European Journal of Social Sciences Studies
ISSN: 2501-8590
ISSN-L: 2501-8590
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/soc
10.5281/zenodo.217076
Volume 1│Issue 2│2016
MOSTAR BETWEEN 1941 AND 1952 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PERIOD OF
RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT FROM 1945 TO 1952
Sead Šejtanić
J.U. O.Š. „Vrapčići , Mostar, ”osna i Hercegovina
Abstract:
This publication addresses two separate periods in the history of Mostar. In the first
part, it brings information about Mostar during World War II. The second part
describes a period of reconstruction and development based on primary archival
documents in an effort to throw light on socio-economic trends in Mostar area shortly
after war, as well as the first part of the first five-year plan of reconstruction.
Keywords: World War II, war devastations, refugees, reconstruction, development, The
first Five Year plan, agricultural economy, industry, trades, Mostar, Herzegovina
Prefatory notes
After the Axis invasion on Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the proclamation of the
Independent State of Croatia (NDH – Nezavisna Država Hrvatska) Mostar fell under
Italian occupation in NDH area. Mostar was the headquarters of several Ustasha,
Italian, and German divisions, as well as Home Guard regiments, but there was also the
Mostar Partisan battalion formed of patriots who were defending Mostar. In the Mostar
area many crimes were committed by the foreign aggressor as well as by Ustasha and
Chetnik quislings, who brought to a close what Germans and Italians hadn't completed.
February 14 is celebrated as the day of liberation of Mostar in World War II. On that
day Partisans broke through and took over Mostar, they expelled the remains of the
aggressor s army. Many lives were lost for the freedom of Mostar in World War II,
many Partisans and civilians were killed. In this war, Mostar gave many national heroes
Dr Safet Mujić, Mladen ”evanda, Mustafa Ćemalović, Šefik Obad and many others
who fought not only for Mostar, but for the whole homeland. After World War II and
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
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RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT FROM 1945 TO 1952
sustained ravages of the war, Mostar had to be built and developed once more.
Reconstruction starts in the upcoming period of the First Five Year Plan from 1947 to
1952 and afterwards.
Overviews of the war events in Mostar from 1941 to 1945
After the German invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941 and its
capitulation, Yugoslavia fell apart. Shortly after that, its army signs capitulation. Bosnia
and Herzegovina was soon occupied and divided into two occupying zones. First units
of the 14th German Armored Division broke through from Sarajevo and Bugojno to
Mostar in April 1941followed by the parts of Italian Motorized Corps from Sinj and
Imotski.
Italian occupying forces surrendered Mostar and entire Bosnia and Herzegovina
to the newly established NDH which was established in Zagreb, on April 10, 1941, with
approval of the German Army. Although they formally turned over all control to newly
formed NDH, Italian forces were still deployed in Mostar. They didn't leave Mostar
until September, 1943.
The surrendering happened after concluding Roman Agreementi and civilian
authority of Italian occupying administration was abolished, and the forming of the
NDH civilian authorities was approved. After they had divided the country into
districts, the Ustashe established civilian organs of government and Mostar became
centre of big Hum district. Some of the districts were even out of borders of Bosnia and
Herzegovina. The motive behind why the Ustasha did this was because they wanted to
disunite Bosnia and Herzegovina, and on the other hand, to separate Muslims from
their nationality and to declare Muslims as Croats, and call them ''flowers of the
Croatian people'', as Ustasha used to appease Muslims to win them over to their side.
After the occupation fascists terror starts: detentions, seizing, internments, hangings
and incineration of villages.
The situation in the city was chaotic. The absolute terror of the Ustasha prevailed
the town. By day and night, people were drawn away from their work places, from
streets and even from bed. Some of the arrested were soon executed in a brutal way.
Interments and wipeout of residents of Mostar were executed on several separate
occasions .iiThe first occasion was during a period from June 25 to June 28, 1941. Some
of the detainees were often released and shortly after, they were arrested again. In East
In Roman Agreement, the NDH border was delineated as eastern border of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
and by that Italy recognized Bosnia and Herzegovina as a part of the NDH.
ii Drago Miletić, Stradanja u Mostaru, Hercegovina u Narodnooslobodilačkoj borbi , ”eograd,
,
.
i
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Herzegovina, mass Ustasha slaughter, thefts and incendiarism rose up Orthodox
residents in arms on June 3, 1941, in order to defend their own lives as well as
villages.
iii
The third occasion of internments, which happened in the second half of
June, was stopped due to the above mentioned uprising of the Orthodox people. Aside
those small onslaughts the Ustashe used to deliver bigger attacks. Namely, besides
individual murders they executed mass murders and internments to Nedić's quisling
Serbia. The last notice for emigration was proclaimed on “ugust
,
, and it
included surnames beginning with letter K to those beginning with letter NJ.
iv
On
account of ''work'' in Banjaluka area Mostar Battalionv was pulled out of Mostar.
With the departure of this battalion, in November 1941, Mostar area reprived
from Ustasha crime. However, after capitulation of Italy in 1943, German troops took
control over Mostar, which made Mostar the headquarters of the 1035th German
Military Command, and a month later, of the 5th SS Army Corps. This pattern of
relations provides opportunity for the Ustasha to carry on the crimes that they had
started in 1941. Mostar was of a great importance for the German wartime economy,
because it was rich in scarce bauxite, which was essential to German economy. They
kept the exploitation of the Mostar mine to themselves while Mostar was still in Italian
occupying zone. After carrying out coups which were performed by Chetniks in
Partisan units in Herzegovina, not concealing any more, they started to cooperate
publicly with Italian occupying units. This collaboration might best be perceived in
Mostar where armed Chetniks, at first secretly and later openly, were walking along
Mostar streets accompanied with Italian officers .vi Chetniks used the Italian forces
patronage and protection to execute indiscriminate violence and burning down of
innocent Bosniak and Croat population. Many villagesvii in Mostar area were to become
execution sites of civilians. In those assaults, Chetniks were cooperating with their
Italian allies. The following war years weren't going Chetniks' way even though they
were in great number. In the city and its surroundings, there were several thousands of
Chetniks and a great number of them were killed while fighting Partisans. There were
also many funerals for Chetniks who gave their life ''for King and homeland''. The
approach of the National Liberation Yugoslav “rmed Forces Narodnooslobodilačka
vojska Jugoslavije - NOVJ) scared Italian occupiers, so they brought Montenegro
Enver Ćemalović, Mostarski bataljon, Mostar, 1986, 15.
Drago Miletić, Stradanja u Mostaru, 118.
vMeanwhile Mostar battalion was renamed into Herzegovina ”attalion, and afterwards into Herenčić's
”attalion by major Herenčić.
viDrago Miletić, Italijanska reokupacija Mostara (septembar 1941-juni 1943), Hercegovina – Časopis za
kulturno i istorijsko nasljeđe, Mostar,
, 7-8.
viiDrežnica, Goranci, ”ogodol, Doljani etc.
iii
iv
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Chetniks to help their ''Hercegovinian brothers''. However, bringing up the
reinforcement hadn't obtained the results. This is proven by the fact that one of the
Chetnik commanding officers, Dobroslav Đorđević, was disappointed with the bearing
upon the battle. He observes that for the third time they have brought dishonor upon
the glory of Chetnik Army and Serbian name. The breakdown of Chetniks happened at
the beginning of 1943, when Weiss German operation collapsed and which was
supposed to destroy NOVJ. On that occasion, Chetnik divisions were slaughtered on
Prenj Mountain. They haven't rebounded from that defeat until the end of the war and
on the ground of Bosnia and Herzegovina; they were accounted for the minor force.
Their final blow was Italian's capitulation on June 4 1943, which ended Italian
protective attitude towards Chetniks. During preparing the uprising in spring and
summer 1941 two conferences of Communist Party of Yugoslavia Komunistička partija
Jugoslavije – KPJ) were held. The conference of Young Communist League of
Yugoslavia (Savez komunističke omladine Jugoslavije – SKOJ) was also held, arms and
medical supplies were gathered and the organization of KPJ and SKOJ had been
enlarged. Among other things, 300 guns were collected, so each soldier from Mostar
who joined Partisan troops in 1941 was armed.
