INTRINSIC VS. EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION AMONG RECREATIONAL CROSSFIT ATHLETES: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

Heather Callison, Mark DeBeliso

Abstract


Research has shown that many types of recreational athletes are intrinsically rather than extrinsically motivated to participate in their sport. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine if recreational CrossFit participants are inclined to be more intrinsically or extrinsically motivated to participate in their sport. Methods: Participants were recruited from a local CrossFit gym in Southern Utah where they were provided a QR code linked to the Sports Motivation Scale II (SMS II survey). The SMS II survey assess 6 subscales of motivation regulation (intrinsic, integrated, identified, introjected, external, and non). Each of the 18 SMS II survey questions is scored on a Likert scale of 1-7 on a continuum of “Does not correspond at all” to “Corresponds completely”. For the purpose of the study, CrossFit participants were considered to as athletes. Results: The SMS II subscale scores were as follows (mean±SD): intrinsic (5.7±1.3), integrated (5.5±1.1), identified (6.2±1.0), introjected (4.6±1.3), external (2.4±1.4), and non (1.7±1.1). The Identified regulation subscale scores were greater than all other subscales scores (p<0.05). The Intrinsic and Integrated regulation subscale scores were similar and greater than Introjected, External and Non regulation subscale scores (p<0.05). The Introjected regulation subscale scores were greater than the External and Non regulation subscale scores (p<0.05). The External regulation subscale scores were greater than the Non regulation subscores (p<0.05). Conclusions: Within the parameters of this study, it appears that recreational CrossFit participants find motivation within themselves to participate in CrossFit training style exercise sessions.

 

Article visualizations:

Hit counter


Keywords


sport motivation, CrossFit, sport, athlete, recreational, self-determination

Full Text:

PDF

References


Ayar, H. (2018). Effects of motivations in participating to CrossFit centers with the purpose of recreative exercise. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 4(1), 72–79. https://doi.org/doi:10.5281/zenodo.1147142

Cazayoux, M., DeBeliso, M. (2019). Effect of grit on performance in CrossFit in advanced and novice athletes. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 5(1), 28-35. https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.517615

Chicote-López, J., Abarca-Sos, A., Gallardo, L. O., & García-González, L. (2017). Social antecedents in physical activity: Tracking the self-determination theory sequence in adolescents. Journal of Community Psychology, 46(3), 356–373. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21945

Chin, N.-S., Khoo, S., & Low, W.-Y. (2012). Self-determination and goal orientation in track and field. Journal of Human Kinetics, 33(2012), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0054-0

Claudino, J.G., Gabbett, T.J., Bourgeois, F., Sá Souza, H. de, Miranda, R.C., Mezêncio, B., Soncin, R., Cardoso Filho, C.A., Bottaro, M., Hernandez, A.J., Amadio., A.C., & Serrão J.C. (2018). CrossFit Overview: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Medicine – Open, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-018-0124-5

CrossFit, LLC, (2022) What is CrossFit? CrossFit. https://www.crossfit.com/what-is-crossfit

CrossFitHQ. (2015, December 28). The Power Clean. YouTube. Retrieved March 22, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVt4uQ0sDJE

Davies, M.J., Coleman, L., & Stellino, M.B. (2013). The relationship between basic psychological need satisfaction, behavioral regulation, and participation in CrossFit. Journal of Sports Behavior, 39(3), 239-254.

Dominski, F. H., Serafim, T. T., Siqueira, T. C., & Andrade, A. (2020). Psychological variables of CrossFit Participants: A systematic review. Sport Sciences for Health, 17(1), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-020-00685-9

Domuschieva-Rogleva, G. (2015). Determinant of sport motivation with wrestling athletes. National Sports Academy, 43, 94–98.

Domuschieva-Rogleva1, G., & Yancheva, M. (2021). Sambo competitors' sports motivation and satisfaction. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 19(1), 754–758. https://doi.org/doi:10.15547/tjs.2021.s.01.117

Ersös, G., Özşaker, M., & Sasur, S. (2013). A Self-Determination Theory approach to motivational orientations, basic needs satisfaction, and psychological well-being in exercise. Niğde University Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 10(2), 306–317.

Fisher, J., Sales, A., Carlson, L., & Steele, J. (2017). A comparison of the motivational factors between CrossFit participants and other resistance exercise modalities: A pilot study. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 57(9). https://doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.16.06434-3

Gerhart H.D. A comparison of Crossfit training to traditional anaerobic resistance training in terms of selected fitness domains representative of overall athletic performance. Master Theses, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2013. http://knowledge.library.iup.edu/etd/1175

Haynes E., DeBeliso, M. (2019). The relationship between CrossFit performance and grip strength. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 5(1), 15-21. https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.515874

Kretchmar, J. (2021). Motivation. Salem Press Encyclopedia.

Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M. A., Vallerand, R. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Validation of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(3), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.002

Li, C., Kawabata, M., & Zhang, L. (2016). Validity and reliability of the sport motivation scale-II for Chinese athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(1), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197x.2016.1153130

McLachlan, S., & Hagger, M. S. (2011). Do people differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic goals for physical activity? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(2), 273–288. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.2.273

Park, S.-H., Lim, B.-S., & Lim, S.-T. (2020). The effects of self-talk on shooting athletes’ motivation. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 19, 517–521.

Repovich, W.E.S. (2021). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health.

Rodrigues, F., Pelletier, L., Rocchi, M., Cid, L., Teixeira, D., & Monteiro, D. (2021). Adaptation and validation of a Portuguese version of the Sports Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II-P) showing invariance for gender and sport type. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 128(6), 2669–2687. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125211039362

Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L., (2002) An overview of self-determination theory: An organismic-dialectical perspective. In E.L. Deci & R.M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 3-33). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.

Sebire, S. J., Standage, M., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2009). Examining intrinsic versus extrinsic exercise goals: Cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(2), 189–210. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.2.189

Smohai, M., Szemes, Á., Bernhardt-Torma, N., Mirnics, Z., Bóna, K., Kovàcs, K., Gyömber, N., Béres, R., Köv, Z.S., Mészàros, V., Tanyi, Z., Kovàcs, D., Vass, Z., & Tóth L. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Hungarian adaptation of the Sport Motivation Scale II. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21(3), 2209–2218. https://doi.org/DOI:10.7752/jpes.2021.s3281

Teo, E.-W., Khoo, S., Wong, R., Wee, E.-H., Lim, B.-H., & Rengasamy, S. S. (2015). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation among adolescent ten-pin bowlers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Journal of Human Kinetics, 45(1), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0025

Walczak, M., & Tomczak, M. (2019). Validation of the Polish version of Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Effect of gender, level of participation and sport type on intrinsic and extrinsic motives. TRENDS in Sport Sciences, 26(4), 187–195. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.23829/TSS.2019.26.4-7

Williams, J. M., Krane, V., DeFreese, J. D., Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (2021). Athlete Burnout: An Individual and Organizational Phenomenon. In Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth to Peak Performance (8th ed., pp. 475–491). McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Williams, J. M., Krane, V., Duda, J. L., & Treasure, D. C. (2021). The Motivational Climate, Motivation, and Implications for Empowering Athletes and the Promotion of the Quality of Sport Engagement. In Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth To Peak Performance (8th ed., pp. 57–76). McGraw-Hill Higher Education.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v10i5.5140

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2023 Heather Callison, Mark DeBeliso

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright © 2015 - 2023. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science (ISSN 2501 - 1235) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.

This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library (Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei). All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All authors who send their manuscripts to this journal and whose articles are published on this journal retain full copyright of their articles. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).