INFLUENCE OF BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS AND SPORT IMAGERY ABILITY ON THE ENGAGEMENT AMONG COMBATIVE SPORTS ATHLETES: A CONVERGENT DESIGN

Fhernand B. Bugais

Abstract


This study employed a mixed methods design, specifically a convergent design, to explore the influence of basic psychological needs and sports imagery ability on athlete engagement among combative sports athletes in Region XI. Stratified and purposive sampling techniques were used to select participants. Quantitative data were collected using validated questionnaires and analyzed through mean, standard deviation, and multiple linear regression, while qualitative data from interviews were examined using thematic analysis. Data revealed a significant influence of basic psychological needs and sport imagery ability on athlete engagement. Lived experiences emphasized self-belief, extra effort, holistic training, balancing responsibilities, collaboration, personal fulfillment, and familial bonds. Experiences shaped attitudes through personal growth and discipline, beliefs through growth, opportunity, resilience, perseverance, and commitment through strong dedication and motivation from past experiences. The data integration resulted in merging converging for confidence and autonomy with the experiences of training for holistic athletic performance, goal images with the experiences defining success through personal fulfillment, and confidence with the experiences of dedicating extra effort. Goal images also demonstrated a merging-expansion dynamic with experiences of defining success through personal fulfillment, as athlete engagement extended to aspirations such as competing in prestigious events like the Olympics.

 

Article visualizations:

Hit counter


Keywords


Physical Education, basic psychological needs in exercise, sports imagery, athlete engagement, convergent design, Philippines

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abbas, A. B. (2023). Psychological hesitation and its relation to the accuracy of football goal scoring among first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Science Al-Mustansiriyah University. Journal of Sports Science and Nutrition, 4(2), 219-223. https://doi.org/10.33545/27077012.2023.v4.i2d.214

Abdel-Meguid A. M. (2022). The strategic imperative of quality assurance: The case of the American University in Cairo School of Business. In Book: Global Perspectives on Quality Assurance and Accreditation in Higher Education Institutions, IGI Global: 212-227. doi: 10.4018/978-1-7998-8085-1.ch012. Retrieved from https://www.igi-global.com/book/global-perspectives-quality-assurance-accreditation/267833

Abdel-Meguid, A. M. (2022). The strategic imperative of quality assurance: The case of the American University in Cairo School of Business. In Global perspectives on quality assurance and accreditation in higher education institutions (pp. 212-227). IGI Global. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Global%3A+212-227.+doi%3A+10.4018%2F978-1-7998-8085-1.ch012+&btnG=

Aikawa, S., & Takai, H. (2021). Relationship between imagery ability, performance, and variables related to performance. The Sport Psychologist, 35(2), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2019-0165

Almeidai, F. (2018). Strategies to perform a mixed methods study. European Journal of Education Studies, Volume 5, Issue 1, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1406214

Aoki, T., Fukuda, K., Tanaka, C., Kamikawa, Y., Tsuji, N., Kasanami, R., ... & Ishii, K. (2020). The relationship between sleep habits, lifestyle factors, and achieving guideline-recommended physical activity levels in ten-to-fourteen-year-old Japanese children: A cross-sectional study. PloS one, 15(11), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242517

Armstrong, D. M. (2023). A systematic review utilising Synthesis without Meta-Analysis (SWiM) to explore the use of imagery interventions in youth sport. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 18(1), https://doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2023-0008

Athlete Assessments. (2023). Personal and performance character qualities in sports. Retrieved from https://www.athleticinsight.com/sports-psychology/team-dynamics-and-communication

Athletic Insight. (2023). Team dynamics and communication in sports: Boosting performance and cohesion. Retrieved from https://www.athleticinsight.com/sports-psychology/team-dynamics-and-communication

Baldock, L., Cropley, B., Mellalieu, S. D., & Neil, R. (2022). A longitudinal examination of stress and mental ill-/well-being in elite football coaches. The Sport Psychologist, 36(3), 171-182. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2021-0184

Baldos, R. M. (2023). Skill competencies and problems of student-athletes under the new normal in the secondary school in the Philippines. Skill competencies and problems of student-athletes under the new normal in the secondary school in the Philippines, 122(1), 13-13. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/download/112578871/randy_baldos_article_final.pdf

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-98423-000

Bandura, A. (2014). Social-cognitive theory. In An introduction to theories of personality (pp. 341-360). Psychology Press. https://www.routledge.com/An-Introduction-to-Theories-of-Personality-7th-Edition/Ewen/p/book/9781841697468

Baron, R., Fusco, S., & Frasier, R. (2023). Authentic leadership in sports: Developing motivational and decision-making competencies. Journal of Sports Leadership and Management 13(6), http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118768242

Bench, S. W., & Lench, H. C. (2019). Boredom as a seeking state: Boredom prompts the pursuit of novel (even negative) experiences. Emotion, 19(2), 242. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000433