The Social Revolution Committee formed and trained few assault units all over
neighborhoods of Mostar. The District headquarters for Herzegovina was formed on
the assembly of district committee of KPJ which was held on July 16 1941 in Mostar. In
fighting with Ustasha, a unit of about 18 soldiers, along with its command was wrecked
in Podveležje, near Mostar. In the outcome of the miscarriage of this action, there were
few more failures. One of the consequences of this failure was communication
breakdown with insurgents in East Herzegovina, and another one was lack of
uniformity in progress of the uprising in Herzegovina. In the end of July 1941, members
of the Communist Party fought against Ustasha who were conducting arrests in the
city. Namely, on that day there was an assembly of the District Committee of the
Communist Party in the house of Gojko Vuković. While the Communists were
discussing current events Gojko Vuković's wife, Zlatka Vuković, viii was on guard. “s
soon as Ustasha showed up she warned the comrades .ix On that occasion, there was a
crossfire and one of the Ustasha, Mirko Bebek, had been killed. His death incited
Ustashe to kill a group of Orthodox civilians on Carina ”ridge. The failure in Podveležje
hadn't discouraged insurgents in Mostar. In the second half of August, a unit of about
30 soldiers breaks through insurgent grounds in East Herzegovina. This ''test project''
hadn't been stopped until the final liberation of Mostar. In those intervals, armed units
The textile factory in Opine, near Mostar, was named after her.
ixD. Miletić, Stradanja u Mostaru, 114.
viii
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of 10 to 15 soldiers broke through. They were recruited into Herzegovina troops and
divisions, mainly the Mostar Battalion which was formed in September 1941. One of
great efforts by this battalion happened in June when Mostar Youth Battalion was sent
to reinforcements of the 10th Herzegovina NOU Division on Sutjeska. This battalion
inadequately armed and with lack in fighting experience was destroyed in conflict with
parts of 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen. During the occupation,
inspite of arrests and torturing of patriots, raids, internments and murders, Mostar
represented
a
strong
illegal
post
of
People's
Liberation
Movement
Narodnooslobodilački pokret - NOP). Illegal assemblies were continually held in the
town, it was taken care of messengers, volunteers in NOP forces, and wounded and ill
soldiers as well.x The town had a printing shop and a warehouse where they kept
supplies and ammunition. About developed network of ''illegal activities'' on the
ground of Mostar, tells the fact that after the Battle of Sutjeska Mostar Battalion had
been hidden in the town so they could have recovered and then they were sent to the
battle again. It needs to be noted that in this period of irrationality some individuals
who have put their own lives on risk to help innocent people, distinguished themselves.
I ll point out two of them Mehmed Ćehaićxi and father “lojzije Mi:ić.xii
In general, political chaos, which at the time was taking place in the town, the
Muslim Resolution was approved. In this resolution, they indicate clearly that Mostar
residents and its ulema weren't supporting the occupier's policy. Similar resolutions
were introduced all over Bosnia and Herzegovina. In May 1942, the arrests of Party
members were executed. However, those arrests failed to mark, because the Party
organization consolidated relatively fast. But the wave of violence continued with
unreduced rage. The arrested were tortured tremendously by District police officers
(police officers of NDH). Some of them didn't reach the prison, because they had been
killed on their way there, which was excused by alleged escape of prisoners. This was
the case with Salko Šestić in
, who was killed by Ustasha police officer, Mujo
Trbonja, who excused his crime by alleged attempt of escape of the prisoner. Due to the
upsurge of the uprising in Herzegovina, which was disadvantageous for Ustasha,
Mousolini and Pavelić entered in an agreement on reoccupation of Zone II, which
included Mostar as well .xiii With this reoccupation the wave of Ustasha violence
When there were no conditions for their medical treatment on a free territory.
Mehmed Ćehaić, born in ”osanska Dubica, he worked as a policeman in a department for document
issues. He helped Orthodox residents to run to Serbia. He was arrested, sent to a prisoners camp and
killed.
xiiFather “lojzije Mi:ić didn t want to absolve the sins those who were declared as Ustasha and he
condemned severely their crimes.
xiiiD. Miletić, Stradanja u Mostaru, 117.
x
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declined, but it was still far from being gone. After Italian reoccupation, the third phase
of ethnic cleansing was finished (arrests, killing, transportation of civilians). This state
remains until Italian capitulation in 1943, after which Ustasha policy begins again. Even
though Italians had taken the edge off to Ustasha in the town, the violence was
continued. Because of the presence of Italian forces, Ustasha Supervisory Service (UNSUsta:ka nadzorna služba did their job in difficult conditions, so it had to transport its
intelligence agents to Mostar. In “pril
, “ntić, an alleged engineer, whose real
name was Gvido Robnik came to Mostar.xiv Ustasha violence was continued in
educational institutions, as well. Ustasha youth who were recruited from school, in this
case from Gymnasium, were going around other students' houses to check whether the
latter have joined Partisans. On the XIII teaching staff assembly professor Alojzije Benac
opposed this.xv ”ut he failed to change anything, because the principal, Josip ”abić, who
was a renowned Ustasha, ruled him out of order.
The savagery might also be shown in the fact that they conducted ''formal
burning of anti-government books'' at Musala which was also organized by Ustasha
Youth. At the time, Mostar was the stage of intelligence services and organizations
conflicts. Besides the above mentioned UNS, Italian, German and NOP intelligence
were also operating in the town. Italian intelligence was in a favorable position because
of its military authorities. That was an advantage for them and they used it
considerably. Since monitoring the NOP activists had first priority, besides the
information that NDH and Chetnik movement passed to them, they were gathering
information in person.
Germans, however, were in an inferior position to their coalitionist partners, and
in lack of trained native personnel, they had to employ workers who were formerly
educated for intelligence .xvi Kingdom of Yogoslaviaxvii (VKJ) had a specific intelligence
who collected information from the field through certain Franciscans.
The Franciscans were led by Dominik Mandić, who took advantage of his
position and formerly gained acquaintanceships in Mostar, yet with the help of other
priests he had free use of information from Mostar that he passed to VKJ. The newly
formed NOP intelligence didn't remained inactive. NOP intelligence infiltrates Salem
Delalić and Hana Kolukčija into Ustasha Youth.
Due to issued directive, Mubera
Ćemalović had been employed as an office worker in the District Police in Mostar.
xviii
D. Miletić, Italijanska reokupacija Mostara, 126.
Later he became a recognized historian
xvi D. Miletić, Italijanska reokupacija Mostara, 127.
xvii The Kingdom of Yugoslavia
xviii D. Miletić, Italijanska reokupacija Mostara, 129.
xiv
xv
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All of the mentioned contributed to NOP largely. However, it should be noted that
many of them were exposed while helping NOP. They were killed immediately or sent
to prison where they were tortured and killed afterwards. The fact about the arrests and
killing in 1943 and 1944 prove that Ustasha authorities were still trying to enforce and
strengthen its power. The arrested had been taken to District office where they were
tortured and even killed. Some of them were killed on their way to prison. That was
case with Salko Šestić. In order to form a clear picture of how Mostar functioned I will
point out two cases.xix
-
Chetniks were operating freely in the left part of the town, and Ustasha in the
right part
-
It was usual for coalescent partners to come into conflict and certain number
dies on each side
This situation remains until the end of 1944 when Partisan units approach the town. In
the Battle of Neretva parts of NOVJ gush out to Mostar approach. Towards the end of
1944, conditions for liberation of Mostar would be met.
