systems as a sustainable irrigation approach, particularly in rural regions.Khan, Sarkar, and Islam (2013) found that the initial financial barrier to these systems prevents their wider adoption in distant places like Bangladesh.The authors advise that private companies, financial institutions, and governments work together to solve this problem.Together, these entities might adapt solutions to these communities' requirements.
Solar irrigation pumps (SPIPs) are promising.They boost irrigation access and encourage low-carbon agriculture, helping farmers adapt to climate change.The high cost and lack of farmer input prevent the widespread implementation of such technology (Bastakoti, Raut, & Thapa, 2020).To overcome obstacles, promote the technology's benefits and advancements.
Solar irrigation reduces greenhouse gas emissions and benefits farmers, solar pump providers, and governments.Solar irrigation has various obstacles to sustainable development.Data shortages, groundwater depletion, regulatory framework gaps, governance issues, and resource-poor farmer access are examples.Solar irrigation systems must address equal access for smallholder farmers, eco-friendly practises, and adequate planning and monitoring to be sustainable and accessible (Lefore, Closas, & Schmitter, 2021).Though solar-powered systems are expensive, they may become the favored choice for smallholder farmers in the future.By improving financing, technology, and assistance, this can be achieved (Thapa et al., 2019).The research reveals that many rural communities can implement solar irrigation systems with collaboration and strategic planning.

Section IX: Sustainability of Solar-Powered Irrigation
Solar power is a possible solution for places with inconsistent electricity grid connectivity.This solution secures agricultural energy supply and reduces grid strain (Roblin, 2016).Since Sustainable Intensification of Farming (SIFs) has good effects, the government and stakeholders should prioritize the development of better ways through continual trial and iteration.This includes cheaper watering costs, higher ROI, and lower production costs.Regular monitoring of solar panel efficiency and regulatory support for updating low-efficiency solar panels are needed to sustain the solar energy sector.Field demonstration projects and campaigns are essential for SIF uptake and communication of their benefits and environmental impacts (Sunny et al., 2022).
The environmental benefit of Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) is comparable to their installation subsidy.Small solar installation projects (SIPs) have the largest net environmental benefit per kWp (Islam & Hossain, 2022).Governments must assess and mitigate groundwater extraction hazards while implementing Sustainable Public Infrastructure Projects (SPIPs).Groundwater quality must be understood as a whole, including geogenic and anthropogenic contaminants (Bastakoti, Raut, & Thapa, 2020).
Specific policies and initiatives that address environmental variables are essential to promote sustainability efficiently in a specific context.Strategies that improve at least one sustainability feature and prevent others from deteriorating are essential (Agrawal & Jain, 2018).
In Bangladesh, where diesel-based irrigation systems are common, solar irrigation pumps (SIPs) are financially viable.After irrigation, SIP operators can sell surplus electricity to the distribution grid with government support.Technologically, an 11kV 3phase grid connection is suitable, but financial feasibility requires solar installation capacities beyond 20kWp (Alam, 2022).Bangladeshi solar irrigation systems at 70%-80% of their potential are cost-effective compared to other approaches (Hoque et al., 2016).However, Bangladesh needs government laws and funding to promote and expand solar irrigation systems.

Research Gaps Identified from the Literature Review
After reviewing the above writing, the three main limitations of diverse literatures are: • Lack of Detailed Technical Analysis: Many studies do not analyze the technology's technical elements.This contains real-world performance and efficiency of solar water pumping systems, the technological problems of scaling them up, and their design and components.Without this information, these systems' potential and limitations are hard to assess.The studies generally ignore the technologies' environmental and sustainability consequences.The impact of social or cultural variables on technology adoption is often overlooked.These components are essential for understanding these technologies' wider ramifications and their potential for success in varied situations.

