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Currently, Zimbabwe has numerous development problems that need attention. One area of concern is the spatial inequality in levels of socioeconomic development between regions within the country. In this paper, the spatial pattern of socioeconomic development in Zimbabwe is analysed and the administrative districts are ranked from highest to lowest according to levels of socioeconomic developments. Both primary and secondary data were used to collect data on thirteen indicators of development. The data were analysed using the geometric mean method. The analysis of data revealed that certain areas in Zimbabwe have relatively high levels of development while others have low levels of development or no development at all.
2009 •
Inequalities in levels of development between regions within a country are frequently regarded as a problem. The magnitude of the problem is more severe in developing countries than in developed countries. Zimbabwe, as a developing country, is no exception and the country is characterized by severe regional inequalities. This research is concerned with the spatial patterns of socio-economic development in Zimbabwe. The composite index method was used to rank administrative districts of Zimbabwe according to level of development. The composite indices together with socio-economic characteristics were used to demarcate the administrative districts into development regions according to Friedmann’s (1966) model. Attention was given to the spatial development policies applied in Zimbabwe. Friedmann’s (1966) guidelines, for the development of the different regional types in his model, were applied to the Zimbabwean spatial economy. Suggestions were made regarding possible adjustments to p...
Zimbabwe currently faces a severe problem of unemployment. The challenges are being experienced in all parts of the country and in all sectors of the economy from primary right to the quaternary sector. Added to this is the problem of regional inequalities in the levels of unemployment. The paper examines spatial patterns of unemployment in Zimbabwe. Data on the levels of unemployment was collected from Zimbabwe National Statistical Agency (ZIMSTAT) (2014) published reports of the 2012 population census. Using quartiles, the country was demarcated into four regions of unemployment zones based on the rate of unemployment in the administrative districts. It emerged from the research that overall, the level of unemployment in Zimbabwe is very high and in addition, there is severe inequality in the levels of unemployment across the administrative districts in the country.
World Bank report
Analysis of Spatial Patterns of Settlement, Internal Migration, and Welfare Inequality in Zimbabwe2019 •
i. Zimbabwe has an unusual settlement pattern due to its colonial legacy. A sizeable proportion of the rural population lives in densely populated areas that are far away from the main road network and poorly connected to markets. These are communal lands. This study using data from ZIMSTAT’s 2012 poverty map and the 2002 and 2012 population census suggests the highest ward poverty rates and lowest social service delivery outcomes are found here. ii. These communal lands are characterized by a deep spatial poverty trap. In 2012 two thirds of the extreme poor lived in these communal lands (see also Map 1), and preliminary estimates suggest that this had risen to three quarters by 2017. Social outcomes such as education levels are typically also lowest here (Map 2). Many of these spatial poverty traps are prominent in the northwest but found in other parts of the country. These communal lands typically have below average agricultural production potential and were designated during colonial times as lands where native African farmers could live and farm, creating space for the development of large-scale commercial farms mostly for people of European descent. iii. Fast track land reform during the 2000s attempted to reverse the unequal land distribution but not enough communal farmers benefited to overcome these poverty traps. During 2002-2012 around 410,000 people moved to the white commercial farm areas (urban and rural) of which around 290,000 came from communal lands and 110,000 from Harare. However, around 140,000 people moved in the other direction: from the commercial farming areas to communal lands. In 2012, 65 percent of the rural population still lived in communal lands (down from 70 percent in 2002). iv. Nationwide, rural multi-dimensional poverty levels did not improve between 2001/2 and 2011/12. During the economic crisis of the 2000s, GDP fell, urbanization slowed, and a large part of the population went back to subsistence farming. Between 1999-2014, the proportion of the population engaged in unpaid or self-employed farming rose from 46 to 60 percent and average labor productivity in agriculture fell by 55 percent, according to labor force survey data. Fast track land reform did not structurally tackle the spatial poverty traps that are prevalent in the communal lands. v. While the communal areas are often densely populated they are located far from good roads. The existing trunk road network connects the towns located in the thinly populated commercial farm areas, which were built to connect goods markets rather than people. High domestic transport costs between the northern maize-surplus and the southern maize-deficit production regions have contributed to the segmentation of the maize grain market , according to a . This has direct implications in terms of food security and demand stimulus for agricultural production in the high population density, high-poverty areas. vi. Extreme poverty in communal lands is structurally higher than in areas dominated by other land-use types keeping everything else the same. Even when controlling for other factors such as gender ratios, distance factors, natural zones and education outcomes, people in communal lands have extreme poverty rates that are 5%-7% higher, than those living in other farm type areas. This reflects the structural lack of economic opportunities in these areas and the deep disadvantages and inequality of opportunity that people here face. vii. Several policy measures exist for tackling the spatial poverty traps. First, the government should ensure social service delivery policies are spatially blind in their design and universal in their coverage. This concerns the practical regulations that govern the social services such as education, health, and water and sanitation across the country as well as their affordability and how these are financed through tax and transfer mechanisms. To compensate for the lack of budget resources for non-wage expenses, the Government of Zimbabwe has expanded the use of user fees and charges for various social services. This has resulted in lower financing for basic services in poorer areas. Without appropriate mechanisms to equalize financing of basic services, Zimbabwe could find it difficult to reduce the current inequality of opportunity. viii. In the education sector, for example, the collection of revenue from private fees is skewing resources in a highly regressive manner (i.e. weighted towards the better-off). The decision to impose fees in all schools, while funding teacher salaries in private schools, left many vulnerable children at risk and transferred benefits to less poor households, according to the recently completed public expenditure review (PER) of the primary and secondary education sector . The currently constrained fiscal situation calls for focus on protecting the vulnerable, better coordination of the multiple social protection programs and better targeting of these programs to the most needy to provide them with opportunities to improve their lives. ix. Second, the government should ensure adequate connectivity to these lagging areas through policies and investments to facilitate spatial integration. Examples include roads, railways, and communication systems that facilitate the movement of goods, services, people, and ideas locally, nationally, and internationally. Better connectivity will also help some people move out of these areas if they are too densely populated and they do not have the land assets they need to make a decent living. Third, there is a need to enact new laws to further decentralize decision making to Provincial and Metropolitan Councils and to improve distributional equity by aligning transfers with local needs and revenue capabilities.