Final actions
By the end of 1941 and beginning 1945 Germans were delivering attacks on several
occasions, in order to improve their position in the south from Mostar and to make
easier the withdrawal of Army Group E. Due to importance of evading Army Group E
Germans held their army force in Mostar district, Široki ”rijeg, Nevesinje and other
surrounding footings. The 369th Legionnaire (the 369th Infantry Division) and Ustasha
Home Guard Division, local militia force, Ustasha Black Legion and Fascist 49th
Batallion of Blackshirts San Marko were preparing a fallback position retreating from
NVOJ's constant assaults, that were led by 29th Division, that was constantly holding
lower valley of Neretva and which was bringing major enemy's forces down on itself.
”esides, defense of Mostar was organized by establishing major number of resistance
points positioned in two belts.
xx
Mostar, along Nevesinje and Široki ”rijeg were unique defense sites for enemy
armada, where from Sarajevo and communication network in Bosna river valley were
to be protected, and through which the main body of German Army Group E was
retreating from Serbia and Montenegro. After the Supreme command of NOVJ had
found out that German-Ustasha forces delivered an attack on Ljubu:ki, Čapljina and
Metković on January
and
it commanded the headquarters of th Dalmatian Corps
D. Miletić, Italijanska reokupacija Mostara, 134-137.
xx Drago Đukanović, Hercegovina u NOB-Mostarska operacija, Beograd, 1961, 826.
xix
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to urgently transfer its main body from North and Middle Dalmatia to Mostar district,
break up German Ustasha group and to liberate Mostar. After finding about the NOVJ
movement, the enemy pulled down bridges over Neretva in Čapljina and Metković,
and after that, they retreated from Metković towards Čapljina and prepared to defend
Čapljina. In fierce battle which lasted till February , Čapljina was liberated and at the
same time, National Liberation ”attalion at the same time liberates Čapljina.
''Meanwhile, Supreme Headquarters had commanded the 8th Corps to regroup their
units to liberate Mostar and the remaining part of Herzegovina.'' xxiIn order to make this
operation successful, from January 3 some of the units were redeployed from Dalmatia
to west Herzegovina. This urgent transfer of nine units with its material and technical
resources in these circumstances was a real accomplishment and it was unique emprise
in National Liberation War. On February 4, the 9th, 19th, 26th and 29th Division Units
and Tank and Artillery Brigades moved into assault position. The 1st and 2nd NVOJ
Squadrons gave support by air strikes from Vis airport. “rea of Široki ”rijeg
represented the enemy's strongest outpost and it was the key to liberation of Mostar.
The main Ustasha-German force were situated there, they were counting about 6,000
soldiers with one “rtillery unit. NVOJ units started the attack on Široki ”rijeg on
February 6. In the first frontal attack, the strongly reinforced enemy resistance line
couldn't be broken through, because in Široki ”rijeg and surrounding sites and
Ljubu:ki, there was a great number of enemy's men power. ”y throwing a pincer
movement NOVJ units gush out to Kne:polje district and they cut off the enemy's line
of retreat towards Mostar. As soon as Germans found out their army in Široki ”rijeg
was encircled they sent one battalion from Mostar, over Jastrebinka to Široki ”rijeg. This
battalion took advantage of the 2nd Brigade's moment of inattention, got through to
Kne:polje and joined units in Široki ”rijeg. The next day the 8th Corps with new tank
and infantry units threw another assault and forced the enemy to withdrawal towards
the most reinforced sites that they still kept under their control.
''The enemy reinforced the most Cigansko and Čuvarevo Hill, tobacco-station,
peak grounds and levels with monastery and a high school building'' .xxiiConstant attacks
of the 8th Corps drew the enemy down to the area around monastery and church which
dominated the surroundings in Široki ”rijeg. With the backup of artillery and one tank
battalion, the 11th Brigade and 26th Division managed to break through the monastery
on February , while the st ”rigade seized tobacco station. “fter taking over Široki
”rijeg and break through to Miljkovići as well as the pressure of
th Division towards
Konjic and communication network Konjic-Mostar conditions for liberation of Mostar
D. Đukanović, Hercegovina u NOB-Mostarska operacija, 828.
xxii Nikola “nić, Vojnoizdavački zavoid, za pobjedu i slobodu – Mostarska operacija, Beograd, 1986, 229.
xxi
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had been accomplished.
xxiii
The utmost difficulties had the 29th Divison which carried a
large area of accountability from Buna to Nevesinje and all the way to Konjic, and
which had to liberate Nevesinje with strong German, Ustasha, and Chetnik forces. Due
to bad weather conditions as well as the prior failed attempts to crush enemy's
resistance, the operation was put ''on hold'' until February 13. ''On the morning
February 13 fog lifted along the whole front line of division, the sun rose up and the
planned attack could start.''xxiv
The 29th Division was divided into two parts. The 11th and14th Brigade
launched operations towards Konjic and ”ijelo Polje, and the
th ”rigade and the 1st
Battalion of 12th Brigade, Artillery Division and parts of Tank Battalion and artillery
attached from 2nd Corps delivered attack on Nevesinje, which was at the time
defended by two battalions of the 369th Legionnaire Division, two batteries of the
th“rtillery Regiment one host of Italians and some militia force.
xxv
After a severe street fight, Nevesinje was liberated on February 14. The enemy
retreated to ”i:ina, but it was ambushed by the
th ”rigade and they suffered heavy
loss of life and material resources. The day before, NVOJ liberated Buna and Blagaj
forcing the enemy into retreat towards the final position, Mostar. After these
breakthroughs of NOVJ the route to Mostar was widely opened. The 8th Corps units
started their main attack on Mostar in the morning on February 13 by strong airforce
attack. In the evening February 13, units of the 8th Corps broke through west and south
approaches to the town. In Mostar illegal front fighting units and squads already
existed, which were protecting bridges and other important buildings from
annihilation. In the enemy lines there were also illegals who passed by reliable
information about movement of the enemy's units, that is about all the things that were
operational for NOVJ. In the morning February 14 the last assault for liberation of
Mostar started. The main body of the 26th Division backed up with tanks made a fast
breakthrough to Mostar. In that attack, tanks made a real accomplishment breaking
through strongly reinforced enemy's buildings bringing confusion into enemy's lines.
“s the enemy had ruined a road near Žovnica and put it under constant tank firing,
tanks got down a steep area to Ilići and joined the infantry. “fterwards they made a
breakthrough to west part of Mostar. Around noon, the 26th Division and tanks, the
19th Division, and shortly after the 13th Brigade of the 29th Division were situated in
Mostar. In a fast and fierce attack and with the help of local residents, the west of
Mostar was liberated. “round
o clock, units of the 8th Corps had broken through to
D. Đukanović, Hercegovina u NOB – Mostarska operacija, 831.
N. “nić, Vojnoizdavački zavod, za pobjedu i slobodu – Mostarska operacija, 233.
xxv D. Đukanović, Hercegovina u NOB – Mostarska operacija, 832.
xxiii
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the left part of the town and put all the bridges under heavy fire. At 5 o'clock, tanks and
infantry threw another fierce attack and they entered the east part. The enemy couldn't
blow down the bridges because, in the meantime, the illegals had cut up the mining
wires. The enemy's resistance in the east part was also broken through soon. Mostar
was liberated on February
th and the enemy forces were pushed towards Drežnica,
Jablanica and Konjic. In the battles around Mostar enemy suffered heavy losses which
couldn't be compensated. After this operation, its 369 Legionnaire Division and the 9th
Ustasha Home Guard Division had only one regiment until the end of the war. In these
battles, a huge amount of weapons, equipment and cars was seized. On March 3, Konjic
was liberated and the next day the 29th Division broke through to Ivan Sedlo which
closed final battles in the operation for the liberation of Mostar.