Bhavsar, N., Sharma, S., & Brown, D. J. (2020). Measuring psychological need states in sport: Theoretical considerations and a new measure. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 47, 101617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101617

Brierley, J. A. (2017). The role of a pragmatist paradigm when adopting mixed methods in behavioural accounting research. International Journal of Behavioural Accounting and Finance, 6(2), 140-154. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBAF.2017.10007499

Broadbent, D. P., Gredin, N. V., Rye, J. L., Williams, A. M., & Bishop, D. T. (2019). The impact of contextual priors and anxiety on performance effectiveness and processing efficiency in anticipation. Cognition and Emotion, 33(3), 589-596. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1464434

Cancommit. (2023). Balancing academic excellence & athletic success: A guide for student-athletes. Retrieved from https://www.cancommit.com/blogs/student-athlete-guide

Carpentier, J., & Mageau, G. A. (2013). The role of coaches' autonomy-supportive behaviors in the relationship between feedback and athletes' motivation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(4), 423–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.02.005

Center for Sports Studies. (2023). The relationship between self-confidence and performance. Trine University. https://www.trine.edu/academics/centers/center-for-sports-studies/blog/2023/the_relationship_between_self-confidence_and_performance.aspx

Chaaban, C. R., Hearn, D., Goerger, B., & Padua, D. A. (2022). Are elite collegiate female athletes PRIME for a safe return to sport after ACLR? An investigation of Physical Readiness and Integrated Movement Efficiency (PRIME). International journal of sports physical therapy, 17(3), 445. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.32529

Chen KY, Chang CW, Wang CH. (2019). Frontline employees’ passion and emotional exhaustion: The mediating role of emotional labor strategies. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 76(1): 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.05.006

Chen, H., Liu, C., Zhou, F., Cao, X. Y., Wu, K., Chen, Y. L., ... & Chiou, W. K. (2022). Focused-attention meditation improves flow, communication skills, and safety attitudes of surgeons. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5292. Retrieved from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9099589/

Cheon, S. H., Reeve, J., Ntoumanis, N., & Wang, C. K. J. (2019). A need-supportive intervention to help coaches support athletes’ psychological needs: A cluster-randomized trial. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 41(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2018-0293

Chung, J. (2021). The Relationship between Physical Fitness and Academic Performance in College Club Sports Students. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/2909/

Comeaux, E., Speer, L., Taustine, M., & Snyder, E. (2014). The Role of Engagement Activities on College Outcomes. College Student Affairs Journal: Volume 32# 1, 32(1), 205-217. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/docview/1611000755?sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals

Creswell, J. & Creswell, J.D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 5th Edition. SAGE Publications, Inc, Retrieved from https://www.ucg.ac.me/skladiste/blog_609332/objava_105202/fajlovi/Creswell.pdf

Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (Fifth edition). SAGE.

Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications.

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications.

Creswell. J. W. and Creswell, J.D. (2017) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 4th Edition, Sage, Newbury Park.

Csata-Szekely, L. (2023). Sustaining a Team Culture–A Case Study Follow-Up of the Finnish Women’s National Ice Hockey Team. Retrieved from https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/795016

Curran, T., Hill, A. P., Hall, H. K., & Jowett, G. E. (2015). Relationships between the coach-created motivational climate and athlete engagement in youth sport. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 37(2), 193-198. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0203

Czarny, W., & Błach, W. (2024). Athletes’ performance and analysis in combat sports and martial arts. Applied Sciences, 14(2), 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020543

Daisuke, Horii., Yoshio, Sugiyama., Hiratoshi, Kaneda. (2022). Relationship between Basic Psychological Needs for Exercise and Exercise Experience. Supōtsu sangyōgaku kenkyū, https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12336

Daut, H. C. (2014). Developing a Culturally-based Sports for All Programme for the Indigenous Peoples of Mindanao. ICSSPE Bulletin (17285909), (67).

Dewar, C., Hirt, M., & Keller, S. (2019). The mindsets and practices of excellent CEOs. McKinsey Quarterly, 11, 1-11. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/the-mindsets-and-practices-of-excellent-ceos

Dhouibi, M. A., Miladi, I., Racil, G., Hammoudi, S., & Coquart, J. (2021). The effects of sporting and physical practice on visual and kinesthetic motor imagery vividness: a comparative study between athletic, physically active, and exempted adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 776833. Retrieved from https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.776833/full

Doyle, L., Brady, A. M., & Byrne, G. (2016). An overview of mixed methods research–revisited. Journal of research in nursing, 21(8), 623-635. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987116674257

Drole, K., Paravlic, A., Coakley, J., & Doupona, M. (2023). Sport and academic engagement of 1,387 Slovenian dual-career athletes before and during COVID-19 lockdown—what did we learn?. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1662. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1173261

Duckworth, A. L., & Eskreis-Winkler, L. (2013). True grit. Aps Observer, 26.