Concluding Remarks
Solar-powered agricultural irrigation in Bangladesh is reviewed.Solar irrigation boosts food security, efficiency, and sustainability.Solar irrigation reduces dependence on unpredictable energy sources and is renewable and cost-effective.Innovative irrigation methods like solar pumps diversify and secure agriculture.Solar pumps' low operational and maintenance costs make them commercially viable despite their high initial investment.Their use changes agricultural production patterns, lowers costs, and reduces water waste, increasing farmers' income.Many hurdles prevent widespread solar-powered irrigation.In poor countries, the initial financial barrier is high.Private firms, financial institutions, and governments must collaborate to meet these communities' needs.Crop water requirements, water source depth, sun irradiation, and farm-scale affect solar irrigation system sustainability and accessibility.Government financial incentives and awareness efforts may assist rural populations adopt solar irrigation systems.Potable water and irrigation from solar-powered irrigation are improving in Bangladesh.Lack of farmer input and funds limit technology deployment.Despite these challenges, solar irrigation systems offer larger gross and net margins than diesel systems.Finally, solar-powered irrigation can encourage sustainable agriculture in energyscarce and climate-change-affected areas.However, stakeholders must collaborate to overcome adoption barriers and maximize advantages.Sustainable food security, economic growth, and environmental impact could be improved via solar-powered irrigation.

Methodology
The usefulness of research methodology is its systematic and structured framework for studying methodologies, tactics, and approaches.The role of a research framework is to guide the research process, improve the credibility and consistency of findings, align with the study's goals, facilitate replication and comparison, direct data collection and analysis, and ensure ethical research.
Key Informant Interviews were used.Pengxia, Li. ( 2022) states that key informant interviews (KIIs) are valuable data collection methods in qualitative social science research.Solar-powered irrigation difficulties were fully understood through in-depth talks and views from farmers, legislators, and relevant organization representatives using the KII survey methodology.

Study Area
The present study investigates solar-powered irrigation in Bogra, Bangladesh, to address the need for alternative and environmentally sustainable irrigation methods.This study examines the economic viability and socio-economic acceptability of solar-powered irrigation systems to identify potential opportunities and challenges.
Bogra, one of the northern districts of Bangladesh, is known for its agricultural productivity.The region has fertile land, good weather, and relies on agriculture for food.Solar-panel-based water pumps are popular with farmers in seven unions (Balua, Digdair, Zorgachha, Madhupur, Pakulla, Sonatala Sadar, and Tekani Chukainagar) of Sonatola Upazila in Bogura because they deliver cost-effective irrigation water.Over the past seven to eight years, the World Bank and the Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL), under the Ministry of Finance of Bangladesh, have supported solarpanel water pump implementation.These water pumps are built throughout the Upazila (Solar Water Pumps Get Popular in Bogura, n.d.).The economic viability of solar-powered irrigation systems in Bogra district is examined in this study.This area was chosen for solar pump use and farmer engagement in Sonatola, Namuja, and Fulbari unions.This article supports Bogra district as the study area.
• Bogra district was chosen due to high solar pump consumption in targeted unions.This provides solar irrigation infrastructure and information.• Active Farmer Participation: Selected union farmers suggest using solar pump technology.These proactive farmers can teach us about solar irrigation system benefits and drawbacks.• Bogra district's geography is ideal for research due to its ample sunlight and agricultural landscape.Results will guide solar energy integration into global agriculture.

Research Design
The selection of a research design is of utmost importance as it significantly influences the overall framework and approach employed in a study.A qualitative research design has been utilized to examine the economic feasibility and socio-economic acceptability of solar-powered irrigation systems in Bogra, Bangladesh.This design facilitates a comprehensive examination of the experiences, viewpoints, and expertise of primary stakeholders through the utilization of Key Informant Interviews (KIIs).The interviews, which were conducted on the field and then recorded, offer a valuable dataset that can be transcribed and subjected to analysis to avoid any inconveniences.

A brief Outline of the KII Survey Used for Data Collection
The KII survey was designed to gather comprehensive insights from various stakeholders, including farmers, engineers, Agriculture officers, energy department personnel, and stakeholders, regarding solar-powered irrigation systems in the Bogra district.
The survey began with a set of generalized questions, followed by specific questions tailored to each group.

I. Generalized Questions 1. General Information
o Collect basic demographic information about the respondents, including their name, age, and organization/institution.