War damages in Mostar area
During World War II Mostar and surrounding areas suffered heavy loss of lives, as well
as assets and material resources. It is hard to talk with certainty of the exact number of
war fatalities, exiled or about destroyed material resources, housing facilities, because
there are no figures available. However, we have some partial information of war
fatalities. By the War Damage Commission in Bosnia and Herzegovina accounts
number of killed and missing in prisoner of war camps in Bosnia and Herzegovina was
174, 084.xxvi In World War II Bosnia and Herzegovina was under Italian occupation in
the area of NDH and also headquarters of several Ustasha, Italian, and German
divisions and Home Guard Regiments. So large troop concentration, as well as
genocidal policy of NDH by Ustasha who made great efforts towards ethnic cleansing
of Bosnia and Herzegovina which fell to them by Wienna Conferencexxvii and Roman
Agreement.xxviii Ustasha activities in that field was tripled. The Serb element which in
their opinion was enemy number one, was to be killed, exiled, or Christianized. They
did all this ruthlessly and pitilessly, not looking at a gender or age. Fatality of this kind
of a policy noticed German commissioner in Zagreb, Glaise fon Horstenau. He
considered the NDH a multinational state in which the Croat Nation hardly formed one
Informativni priručnik o Bosni i Hercegovini, 1951, 219. This issue only refers to the mentioned categories,
without those who died in NOB or in enemy s formations. However, taking into account territory of
Yugoslavia its losses were 34% or 1/3 of human loss out of all 18 countries that took part in Inter- Allied
Reparation Committee in Brussels, which put Yugoslavia in the third place after SSSR and Poland.
xxvii Vienna Council of Foreign Ministers of Raich and Italy were considering that border of NDH should
be the eastern border of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
xxviii Roman Agreement recognized eastern border of Bosnia and Herzegoviona as eastern border of NDH,
thus Italy included Bosnia and Herzegovina into NDH.
xxvi
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half of the population size and that the way they were treating non Croat residents
wasn't right, and that was one of the main motives for Serb uprising throughout the
country. The number of killed and missing persons in Mostar is adduced in Manual of
Information which carries a review of figures related to Mostar and its surroundings
which show that there was 1279 killed and missing people, out of which 1,160 male and
119 female.
Number of fatalities in Mostar district
In the Mostar district there were 518 killed out of which 449 male and 69 female
persons.xxixThese figures show that the insurgent areas were the most hit and the
victims were mostly villagers and by doing this, the enemy tried to suppress NOB
(National Liberating War).
The first population census after World War II was carried out in
.
xxx
According to this census, Mostar had 21,606 residents. On the basis of number of killed
in mass or individual killings, we get statistical figures that during World War II in
Mostar 9% of its residents lost their lives. In WWII, many housing and economic
facilities were destroyed in the allies bombing raids at the end of the war. In order to
present how many of the facilities were destroyed I'll first outline the figures on how
many of them have been built until 1945. As the Magazine Domxxxi states on the
occasion of the 5th anniversary until the 1945 the number of built facilities was 5,699 in
public property and 4, 344 private facilities. Until 1945, Mostar had 10,043 housing
facilities. By the end of war, there were 210 completely destroyed and 1,780 xxxii damaged
facilities. In the town there were 204 completely destroyed and 1,777 damaged facilities,
and in rural area 3 facilities. Analyzing these facts we learn that during wartime 3% of
housing facilities was destroyed and 21% damaged. In the Mostar area as in Bosnia and
Herzegovina by destroying and demolition of mining facilities, filling them up and
flooding the pits as by the uneconomical exploitation were inflicting damage to the coal
mine in Mostar. The authorities of the time concluded that the enemy inflicted damage
to Mostar coal mine to the amount of 224,381, 020xxxiii dinars, which at the time
represented huge funds. During the war, the industrial facilities in all of Bosnia and
Herzegovina as in Mostar were completely destroyed or severely damaged. The enemy
Informativni priručnik o Bosni i Hercegovini, 220. These data still represent killed in mass and separate
executions, as well as killed and missing persons in prisoner-of – war camps.
xxx Koncepcija dugoročnog razvoja Mostara do
. Godine, Mostar, 1986. 14.
xxxi Dom – Preduzeća za gazdovanje stambenim zgradama u Mostaru, Beograd, 21.
xxxii Informativni priručnik o Bosni i Hercegovini, 221.
xxxiii Ibid. 222.
xxix
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took whole facilities and installed them where he needed them. Some of the facilities
ended up in enemies' countries. The facilities in Mostar were destroyed and damages
counted up to tens of thousands dinars. Among the damaged facilities in Mostar were
soda factory and textile mill. The enemy inflicted huge damages to agriculture
(destroying fruit and vegetable fields); forestry, and inconsiderate cutting road
communications. All this leads to a conclusion that the devastation was enormous, as
for men loss as for all the other aspects, and it took a lot of time, patience and money to
surmount these difficulties.
Mostar in the period of reconstruction of the country 1945-1947
Social circumstances of people
Even during the National Liberation War (NOB- Narodnooslobodilačke borbe ,
authorities issued a decree of putting all social facilities under national roof. Namely,
National Committee of Yugoslavia Liberation (NKOJ-Nacionalni komitet oslobođenja
Jugoslavije by
January
th
xxxiv
decision ordered total social insurance. The
Department of Social Policy in Mostar had activities along a board front. This was
because Mostar suffered severe life loss as well as material-technical resources. Many
people had literally lost everything, many people were killed and huge number
suffered all kinds of torture. The authorities were doing all they could to improve
matters and undo the harm through their social departments. Social Department
supplied Children's Home with monthly groceries like flour, beans, pasta etcxxxv for
June. The children's home was also home for children that weren't from Mostar. This is
supported by the fact that one girl was brought from Lika; at first she was put to
General Hospital and to Children's Home afterwards.xxxvi This department departed
expenses of orphans and poor children in school canteen. Also, it bears expenses for
Ljubo Kre:elj who, due to his traveling on business from Mostar to Nevesinje had a
claim upon a free bus ride, and Mustafa Karabeg who also travelled on business from
Mostar to Trebinje and claimed a free train ride.xxxvii
The Social Department of Mostar also sent an official letter ordering for “nđa
Škegro, in her capacity of the superintendent of Mostar unemployment office, to issue
Informativni priručnik o Bosni i Hercegovini, 222.
“rhiv Hercegovačko – neretvanskog kantona u Mostaru, fond Oblasni narodni odbor Mostar, dok. br.
340/45. 1-2.
xxxvi The girl only knew that her name was Stanka, her mum was Ljubica and she claimed that her dad's
name was Milan, and by that she was known as Milanović in the children's home. “t the time the girl
was seven and she was situated in the family of Milan Milićević, a trader from Mostar.
xxxvii AHNK, fond ONOM, dok. br. 503/45.
xxxiv
xxxv
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a booklet for regular grocery supplies.
xxxviii
The conditions that people lived in is likely
best displayed by the fact that ”ojana Šipovac and Mira Semiz applied at a Social
department to receive a pair of socks and a dress each; a similar request came from
Džemal Demirović, who asked for a pair of socks and a pair of shoes.
xxxix
The violence
on civilian residents displays the fact that German occupying troops beat up Hamo
Nik:ić badly, from whose beating ''He becomes seriously ill and on advice of a doctor
he needed to go to the spa and take special therapy.''xl This department accommodated
his request and assigned him economic aid of 1,000 dinars, which his father, who took
care of him, took over from the department. The Herzegovina District People's
Committee requested a report on activities of the department in Mostar. The report was
sent to authorities, and it consisted of a report on social conditions and a report on
housing facilities.xli The manager of the Old People's Home in Mostar applied several
times to the District National Committee in Mostar to approve the credit funds (in the
amount of 40,000) for maintenance of the home and the purchase of a cooker. The
second time, she was granted 30,000 for the old people's home, which she used for
maintenance and purchasing the inventory.xlii In the following period of time, this
department dealt with the return of children from Slovenia, and only the children who
still had both parents.xliii During this period, the Department had put all their efforts
towards making it possible to overcome the post-war period and to enable the civilian
residents to find their way to integrate into a new life.