This research focused on intra-regional inequalities in the level of development in Ikom Local Government Area, using the wards as the basic unit of analysis. The aim was to determine the level of variation in the spatial pattern of development, as well as identify the factors that influence and create the conditions for the existing pattern of development in the study area. Ten indicators of health (2) and educational (8) development were collected and analyzed. The analysis was done using the Gini-index and the cluster analytical techniques. The results of the analysis revealed significant variation in the distribution of the selected development indicators among the wards. Ikom Urban I, the political-urban headquarters emerged among the privileged (developmentally advantaged) wards in all the selected development indicators a1ongside Nde, Abayom and Akparabong. There were still marked variations in the level of development among the wards. The findings revealed a significant rela...
Journal of Social Sciences
Poverty Rates in a Rural District of Zimbabwe: A Case Study of the Guruve District2016 •
Abstract: While growth points in Zimbabwe were created to become economically viable spatial entities, over time they have not so much grown as intended. Amid the urbanization thrust in the country, these places have grown and continue to grow demographically. Little studies, if any, in Zimbabwe, have been done to establish the possible future outcomes of this urbanization of small settlements. This present paper examines the implications of the multiplier effect at growth points in the country. The main question is: What is the likely future of the growth centres in the country and what new infrastructural and related assets need to be in place if chaotic urbanization is to characterize these places. By case studies we attempt to make a rapid assessment of the situation, basing on historical trends and developments with the aim of proposing future policy and practical alternatives.
2022 •
The study sought to examine the impact of urban population growth on human development in Zimbabwe for the period 1990 to 2020. The research employed the OLS method using annual time series data and found a positive relationship between urban population growth and human development index in the context of Zimbabwe. The results obtained from the regression analysis are in tandem with the literature except for the positive relationship between total fertility rate and human development that deviated from the literature findings. The conclusion was derived from the obtained results. It was observed that urban population growth, life expectancy at birth and total fertility rate in Zimbabwe had a significant impact on human development whilst foreign direct investment and expected years of schooling had no significant impact on human development. The policy makers should therefore adopt expansionary policies so as to boost impact of the significant variables whilst special attention is required to monitor their excessive impact or effects.
2019 •
This study combines district level poverty rates, population census data, income data, and geospatial data to investigate how human capital, structural change, infrastructure, and environmental degradation impacted poverty and employment in Ghana. We find that poverty reduction was primarily achieved through increased share of working age population, employment rates and income in the service sector, shift of labor from agriculture to the service sector, expansion of access to electricity, and increased rainfall. Further, the paper investigates the factors that have affected changes in agricultural income and shift of labor from agriculture to industry and services. Soil erosion had a large impact on the changes in agricultural income. Improved access to electricity, road, and market was crucial for creating jobs in non-agricultural sectors. In areas where droughts are severe, more people became engaged in agriculture and less in industry and services. It may be because severe droug...
A study was conducted to assess the constraints to the development of Magunje Growth Point in Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe. Pre-tested research instruments, which included a questionnaire, key informant interviews, field observations, and document reviews were used to collect data from sampled respondents. The survey covered residents from the high density and low- density area of the growth point. The major locational factors and constraints identified were the enabling policy of decentralization, farming, accessibility, lack of investment, small population, lack of funding, and low revenue base. Other problems included lack of title deeds, decline in farming activities, dominance of the commercial space by a few individuals, lack of participatory planning, as well as general decline in economic performance at national level. Solutions to these constraints are embedded in a proactive national and local development strategy that maximizes on the opportunities provided by th...
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