Background and Context
o Assess the respondents' familiarity with solar-powered irrigation systems.o Explore their understanding of the current challenges and barriers to adopting solar-powered irrigation in the Bogra district.
o Seek insights into the economic feasibility and potential benefits of solarpowered irrigation in the region.

Cost Analysis
o Discuss the initial costs involved in setting up a solar-powered irrigation system compared to traditional electric or diesel pumps.
o Explore the operational and maintenance costs of solar-powered irrigation systems compared to traditional pumps.
o Inquire about any additional costs or considerations specific to solar-powered irrigation systems.

Last Year's Information
o Ask the respondents if they have observed any trends or changes in the adoption of solar-powered irrigation systems in the Bogra district over the past year.
o Inquire about the factors that have influenced the adoption or non-adoption of solar-powered irrigation systems during this period.
o Seek information on any notable success stories or challenges related to the economic viability of solar-powered irrigation systems in the region.

Comparison with Electric and Diesel Pumps
o Discuss how the performance and cost-effectiveness of solar-powered irrigation systems compare to traditional electric and diesel pumps.
o Explore any specific advantages or disadvantages of solar-powered irrigation systems compared to electric and diesel pumps in the Bogra district.
o Inquire about the factors that farmers or other stakeholders consider when deciding between solar-powered and traditional pumps.

Market Viability
o Assess the current availability and accessibility of solar-powered irrigation systems in the Bogra district.
o Inquire about any government policies or incentives that support the adoption of solar-powered irrigation systems.
o Discuss potential barriers or challenges to the wider market penetration of solar-powered irrigation systems in the region.

Socio-economic Factors
o Explore how the adoption of solar-powered irrigation systems impacts the socio-economic conditions of farmers in the Bogra district.
o Inquire about any social or cultural factors that influence the acceptability of solar-powered irrigation systems in this region.
o Seek opinions on measures or strategies that could be implemented to enhance the socio-economic acceptability of solar-powered irrigation systems.

II. Specific Questions for Different Stakeholder Groups
o Tailor the questions based on the specific roles or areas of expertise of the respondents.
o For farmers, inquire about their current source of irrigation, awareness, and understanding of solar-powered irrigation systems, considerations for adoption or non-adoption, affordability assessment, challenges or barriers, support or incentives, government schemes, success stories, performance expectations, and socio-economic impact.
o Adapt the questions accordingly for Engineers, Agriculture department officers, Energy department personnel, and Stakeholders, focusing on their specific roles, perspectives, and experiences related to solar-powered irrigation systems.The KII survey aimed to gather in-depth qualitative insights from the key informants to understand the current status, challenges, and potential solutions regarding solar-powered irrigation systems in the Bogra district.The gathered data will contribute to a comprehensive analysis and findings in the research.

Sampling Method
The research methodology incorporates purposive sampling as a method of participant selection, which aims to include persons from diverse backgrounds and professions within the agricultural industry.The individuals encompassed within this category consist of agricultural officers, engineers, farmers, researchers, and stakeholders.A number of total ten respondents have been selected to implement the survey.

Information of Respondents
The research methodology incorporates the selection of participants from various geographical regions to enable the inclusion of a varied array of perspectives and experiences.This approach aims to facilitate a full comprehension of solar-powered irrigation in the context of Bogra.

Data Collection, Processing and Analysis
The researchers performed Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), which facilitated an easy and efficient method for collecting data.KII was employed as a means of a valuable avenue for collecting comprehensive and situational data from individuals who possess specialized expertise or experience in the specific field of study.Interviews provide researchers with the opportunity to delve into intricate subjects, comprehend many viewpoints, and acquire valuable insights that may be challenging to achieve using alternative means of data collecting.In addition, the act of recording conversations serves to guarantee reliability and preserve the integrity of the information collected.

Transcription
After conducting the interviews, the telephone conversations were transcribed.The process of transcription serves the purpose of creating written documentation of the interviews, so enabling a comprehensive examination and evaluation of the collected data.Through the process of transcribing interviews, researchers can carefully analyze the participants' comments, discern patterns that emerge repeatedly, and acquire a more profound comprehension of their viewpoints.