Agricultural reconstruction
Agriculture
Mostar and all of Herzegovina had a specific role in agriculture. Due to a lack of fertile
soil, this part of the country had been characterized as passive and foredoomed to an
even bigger decay and dependence on the other parts of the country. It took a long time
after the war for Mostar and surrounding areas to move towards the right trend. The
increase of scope of the agricultural manufacturing, as well as quality of the agricultural
products, was main goals targeted by Agriculture Department of District People's
Board in Herzegovina (HONO- Oblasni narodni odbor za Hercegovinu). However, lack
AHNK, fond ONOM, dok. br. 570/45.
AHNK, fond ONOM, dok. br. 512/45; 592/45.
xl AHNK, fond ONOM, dok. br. 594/45.
xli “rhiv Hercegovačko – neretvanskog kantona u Mostaru, fond Oblasni narodni odbor Mostar, dok. br.
2799/45, 1-2.
xlii AHNK, fond ONOM, dok. br. 397/45. 1-5.
xliii “rhiv Hercegovačko – neretvanskog kantona u Mostaru, fond Hercegovački sreski narodni odbor, dok. br.
1430/46, 1-2.
xxxviii
xxxix
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of specialists, agricultural tools, and harness horses resulted in bad spring sawing in
1945, in Mostar and in the entire country.xliv Regarding the resurgence in agricultural
production in Mostar area, soil conservation works were carried out on bigger fields
and system of irrigation ditches were built. These activities weren't created for just
Mostar specifically, but rather they were intended to be an example from the new
authorities to provide bigger incomes in the country as a whole. Current authorities
were trying to increase agricultural trade incomes, but residents of Herzegovina, in lack
of basic provisions, for seasonal work went to Vojvodina. They were paid one third in
money, and the rest of their salary was paid in kind
by receiving food, water, etc.).
The conditions would change later, and on the existing
% in kind, additional
of corn for each member of a worker's family would be added.
xlv
kg
Conditions related to
temporary jobs weren't great because the canteen meals were bad, and due to the lack
of accommodation, a great number of workers had to sleep in dilapidated houses, in
barns and even in hog houses. Although the conditions were almost impossible to live
in, at least people managed to partly reduce the constant lack of the basic provisions.
Youth gardens also reduced lack of basic provisions. Those were farm-lands that were
cultivated by young people, and they were founded on the fields that didn't need any
big investments. Mostar had one youth garden of 5,000 m2.
Cattle raising
Cattle raising is a traditional industrial branch for all of Herzegovina, and of the Mostar
area, as well.xlvi The country's livestock was almost completely destroyed, which also
shows a lot about the intensity of war activities in the Mostar and Herzegovina area.
xlvii
Because of that, the postwar authorities paid special attention to the revitalization of
the livestock. Those activities were led by two departments: the Livestock Department
and Veterinary section of Agricultural Department with HONO. Due to the lack of the
cattle in Bosnia and Herzegovina, cattle from other countries were bought and sent to
Bosnia and Herzegovina. An official letter of Ministry of Agriculture of People's
government of Bosnia and Herzegovina, addressed to District People's Board of
Herzegovina, saysxlviii
In the Vranje district,
,
sheep and
,
lambs were
purchased. In this purchase, 1,500 sheep and 1,500 lambs were set aside for Konjic and
Mostar districts...''. “fter the cattle had been transported by train to Vi:egrad,
Arhiv Bosne i Hercegovine, fond Ministarstvo poljoprivrede i stočarstva, k-12, dok. br. 3041/45.
“dnan Velagić, Hercegovina od 1945. do 1952. godine, Mostar, 2008, 123.
xlvi “. Velagić, Hercegovina od 1945. do 1952. godine, Mostar, 2008, 125.
xlvii Mustafa Imamović, Historija Bošnjaka, Sarajevo, 1997, 550.
xlviii ABiH, fond MPIS, k-2, dok. br. 11/45.
xliv
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shepherds brought cattle to Podveležje, near Mostar. The cattle were soon sent to the
districts. Because of the danger from the remains of paramilitary units and robbers,
transportation of the cattle through Bosnia and Herzegovina was secured by national
militia and army. The first shipment of sheep from Serbia was distributed to the
districts. The Mostar district got 280 sheep, and the second shipment of 436 sheep was
delivered to District People's Board in Mostar. The third, fourth and fifth shipments
went to places other than Mostar, likely due to the fact that other districts were in more
difficult conditions related to the revitalization of livestock. It wasn t until the
th
shipment that livestock would again be transported to Mostar.xlix This shipment was
delivered on September 1, 1945. By 1946, livestock renewal in the Mostar area was
noticeably bigger and it became more ambitious. Bigger funds were set aside for buying
off the cattle. With these funds 34,000 sheep, 670 cows, and 350 horses were to be
bought off. However, due to lack of funds in Mostar area, the buying of cattle was
reduced, so until September, 12,000 sheep, 640 lambs and 6 goats were bought off.l
Besides the buying of livestock, livestock was also renewed through UNRA (The
Administration of United Nation for Help and Reconstruction). So, in 1946 another
shipment of 2,787 horses arrived to Bosnia and Herzegovina (150 horses for ONO
Mostar), 650 donkeys (100 for ONO Mostar), and 1,420 cows (108 for ONO Mostar).li
Besides problems with transportation of the livestock, there were also some other
problems. There were cases of animals dying of numerous diseases, exhaustion, as well
as the shepherds' negligence (like bad conditions for the livestock). There were cases
where shepherds couldn't buy food in the villages they travelled through. Also,
distribution of the cattle wasn't done justly, as the biggest portion of cattle ended up in
the areas that had already received new livestocklii, and there were cases of the same
person getting cattle more than once.
Renewal of industry and trades
Industry
Along with the process of confiscation and nationalization, the current authorities put
great efforts into the renovation of companies and the restoration of production. These
activities in the Mostar area were led by the Department for Industry and trades with
District People's Board. This department designated its first activities to putting the
factories which production could be started with minimum investments, and whose
“. Velagić, Hercegovina od 1945. do 1952. godine, 126.
Arhiv Bosne i Hercegovine, fond Kontrolna komisija, dok. br. 81/46, 2-3.
li AHNK, fond HONO, dok. br. 8072/46. 1-2.
lii A. Velagić, Hercegovina od 1945. do 1952. godine, 127.
xlix
l
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products could be used in the process of total social reconstruction, in working order.
So in June 1945, after putting the Factory of roofing-tile in working order, Ribica from
Mostar (in the former property of Mehmed Ribica liii) started. Due to great demand for
rebuilding houses, the Department managed to put another tiles factory in order, which
belonged to Ivan ”uconjić.liv The textile industry was poorly developed in Mostar and in
the rest of the country. “fter the liberation, the Textile Factory Vitković was put into
production. This factory had huge financial problems which were more than several
millions of prewar dinars. Still, in spite of these difficulties in the beginning of
production, it provided poor people in the area of HONO with cloth in the amount of
31,660,70 m.lv The tobacco industry developed fast as the tobacco factory and tobacco
station were completely preserved. The main disadvantage for restoring the production
was lack of skilled personnel. In the domain of the chemical industry, the Soap and
Crystalline Water Factory started production of poor quality soap. After the purchase of
olive oil ingredients, its quality improved significantly. One of the main resources in
Mostar was definitely coal mines. Although it had started production in 1918 and
changed several owners, this mine restored its production after the war as State Coal
Mine in Mostar. Until the end of 1945, 4,375,000 was invested in its reconstruction. lvi
During the production period, it realized significant results in the manufacture and sale
of coal and lignite. Thanks to its quality, this coal found its consumers, mainly
industrial, throughout Yugoslavia. Despite numerous problems (lack of electricity, lack
of workforce, frequent break down of machines) it managed to achieve the biggest
production in 1948.
Manual trades
During the World War II period, Mostar lost many handicraftsmen. Some of them died
in NOR (National Liberation War), some changed their occupation, and others were still
in service of the Yugoslavia Army. This motivated the current authorities to work on
the revitalization of handicrafts through a rising new generation, establishing new
handicrafts shops in the centers of districts. First handicrafts shops were established in
Mostar.lvii For the purpose of renewal and development of handicrafts branch, the
association of handicraftsmen was formed in Mostar. The main goal of the association
was to represent the handicrafts in front of authorities institutions, stimulate the
AHNK, fond HONO, dok. br. 757/56.