Dunton, G. F., Do, B., Crosley-Lyons, R., Naya, C. H., Hewus, M., & Kanning, M. (2023). Assessing basic and higher-level psychological needs satisfied through physical activity. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1023556

Dunton, G. F., Do, B., Crosley-Lyons, R., Naya, C. H., Hewus, M., & Kanning, M. (2023). Assessing basic and higher-level psychological needs satisfied through physical activity. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1023556.

Eaves, D. L., Hodges, N. J., Buckingham, G., Buccino, G., & Vogt, S. (2022). Enhancing motor imagery practice using synchronous action observation. Psychological Research, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-022-01768-7

Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., and Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302, 290–2923. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089134

Elite Gymnastics Academy. (2023). Discipline and consistent training: How athletes achieve higher performance and mental resilience. Retrieved from https://www.elitegymnasticsmiami.com

Ellenbecker, T. S., & Aoki, R. (2020). Step-by-step guide to understanding the kinetic chain concept in the overhead athlete. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine, 13, 155-163.

El-Sawaf, N. M. M. (2018). Ascale for Psychological Hesitation of Pole Vault for Female Students of Faculty of Physical Education, University of Al-sadat City. Retrieved from https://eijssa.journals.ekb.eg/article_72876_5b6a5a1bf99fda26572efeef4dc67fa4.pdf

Feinstein, K. (2023). Utilizing Self Determination Theory to Differentiate Perfectionism and Excellencism in College Athletes. Regent University. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/openview/8fd72a0ccb6692a2a2a0efd17f60c136/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

Fenton, S. A. M., Duda, J. L., & Barrett, T. (2016). Optimising physical activity engagement during youth sport: A self-determination theory approach. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19(34), 1874-1884. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1142104

Ferguson, A. (2013). Alex Ferguson: My Autobiography. Hodder & Stoughton. Retrieved from https://www.hodder.co.uk/titles/alex-ferguson/alex-ferguson-my-autobiography/9781848948624/

Ferrenburg, Z. (2023). The student-athlete's playbook: Mastering the balancing act of academics and athletics. Retrieved from https://www.zachferrenburg.com/blog/the-student-athletes-playbook-mastering-the-balancing-act-of-academics-and-athletics

Fetters, M. D., Curry, L. A., & Creswell, J. W. (2013). Achieving integration in mixed methods designs—principles and practices. Health services research, 48(6pt2), 2134-2156. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12117

Fish, D. (2024). Evaluating a Current Athlete Assessment Program. Retrieved from https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5897&context=etd

Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2012). Psychological resilience in sport performers: A review of theory and research. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(9), 941-956. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.901551

Frasier, R. (2023). The impact of an authentic sports leadership program for coaches. Frontiers in Sports Psychology. Retrieved from https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/items/f8feac4a-5a45-410b-9434-7e8135ff4531

Gagné, M., Forest, J., Gilbert, M.-H., Aube, C., Morin, E. M., & Malorni, A. (2020). The role of autonomy support, basic psychological needs, and intrinsic motivation in the sports context. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 48, 1-9. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2012.674754

García-Ceberino, J. M., Feu, S., Gamero, M. G., & Ibáñez, S. J. (2023). Structural Relationship between Psychological Needs and Sport Adherence for Students Participating in Physical Education Class. Sustainability, 15(12), http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129686

Gaston, T., & Lynch, S. (2019). Does using a course design framework better engage our online nursing students?. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 14(1), 69-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2018.11.001

Gaudreau, P. (2016). The 2×2 model of perfectionism in sport, dance, and exercise. The psychology of perfectionism in sport, dance and exercise, 174-200. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-16004-006

Gayles, J. G., & Crandall, R. E. (2019). Engaging student-athletes. In Student Engagement in Higher Education (pp. 257-271). Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.routledge.com/Student-Engagement-in-Higher-Education-Theoretical-Perspectives-and-Practical-Approaches-for-Diverse-Populations/Quaye-Harper-Pendakur/p/book/9780367002244?srsltid=AfmBOorBjrySZQ_IkKFMYRYtd7Qpcjt8xAS6AfU1sN_jCaga5Fwi__VR

Gonsalkorale, K., and Williams, K. D. (2017). The KKK won't let me play: ostracism even by a despised outgroup hurts. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 1176–1186. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.392

Gould, D., & Walker, L. (2019). Youth sport: Meeting unique development needs of young athletes for preventing dropout. In M. H. Anshel, T. A. Petrie, & J. A. Steinfeldt (Eds.), APA handbook of sport and exercise psychology: Sport psychology (pp. 151–177). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000123-009

Gould, D., Pierce, S., & Wright, E. (2023). Former scholastic athletes perceptions of sport-based personal development: A 50 year retrospective case study. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2023.2183995

Graham, J. A., & Smith, A. B. (2022). Work and life in the sport industry: A review of work-life interface experiences among athletic employees. Journal of athletic training, 57(3), 210-224. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0633.20

Gregg, M., Hall, C., McGowan, E., & Hall, N. (2011). The relationship between imagery ability and imagery use among athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 23(2), 129-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2010.544279

Grylls, E., Turner, M., & Erskine, J. (2021). The Challenge of the Umpire’s Chair: Challenge and threat, self-efficacy, and psychological resilience in Australian tennis officials. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 52(5), 381-401.