Data Analysis Technique
The research design employs thematic analysis as the primary method of data analysis.The thematic analysis involves identifying patterns, themes, and categories within the data.By closely examining the transcriptions, meaningful insights can be extracted and develop a comprehensive understanding of the economic viability and socio-economic acceptability of solar-powered irrigation systems in Bogra.The analysis process involves organizing the data, coding it for key themes, and interpreting the findings.

Ethical Consideration
Ethics are crucial throughout research design.Before the interviews, all participants gave informed consent, understanding the study's goal and their rights.To protect participants' privacy, data was anonymized for analysis and reporting.This secures participant names and personal information while sharing crucial study findings.
The research design uses qualitative methods including KIIs, in-depth interviews, and transcription to examine the economic viability and socio-economic acceptability of solar-powered irrigation systems in Bogra, Bangladesh.This design provides a comprehensive understanding of key stakeholders' perspectives and experiences, and thematic analysis of the transcribed data will inform future strategies and policies to promote and adopt solar-powered irrigation in the region.

Conclusion
Moreover, the selection of methodology plays a crucial role in determining the strategies employed for data gathering and analysis.Researchers ensure the relevance and efficacy of obtained data in addressing research such as 'Making solar-powered irrigation economically viable in Bangladesh' inquiries by carefully selecting acceptable methods and approaches.It ensures alignment with the study objectives, facilitates replication and comparison of results, guides the process of data collecting and analysis, and upholds ethical standards in research activities.
The economic viability and socio-economic acceptance of solar-powered irrigation systems in Bangladesh are examined in this chapter.The talks were transcribed and properly organized into Microsoft Excel for analysis.
To meet study goals, data analysis addresses three main components.
In Section I, responder acquaintance with Solar-Powered Irrigation System.Each respondent's Solar Powered Irrigation System expertise or experience.The responders may have different levels of comprehension or exposure to this system.The goal and implications of judging respondents' familiarity are unclear without context.Solar pump irrigation risks and benefits.The pros and cons of solar irrigation pumps are examined.It shows that we are weighing the pros and cons of this technology.
Section II: Options to make solar power irrigation economically viable in Bangladesh.To satisfy the section, • Solar-powered irrigation systems were evaluated for cost-effectiveness, considering initial investment, maintenance costs, and potential savings over time.Solar irrigation systems for Bangladeshi farmers are economically viable, according to the research.• Explore financial incentives and support systems for solar-powered irrigation uptake.By evaluating the responses, government subsidies and microfinance schemes were identified to help farmers financially.• Solar-powered irrigation offers long-term economic benefits, such as energy savings and greater agricultural output.These benefits could boost farmers' incomes, food security, and the environment.
Section III, the ways to make solar power irrigation socioeconomically acceptable.To satisfy the section, • Considering social and cultural aspects that may impact solar-powered irrigation system adoption.By understanding the socio-cultural background, the findings help engage communities and overcome adoption challenges.• Farmers' perspectives, attitudes, and knowledge about solar-powered irrigation systems were examined.Analysis showed variances in these characteristics, underlining the necessity for tailored educational programs and awareness efforts to ensure accurate information and farmer trust.• The Research aimed to increase knowledge and acceptance of solar-powered irrigation in certain communities.Find effective tactics like knowledge-sharing platforms and relationships with local stakeholders to create complete implementation plans.By addressing these three major points, this research provides a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing the economic viability and socio-economic acceptability of solar-powered irrigation systems in Bangladesh.The findings aim to inform policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders to develop evidence-based strategies that promote the widespread adoption of solar-powered irrigation systems, leading to sustainable agricultural practices and improved livelihoods for farmers.

Section I: Familiarity with the Solar Powered Irrigation System 4.1 Familiarity with the Solar Powered Irrigation System
Individual respondents' familiarity with data can help them understand solar-powered irrigation systems better.Data analysis reveals reoccurring issues, system efficiency, user happiness, and policy insights.A thorough understanding of the technology promotes advancement and refinements that will enable the widespread use of solar-powered irrigation systems, leading to a sustainable agriculture future.Bangladesh's agriculture sector is adopting solar-powered irrigation systems.These systems are popular for vegetable and flower bed maintenance.Renewable energy from solar panels powers irrigation and reduces diesel use.Bangladeshi farmers know and like solar-powered tomato and vegetable irrigation systems.Solar-powered irrigation systems provide crops with water regardless of electricity or fuel availability.Farmers can learn and apply technology via demonstrations.Farmers may acquire water without electricity with solar-powered irrigation.This technology can meet power needs and be profitable for farms, benefiting the nation.