AHNK, fond HONO, dok. br. 757/56.
lv “. Velagić, Hercegovina od 1945. do 1952. godine, 143.
lvi Arhiv Bosne i Hercegovina, fond Ministarstvo industrije i rada, dok. br. 1/7.
lvii AHNK, fond HONO, dok. br. I-757/45.
liii
liv
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development of handicrafts and to coordinate its work. The handicrafts sector in Mostar
was rather diverse. The shutting down of many workshops was caused by the difficult
material situation in postwar Mostar and the youths lack of interest in handicrafts. For
the purpose of improving the general situation in the handicrafts sector, the current
authorities were emphasizing forming handicrafts cooperatives. These cooperatives
were established for the purpose of monitoring certain handicraftsmen. They took care
of supplying them with needed materials. After the war ended, a male trade school was
established in Mostar, which, in the 1945/1946 school year, had 42 pupils. lviii Besides the
male vocational school, the female trades school was also established which was
attended by 218 students. Before opening a workshop, all the graduates of these schools
had to pass the state exam in front of the commission of the District People's Board. The
exceptions were people who attained their craftsmanship in the Yugoslavia Army and
those who were included into manual trades after the army service.
Circumstances of refugees
The refugees who escaped, were exiled or, in some other way, left their homes during
World War II, found their shelter in Mostar. Thus, refugees from Gacko, Nevesinje and
Duvno settled in Mostar. Some refugees from other districts, like Imotski, also settled in
Mostar. They all tried to find accommodation and settle in Mostar until better times
came. It should be noted that, besides all those refugees who came to Mostar to escape
the war, some Mostar residents also took refuge in other districts or even in other
republics of the mutual homeland. It's difficult to know the exact number of refugees. It
should also be noted that a great number of the population was moved from their
homes. “ccording to official data, right after the war there was about 100,000 mainly
rural refugee families in ”osnia and Herzegovina.
lix
The organized return of refugees
started immediately after the war had ended and the new authorities had been
established in certain areas.lx There was a small number of refugees who returned
independently and in an unorganized way. ''In August 1945, 5,000 refugees returned to
Herzegovina. A small number of them returned to their villages and started cultivating
soil, but great number of them stayed in Mostar and other areas.''lxi The issue of the
return of refugees was actualized in spring 1946. The current authorities elaborated a
Husnija Kamberović, Prema modernom društvu – Bosna i Hercegovina od 1945 do 1953. godine, Te:anj,
2000, 149.
lix H. Kamberović, Prema modernom društvu, 62.
lx AHNO, fond ONOM, dok. br. 1635/46.
lxi Borba. 30.3. 1946. godine, 3.
lviii
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plan for return of the refugees. This plan was made in the beginning of 1946 by District
People's Board in Banja Luka. According to the plan, priority for the return to the
prewar estates and homes were farming families, and all refugees were divided into
several groups. It also should be mentioned that the route of the refugee movement
from certain districts of Banja Luka County was elaborated by this plan. Refugees from
Herzegovina who found their shelter in Bosanska Krajina were moved from Banjaluka
to Derventa via trucks, and then from Sarajevo to Mostar by trains. In the process of the
refugees return their accommodation and safety was an important priority.
Reconstruction results in Mostar
After the war ended, reconstruction of the objects that could be reconstructed began. By
that I mean reconstruction of the objects and infrastructure that didn't necessitate bigger
investments, that is objects that were less damaged, started. At this time current
authorities were pushed by the issue of refugees and social circumstances of the
residents. As for the reconstruction that involved big investments and longer time
period, attention came to that later. Under this, we primarily mean the revitalization of
agricultural reserves (cultivation of soil and livestock) and renewal of industry and
handicrafts. As for the issue of the agricultural sector, circumstances have changed
since the end of the war. Although agricultural sector had some deficiencies in quality
of cultivable land, some steps forward had taken place. In other words, the increase of
the land profit was still not the proportion of what current authorities were expecting.
This was due to constant lack of specialists, cultivation tools, and harness cattle.
Livestock was almost completely destroyed during the wartime. In terms of
improvement of the livestock branch, the current authorities imported cattle from other
republics, and, in that way, renewed the livestock branch. A great number of residents
got the cattle, but there were cases of criminal acts done by certain individuals. They
distributed cattle to the areas which already had renewed their prewar livestock, and
more than once to the same people. The state of refugees and social circumstances was
an urgent problem for the authorities. The refugees wanted to return to their homes as
soon as it was possible, to start making acceptable living conditions and sowing. These
refugees' actions were approved and stimulated by the authorities, due to necessity of
renewal of the farming production. Besides this, bad economic situation of the refugees
also influenced the hastened return of the refugees to their prewar homes. Although the
situation wasn't encouraging, the current authorities were giving their best to undo the
harm in the field.
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Mostar in a period of The First Five-Year Plan (1947 to 1952)
Aspects of the Five-Year Plan
Right after the war had ended along with the liberation of the country, current
authorities decided to approach revitalization of economic resources and reconstruction
of the infrastructure. The agrarian sector was also in an unenviable position because
during the wartime period it suffered huge damages. In terms of ideology and the
doctrine of the communist movement, economic development accelerated with
emphasis on industry as one of the main objectives. Winning the political power itself
was the means for creating the welfare society. Industrialization was considered as an
important condition for sustaining the political power. In those terms the new system
faced a difficult challenge because it inherited a very underdeveloped agrarian
structure, that was also destroyed during war.
lxii
Although the estimates of the war
damages of Yugoslavia are rough and unreliable it's guaranteed that Bosnia and
Herzegovina, and then Croatia and Montenegro, had suffered the biggest devastation
where the war operations took place. In order to improve circumstances in the field, the
current authorities planned the concept of industrialization of the country. In this plan,
the party copied Soviet model as in everything else. This meant that in the future
economy structure all known branches of industry had to be found. The goals for
economy growth were drawn up as follows:
to liquidate economy and technical underdevelopment
to strengthen national socialist economy sector and socialist relations
to reinforce defense forces of the country
to raise common welfare of people
The intention of plan makers was to increase industry production five times,
agriculture 1.5 times, social product for 1.8 times, national product and national income
. times, in a five year period.
lxiii
To implement all this they needed a huge workforce.
Telling the story of the upcoming welfare, Communists Party of Yugoslavia (KPJKomunistička partija Jugoslavije won over people to voluntarily go to work actions,
which played a big role in the economic development of the country. Construction of
the country in such an extensive manner demanded a huge workforce. Prisoners and
prisoners of war were also included in those actions. The propaganda of the current
authorities persuaded people that they would soon catch up and even leave behind the
some of the most developed countries. That propaganda was convincing, because in the
following period of time, national income of the country increased. In 1939 national
Du:an ”ilandžić, Hrvatska modrna povijest, Zagreb, 1999, 223.
lxiii D. ”ilandžić,
.
lxii
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income of the country was 264.2 billion dinars, and in 1947 it increased to 319.6 billion,
and in 1948 the national income was 441.1 billion dinars. One of the first men of the
state, Edvard Kardelj, talked about the admiration for what they did. ''In five years we'll
be as strong as or even stronger than Austria and Czechoslovakia in many branches of
industry, so we will be able to build light industry by ourselves.''lxivGrounds for this
achievement should be looked for not only in administrative-centralist system, but
before all in the revolutionary disposition of a great number of people. In the first
postwar years a big revolutionary process, which was changing social relations, took
place. This process was seen by many as an outlook for realization of their interests and
that was the main source and motivation of creative capacity. The consciousness of a
better tomorrow became mental and material force for all ranks of society. A huge part
of the population was caught up in an euphoric state, believing that by 2-3 five-year
plans Yugoslavia would leave behind some of the richest countries.