Disadvantage of Irrigation Through Solar Pump
By examining the individual viewpoints on the disadvantages of solar-powered irrigation systems, a diverse range of challenges and limitations can be uncovered.This collection of insights offers a nuanced understanding of the real-world experiences and concerns faced by users.From small-scale farmers to agricultural experts, the disadvantages section presents an array of valuable data that can shape future research and improvements.Solar-powered irrigation systems offer numerous advantages over diesel-powered ones.They are cost-effective, sustainable, and provide uninterrupted energy for groundwaterbased irrigation.Solar energy eliminates the need for fuel purchases and transportation, reducing long-term running costs.Solar irrigation systems are an attractive solution to rising electricity costs and improve crop yields.Farmers shared their projects of Solar Powered Irrigation Pump through pictures with us.Some of the pictures are added to the Annexure.

Section II: To Find Options to Make Solar Power Irrigation Economically Viable in Bangladesh 4.4 The Cost-effectiveness
To gain a comprehensive understanding of the cost-effectiveness of solar-powered irrigation systems, this section focuses on extracting the perspectives of individual respondents.By analyzing their viewpoints, this collection of insights provides valuable information that aids in developing an overall insight into the financial aspects of implementing and operating solar-powered irrigation systems.Energy Sector A solar-powered irrigation system requires space for solar panels and control rooms, which can be costly.Solar-powered devices have lower operational and maintenance costs than regular pumps, the reply says.Solar panel washing every 15 days is the main maintenance.A night guard is also needed to avoid panel theft, according to the reply.Md.Fazor Ali Head of Operation, Energy One Bangladesh Energy sector The total cost of installing a solar-powered plant for farmers depends on the project size.For a 1 horsepower pump, including panels and other components, the cost ranges from 2.5 to 3 lac taka.Solar-based irrigation is considered highly cost-effective compared to diesel-based systems.Mahbub Suman

Renewable Energy Researcher
Energy sector and Solar Business Solar pumps may cost more than diesel pumps initially, but a long-term cost-benefit analysis reveals they are cheaper.Solar pumps offer lower operational expenses than diesel pumps since grid electricity is much cheaper.Diesel pumps cost more when fuel costs rise, but solar pumps are more steady and cost-effective.Summarized, solar-powered irrigation systems are cost-effective for cost-conscious farmers.Solar panels are expensive, but they pay off in the long run.Small farmers can afford solar-powered irrigation systems because they save money on diesel fuel and fossil fuels.Compared to regular pumps, solar-powered systems are cheaper to operate and maintain.Solar pumps are cheaper to operate than diesel pumps, making them a longterm solution.In general, solar-powered irrigation is cheaper and more ecological than diesel pumps.

Potential Financial Incentives or Support Mechanisms for Farmers
This section gathers respondents' opinions to understand the financial incentives and support mechanisms accessible to farmers who use solar-powered irrigation systems.This compilation of observations provides valuable data on farmers' financial help for solar-powered irrigation systems by examining numerous perspectives.The Bangladeshi government is pursuing solar technology initiatives.We're trying to lower the cost of key devices and make electricity more accessible.These programs may offer farmers financial incentives and support to use solarpowered irrigation systems.The Bangladeshi government is developing solar technology to lower electricity prices.These programs encourage farmers to employ solar-powered irrigation systems with financial incentives.Subsidies and loans can help sharecroppers and marginal farmers adopt.Technology can be more affordable and profitable with government-development organization collaboration.Government and cooperative subsidies promote solarpowered irrigation projects.With farmers, the government runs long-term installment initiatives.Installation subsidies of 30-50% stimulate adoption, and more incentives could make technology more accessible.