Difficulties in implementation of the Five Year plan in Mostar area
Following the Soviet Union example, the authorities opted for a surmounting crisis
program. This program for surmounting crisis consisted of several five year plans. The
entire area of Herzegovina entered the first plan as an extremely poor area. Some
problems appeared in the process of return and resettlement, infrastructure
reconstruction and targeted goals. In accordance with a communist doctrine of the
state's domination over economy subjects, in the beginning of 1947, state corporate
companies in the area of Mostar district people's board were organized. According to
that plan, the state would take control over the following companies: lxv As a part of
Mostar District People's Board (MONO- Mostarski okružni narodni odbor) it was
planned to have as follows: two motor transport companies in Mostar and Livno,
District hardware and firewood company in Mostar, District construction company
''Herzegovina'' Mostar. In Town People's Board (GNOM- Gradski narodni odbor
Mostar) the establishment of six sales companies was planned, five independent
municipal services, 4 independent industry and handicrafts companies. ''Thus the way
towards realization of socialist orientation of economy development, in which only the
state was planned to create economy ambiance and to organize economic
actions.''lxviAlthough the authorities set the right goals, they were difficult to achieve.
Market incomes in the Mostar area and Herzegovina in general were way below
D. ”ilandžić, 225.
AHNK, fond HONO, dok. br. 2258/47. 1-5.
lxvi “. Velagić, Hercegovina od 1945. do 1952. godine, 162.
lxiv
lxv
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what was expected. There were many reasons for this shortfall. As the most important
ones were not proportionate between the desire for economic rise and objective power
and resources for its accomplishment, and all this again talks of the strength of
economic power and the current authorities' ambitions. Voluntary local tax, which
residents paid in money or building material for facilities construction, due to
numerous political and other reasons, was often redirected to some other places with
higher priority. Thus without accordance with the plan, a union building and housing
facilities Luka II were built with total cost of over 1,496,000 dinars lxvii, which represented
huge funds.
The development of industry
The main objective of the First Five-Year Plan was the transformation of predominantly
agricultural regions in industry as well as the whole of Bosnia and Herzegovina. For the
development of this part of the homeland, there were good natural predispositions.
According to geological studies in the area of the immediate and wider environment of
Mostar, there were significant amounts of mineral resources. Also, in the vicinity of
Mostar there were significant deposits of bauxite, etc. However, despite all these
qualities that Mostar had in post-war reconstruction and development it was still facing
a difficult
situation
that
"it
was difficult
because of the lack
of traffic
communications."lxviiiPerhaps one of the biggest problems in the industrial development
was the lack of work force. This was the main cause of failure to comply with the plan
during
. So the Weaving mill Vitković production plan realized in the amount of
69.7%, the National Mine Mostar 53%, canned Factory Mostar 27%.
lxix
In the coming
period, the current government was trying to reorganize, with special emphasis on the
expediency of personal authority, bringing educated staff to management positions,
and to discipline workers, which in some places was very questionable. In fact, in some
canteens workers were served alcohol. However, despite the above attempts to fix
errors, the situation has not significantly changed. The electric company in Mostar faces
theft of materials and poor quality services, the City firm "Transport" and mine
"Gradinici" faces irrational use of transport.lxx Current government was trying to solve
shortages on the workforce with mobilization of the rural population in commercial
“. Velagić, Hercegovina od 1945. do 1952. godine, 169.
Ibid, 179.
lxix ABiH, fond MIR, k-34, dok. br. 3/8.
lxx ABiH, fond KK, dok. br. 3257/49. 1-3.
lxvii
lxviii
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enterprises. In this way, it has dealt with two burning issues in the field of socialist
orientation of economic development:
- caught up the shortage of workers in the industry;
- individual rural producer was economically destroyed (whom the government
characterized as the rest of the capitalist social relations), which created a prerequisite
for its faster integration into the cooperative system.
In order to accelerate this process there was a guarantee of supply being taken
off all rural households that had two or more hectares of arable land. lxxi The first
example of mobilization of the rural population was in the industry by Management
Bosnian bauxite workers in Mostar, where "about 90% of the staff consists of poor
people from the rural area"lxxii, which did their work very responsibly. In this time of
conflict with the Soviet Union, the government was mobilizing the workforce in
volunteer work brigades in order to mitigate the consequences caused by Tito s verbal
confrontation with Stalin. These brigades had given a great contribution to the
stabilization of the situation. The District People s ”oard (SNO-Sreski narodni odbor)
Mostar workforce involvement plan was carried out with 80%, by mid-month, and was
likely to be achieved by the end of the month, according to a report Control
Commission regarding the workforce by districts. In addition to front brigades,
stabilization of the situation contributed to the introduction of courses of practical
work. The lack of manpower for the industry "purchaser" was so large that the students
were introduced in the economic processes. Within the area of GNO Mostar alone
included 228 students in economic processes.
All these efforts were not sufficient enough to find a permanent solution to labor
shortages; this was particularly the case in the building trade. The forest was also a
visible lack of labor force, and the main reason was cited, poor housing conditions and
poor-paying job. In order to solve this burning problem, the government has resorted to
the withdrawal from the administration of those people who before the war were
masters (builders, masons, etc.) and their transfer to production. This would increase
the productivity of companies that were in deficit of labor force. Notably, some workers
left their work place from various reasons, and some also changed companies. In spite
all these problems the economy subjects in Mostar area marked increase in
manufacture.
“. Velagić, Hercegovina od 1945. do 1952. godine, 183.
lxxii Ibid, 183.
lxxi
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Agriculture development
Tillage
In an effort to implement plans for the increase of agricultural production in the area of
Mostar, the authorities faced many problems. To protect themselves in any way,
agricultural manufacturers reported their lessened product surplus, which they had to
give for compulsory crop purchase system at low prices, while the others refused to
participate in the farm-surplus appropriation system. Some of the agrarians planted
other field crops besides the prearranged ones, trying to protect themselves, even at the
cost of violations of prearranged commitment. According to data of Mostar District
Commission for Planning, in 1947 a plan for autumn sawing wasn't realized at the
planned rate. For the area of GNO of Mostar the results are shown in the table below.
All measures are in hectare terms.lxxiii
SNO
Wheat
planned
Mostar
GNO Mostar
Total
Barley
realized
planned
Rye
realized
planned
realized
439
396
563
889
408
408
24
21
7
7
-
-
463
417
570
896
408
408
Table No 1: Planned and realized sawing in ONOM 1947 in hectare terms
From table No 1 we can notice that only barley sawing in the the Mostar area gave good
results, while the rest of the indicators of the targeted goals are negative, which can be
seen in wheat sawing in GNO Mostar and in Mostar. Reasons for the failure of
realization of the plan are different: overambitious targeting of the goals, lack of
mechanized resources, as well as the cultivation tools. I might add law quality seeds, its
irrational use, as well as the locust plague, which was registered during 1947, in the
Mostar, Čapljina and Stolac areas. “ll these parameters had influenced rye production
results in a lower rate than planned. The authorities were trying to fix the circumstances
by purchasing adequate and higher quality seeds, in the next period. However all those
efforts didn't make any bigger progress. The autumn sawing hadn't resulted better: lxxiv
AHNK, fond ONOM, dok. br. 6349/47.
lxxiv Arhiv Bosne i Hercegovine, fond Planska komisija, k-74, dok. br. 665/49, 1-7.
lxxiii
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SNO
Wheat
planned
Mostar
GNO Mostar
Total
Barley
realized
planned
Rye
realized
planned
realized
500
382
1,500
1472
500
359
10
8
35
31
-
-
510
390
1,535
1503
500
359
Table No 2: Planned and realized sawing in Mostar, 1948, in hectare terms
From table number 2 it can be noted that only barley sawing in the area Mostar had
good results, while the rest of the indicators are in the rate of the targeted goals or in
negative rate, which can especially be noted in wheat sawing in GNO Mostar as in
Mostar. Why the crops had failed, the question poses itself. There were numerous
reasons, but the main one was that the goals were targeted over ambitiously for
postwar agriculture which was developing on a completely new basis. lxxv Just like the
wheat and rye sawing from 1946 to 1950, tobacco planting didn't achieve its targeted
goals as well. The reason for this is it wasn t proportionate among the targeted
production goal and material investments in the production.