The Long-term Economic Benefits
To gain a comprehensive understanding of the long-term economic advantages of solarpowered irrigation systems, this section centers on extracting the viewpoints of individual respondents.Through analyzing their perspectives, this compilation of insights offers valuable information that contributes to an overall understanding of the financial benefits linked to the extended utilization of solar-powered irrigation systems.So, analyzing the above part, to make solar power irrigation economically viable in Bangladesh, the most possible options are: 1) Focus on high-value crops: Highlight the economic viability of solar power irrigation systems for high-value crops like summertime tomatoes and hybrid vegetables.Showcase the higher profitability and yield of these crops when using solar-powered irrigation systems.2) Cost reduction: Explore solar irrigation system cost reductions.This could involve collaborating with the government to lower instrument prices and increase accessibility.To save import costs, make delicate machine parts locally.3) Reducing the cost of solar panels: Innovation and local manufacturing should be researched to lower solar panel prices.Farmers, especially marginal farmers who cannot afford expensive solar panels, may find solar panels more affordable and accessible.4) Cooperative approach: Coordinate marginal and large-scale farmers to install solar irrigation systems.Marginal farmers can benefit from economies of scale and cost-sharing by working together, making the investment cheaper.5) Government support: Government and development organizations can help make solar irrigation profitable.They can assist marginal farmers install solar panels cheaply with subsidies, loans, or labor.This help can make solar irrigation more affordable for farmers and increase its use.6) Research and development: Research and development can lower solar panel prices, enhance local maintenance, and boost storage technology.Increasing solar power irrigation system efficiency and price can make them more profitable for farmers.7) Training and follow-up: Provide sufficient training to farmers to ensure they understand the benefits of solar power irrigation and are equipped with the necessary skills to operate and maintain the systems effectively.Continuous training and follow-up support should be provided to address any challenges or issues that may arise.8) Promotion of subsidies: Provide subsidies to farmers to offset the initially high installation costs of solar-powered irrigation systems.Increased subsidies can further improve viability.9) Improve awareness programs: Enhance awareness programs about the long-term benefits and cost-effectiveness of solar power irrigation systems.Educate farmers about the return on investment and the potential for increased productivity.10) Government co-investment: Encourage government co-investment with private companies to spread solar irrigation systems faster and on a larger scale.This can help lower costs through economies of scale.11) Address challenges from government institutions: Increase regulations, transparency, and service speed to handle government issues.Simplify loan and bureaucracy processes to help farmers finance solar power irrigation systems.
Section III: To Find the Way to Make Solar Power Irrigation Socially Acceptable 4.7 The Social and Cultural Factors Influencing the Acceptance This section focuses on extracting the perspectives of individual respondents on the social and cultural factors that influence the acceptance of solar-powered irrigation systems.By analyzing their viewpoints, this collection of insights provides valuable information that aids in developing an overall insight into the societal and cultural aspects that shape the adoption of these systems.The acceptance of solar-powered irrigation systems is influenced by social and cultural factors.Farmers' acceptance of this technology can be influenced by observing the positive impact on neighboring farmers and assurances of long-term benefits.Overall, positive results, cost-saving benefits, and social influence play significant roles in the acceptance of solar-powered irrigation systems.

The Perceptions, Attitudes, and Knowledge of Farmers
The extraction of perspectives from individual respondents plays a crucial role in building an overall insight into the perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge of farmers toward solar-powered irrigation systems.Farmers' perceptions and attitudes towards solar-powered irrigation have shifted positively due to factors such as cost-efficiency, reduced hassle, and recognition of financial benefits compared to traditional methods.

The Strategies to Promote Awareness and Encourage the Adoption in the Local Community
This section focuses on devising strategies to promote awareness and encourage the adoption of solar-powered irrigation systems within the local community.showcase benefits and success stories of solar power irrigation so farmers see peers benefiting from the systems.5) Sharecroppers support: Provide affordable solar-powered irrigation systems for sharecroppers through subsidies or low-cost financing tailored to their needs since they make up a significant portion of farmers in Bangladesh.6) Government collaboration: The Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Power should collaborate on a unified approach for implementing and regulating solar power irrigation to ensure a holistic view of impacts on water resources and productivity.7) Financial incentives: Offering incentives like tax breaks or grants can encourage farmer adoption by helping offset initial investment costs and making solar power irrigation more attractive and economically viable.8) Long-term planning: Have a long-term vision and plan for widespread adoption considering the balance between productivity and sustainable groundwater management practices.