Fruit growing
Mostar has great climate conditions for growing different kinds of fruit and vegetables.
Just in Mostar alone, there was a vineyard ''with the area of 2,150 hectares'' lxxvi, planted
with various kinds of table and wine grapes. Different kinds of figs, cherries, peaches,
sour cherries, apricots were also planted in Mostar and its surroundings. Although not
the first in Herzegovina, Mostar residents produced about 980 tons of different kinds of
a high quality fruit in 1950 (This can be seen in table number 3)
SNO
Apples
Pears
Plums
Apricots
Peaches
Cherries
Figs
Grapes
Sundries
Total
Mostar
25
15
15
180
15
550
30
100
50
980
Total
25
15
15
180
15
550
30
100
50
980
Table No 3: Fruit production in Mostar in 1950, in tons terms
“. Velagić, Hercegovina od 1945. do 1952. godine, 215.
lxxvi Ibid, 219.
lxxv
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Table number 3 shows that three fruit crops were dominant in the Mostar area, which
were cherries, apricots, and grapes. For the purpose of production increase, nursery
gardens were established in Mostar and Konjic areas, which increased production of
seedlings and enabled orchard development in this area. A special problem in fruit
growing was a pest named 'žilogriz" Capnodis tenebrionis - Peach Flatheaded
Rootborer ) and the authorities paid one dinar for each killed insect, in Mostar, 1952.
lxxvii
Cattle raising development
As anticipated in the Five Year Plan, the prewar state of cattle was expected to be
caught up by 1951,cows in 30%, pigs for 68%, Sheep for 53% and poultry in 55%. lxxviii
Production of milk needed to be increased in 300 l by a cow, wool in 20% by a sheep,
and to increase the quality of the livestock products in general. lxxix In 1948,for the
purpose of stopping the speculators in their shady deals, besides the several existing
regulations, the authorities adopted regulations on purchase of the beef cattle, cattle
products and cattle food. This regulation brought a commitment of compulsory
delivery quotas of surplus in livestock for farmers.lxxx Table four shows how the
purchase looked like in SNO Mostar, 1949.
SNO
Mostar
Cattle (%)
104,40
Wool (%)
104.50
Hay (%)
120
Straw (%)
-
Sno (%)
109.63
Table 4: Purchase of the cattle, livestock products and cattle food in ONOM, 1949
Noticeably, the purchase was relatively high in the Mostar area. This table shows that
purchases of the beef cattle, livestock products, and cattle food went above 100%.
Bearing in mind the data about the deficiency of the livestock funds in Mostar area and
in the entire country, the authorities were taking actions for increasing the livestock
funds. The results were noticeable in 1952, which we can see in table 5 which refers to
the Mostar area.
Sloboda, broj 6. godina VII, Mostar, 14. februar 1951.
Zakon o Prvom petogodišnjem planu razvitka narodne privrede FNRJ u godinama 1947-1951, 1947, 403.
lxxix “. Velagić, Hercegovina od 1945. do 1952. godine, 220.
lxxx ABiH, fond KK, dok. br. 671/48, 1-2.
lxxvii
lxxviii
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County
Livestock sort
Horses
Cows
Sheep
Beehive
Mostar
3,642
14,139
81,008
4,567
City of Mostar
321
2,188
6,612
1,612
Table 5: Purchase of the cattle in ONOM, 1949
The submitted figures show that great number of residents of Mostar County was in the
sheep-breeding industry. Besides the above mentioned livestock, 8,000 goats were also
raised in the Mostar area and GNO Mostar 220.lxxxi For the purpose of the improvement
of bee-keeping, as an agricultural branch, the
Government of NR ”osnia and
Herzegovina, at the suggestion of Minister of Agriculture, brought a regulation of
improvement and protection of bee-keeping in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in which beekeeping in terms of organization fell under state control. There were over 37,000
beehives in Mostar County in 1952, which created an opportunity for Herzegovina
honey to come out to the market throughout Yugoslavia.lxxxii
Results of the Five Year Plan in Mostar, 1945-1952
The first Five Year Plan was meant to accelerate the economy growth of the country,
emphasizing industrial development. In order to achieve the targeted goals, the
authorities were promising to people that in five years they would leave behind some of
the richest countries, referring specifically to Austria and Czechoslovakia. This
propaganda resulted in massive amounts of people, who were still in an euphoric state,
to begin the reconstruction of the country. One part of prisoners of war and prisoners
joined these euphoric masses. Although the industrial development had positive
results, there were still many problems to deal with. Lack of quality work force as well
as work force in general being one of the greatest problems. In order to lessen this
imbalance in supply and demand, the authorities brought new work force from rural
areas and put them to industrial facilities. The main reason for failure in achieving of
the targeted goals in this period was lack of skilled workforce, which would be
stabilized later. In agriculture, similar to industry development, some problems also
existed. Some of them were dependent on lack of cultivation soil, insufficient
investments into production, and overambitious goals in agriculture, while the pest
''žilogriz'', that had destroyed entire orchards, dominated in fruit growing. Livestock
AHNK, fond ONOM, dok. br. 318/50.
lxxxii “. Velagić, Hercegovina od 1945. do 1952. godine, 223.
lxxxi
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stood on its feet in this period. For the purpose of stopping the speculators in their
shady deals the authorities introduced some regulations. The regulation for purchasing
livestock, livestock products and food brought a compulsory commitment for farmers
to sell all their surplus, which some of the farmers would still try to avoid in different
ways. In the end, we can say with certainty that results of Five Year plan hadn't reached
the targeted rate, mostly due to overambitious goals.
Mostar as a regional center of Herzegovina
Since its establishment and up to today, Mostar has represented the regional center of
Herzegovina. It has been the main educational and cultural center of Herzegovina for a
long time. It has kept its topical quality and beauty as well as its central meaning for
Herzegovina throughout a long period of time; since the Austro-Hungarian occupation,
both kingdoms, Socialist Republics of Yugoslavia up to latter times. In its postwar
period, it gets an even bigger importance and becomes the center of Herzegovina in its
full meaning. In that time period, Mostar got many big factories and agro-industrial
conglomerates, as well as big grape estates. An enormous number of people were
employed in the Mostar economy. “ccording to ”evanda, a former manager of ŽTO
(Processing plant grain factory), until the aggression on the country, Mostar had 38,000
employed residents. Regardless of this number, which needs to be taken with a pinch, it
is indisputable that Mostar became the biggest economic center of Herzegovina.
Conclusion
After the war had ended and damages had been estimated, reconstruction in the Mostar
area began. The reconstruction faced many obstacles and problems. Current authorities
tried to improve circumstances in the field by implementing agrarian reforms. These
activities led to a process of collectivization and the forming of a united system. Those
attempts went from the confiscation of the property of people who helped the enemy in
any way and surrendering it to groups of people who had deserved it. The process of
development in agriculture and livestock was average; due to unqualified leading
personnel who often made mistakes, the annual plans often hadn't been reached. The
authorities sent its personnel to training in order to solve the problem of unqualified
personnel, and to improve their quality of work. Livestock also faced the problem of its
irrational distribution. The circumstances in the industry hadn't been any different.
Confiscation of all economy facilities was applied to individuals who did harm to their
nation and country during the war. Facilities that produced various products had been
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taken over and put into operation for the country. The authorities moved away from
handicrafts because of the apprehension of the ''capitalist element'' as they have
perceived it. However, due to Tito's attitude that people needed that branch of
industries, it wasn't put out. In summary, the period from 1945 to 1952, inspite all the
problems, was the time when Mostar and its surroundings developed a new
enthusiasm for its
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