Recommendations
Based on the findings and analysis, the following recommendations are proposed for the successful implementation and widespread adoption of solar power irrigation systems in Bangladesh: • Focus on high-value crops and highlight their economic viability with solar power irrigation systems.• Invest in research and development to improve the efficiency and affordability of solar power irrigation systems.• Provide comprehensive training and follow-up support to farmers for effective operation and maintenance of solar power irrigation systems.• Promote subsidies to offset initial installation costs and increase the viability of solar-powered irrigation.• Foster collaboration between the Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Power for a unified approach to implementing and regulating solar power irrigation.• Develop a long-term vision and plan for widespread adoption while considering productivity and sustainable groundwater management practices.
By implementing these recommendations, solar power irrigation can become a more viable and accepted solution in Bangladesh, leading to increased agricultural productivity, reduced fuel costs, and a more sustainable farming sector.

Concluding Remarks
To conclude, the implementation of solar power irrigation systems in Bangladesh holds great potential for enhancing agricultural productivity, reducing fuel costs, and promoting sustainable farming practices.By focusing on high-value crops and showcasing their economic viability when using solar-powered irrigation systems, farmers can be incentivized to adopt this technology.Efforts to reduce the costs associated with solar panels and irrigation systems, such as exploring local manufacturing and collaborating with the government, can further improve affordability.Additionally, a cooperative approach that facilitates collaboration between marginal farmers and large-scale farmers can help share costs and benefits, making solar power irrigation more accessible to small-scale farmers.Government support through subsidies, loans, and manpower is crucial in making solar power irrigation financially feasible for farmers, while research and development investments can drive technological advancements and cost reductions in the long term.Training, continuous support, and effective customer service are also essential for the successful implementation and operation of solar power irrigation systems.By addressing these recommendations, solar power irrigation can become a sustainable and economically viable solution for agricultural development in Bangladesh.
My family members, especially my husband, and my parents; their prayers and love are my arms in life to fight the way for honesty.It is their sacrifice, their support, and patience which have enabled me to complete this work for my husband.
I am also indebted to all the officials of DScE for their continuous support and help.I express my sincere love and gratitude to my friends and well-wishers.My sincere thanks to those people who helped me in different stages of my work.

• Insufficient Consideration of Economic Factors:
The economic ramifications of the technology discussed are not fully analyzed in several studies.The technologies' cost-effectiveness compared to alternatives, long-term maintenance and operational costs, and financial feasibility are considered.The technology's viability and adoption potential depend on these economic factors.•

Table 4 . 2 :
Response on the disadvantage of irrigation through solar pump

Table 4 . 3 :
Response on Advantage of Irrigation Through Solar Pump

Table 4 . 4 :
Response on the cost-effectiveness

Table 4 . 5 :
Response on Potential Financial Incentives or Support Mechanisms for Farmers

Table 4 . 6 :
Response on the Long-term Economic Benefits

Table 4 . 7 :
Response to the Social and Cultural Factors Influencing the Acceptance

Table 4 . 8 :
Response on the Perceptions, Attitudes, and Knowledge of Farmers

Table 4 . 9 :
Response on strategies to promote awareness and encourage the adoption in the local community Resolving the design and reducing the systems' size can make them more affordable and accessible to rural farmers, enlarging the market.Farmers need cost savings and convenience.Also showcase solar panel installations in recent buildings as a sign of acceptance.2) Knowledge dissemination and awareness: Continue raising awareness about the benefits of solar power irrigation through training, information campaigns, and sharing success stories and case studies to build trust in the technology.3) Community engagement: Make farmers aware of socioeconomic benefits like reduced fuel costs, electricity for household use, and climate change mitigation.Emphasize long-term returns and low maintenance costs to motivate adoption.4) Demonstration projects: Implement demonstration projects in areas like Bogra to