Gu S., Peng W., Du F., Fang X., Guan Z., He X., Jiang X. (2023). Association between coach-athlete relationship and athlete engagement in Chinese team sports: The mediating effect of thriving. PLoS ONE. 18(8)e0289979: 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289979

Gunes, E., & Yetim, A. (2023). Coping with stress and self-confidence in athletes: A Review. Sporda Teori ve Uygulama Dergisi, 2(1), 46-63. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3068635

Gupta, S., & McCarthy, P. J. (2024). The "A-R-C Development Model": Fostering resilience in elite athletes through tailored interventions. Journal of Sports Psychology and Development. University of Portsmouth. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44202-024-00169-8

Gurleyik, D., Sen, C. K. N., Etnier, J. L., & Acar, I. H. (2022). Culture in physical activity: The contribution of basic psychological needs and goal orientation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 16691. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416691

Hall, K (2022). What is Validation and Why Do I Need to Know?. Retrieved from https://psychcentral.com/blog/emotionally-sensitive/2012/02/levels-of-validation#1. Retrieved on June 13, 2023.

Harackiewicz, J. M., Smith, J. L., & Priniski, S. J. (2016). Interest matters: The importance of promoting interest in education. Policy insights from the behavioral and brain sciences, 3(2), 220-227. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732216655542

Harsejghasemi, S., Sadeghi, J., & Homayouni, A. (2022). Effectiveness of flourishing education on consistency and academic engagement in students (Case study: Second-grade students of high school in Chalus city). Iranian journal of educational sociology, 5(2), 121-130. Adie, L., Stobart, G., & Cumming, J. (2020). The construction of the teacher as expert assessor. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 48(4), 436-453. Retrieved form https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2019.1633623

Harsejghasemi, S., Sadeghi, J., & Homayouni, A. (2022). Effectiveness of flourishing education on consistency and academic engagement in students (Case study: Second-grade students of high school in Chalus city). Iranian journal of educational sociology, 5(2), 121-130. Retrieved from http://iase-idje.ir/article-1-1093-en.html

Hausswirth, C., & Mujika, I. (Eds.). (2013). Recovery for performance in sport. Human Kinetics. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/Recovery_for_Performance_in_Sport.html?id=wJfc42_KdMUC&redir_esc=y

Hawk, M. F. (2014). Assessing Sports Nutrition Knowledge of Adolescent Athletes and their Parents: An Intervention Approach. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2238&context=etd

Hedger (2023). Not All Sleep Is Restorative — What to Know About Improving Your Rest. Retrieved from https://www.hedger.com/health/sleep/restorative-sleep

Hetherton, A., Horgan, F., Sorensen, J., & Mc Carthy, S. E. (2023). Contextual factors and intentional rounding in acute hospitals: understanding what works, for whom, in what settings: a realist synthesis protocol. HRB Open Research, 6, 72. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13792.2

Hodge, K., Chow, G. M., Luzzeri, M., Scanlan, T., & Scanlan, L. (2023). Commitment in sport: Motivational climate, need satisfaction/thwarting and behavioural outcomes. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3(2), 121-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsep.2023.03.004

Houlihan, B., & Zheng, J. (2018). Small states: sport and politics at the margin. In Sport Policy in Small States (pp. 21-36). Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.routledge.com/Sport-Policy-in-Small-States/Sam-Jackson/p/book/9780367028862

Huang, H. C., Lee, P. Y., Lo, Y. C., Chen, I. S., & Hsu, C. H. (2021). A study on the perceived positive coaching leadership, sports enthusiasm, and happiness of boxing athletes. Sustainability, 13(13), 7199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137199

Hwang Y, Shi X., Wang X. (2021). Hospitality employees’ emotions in the workplace: a systematic review of recent literature. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 33(10): 3752-3796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-12-2020-1426

Itoh, S., Morris, T., & Spittle, M. (2017). Effect of imagery dose repetitions on performance in sport. In Proceedings of the XIV ISSP World Congress of Sport Psychology. International Society of Sport Psychology. Retrieved from https://vuir.vu.edu.au/41795/

Jakobsen, A. M. (2023). How can autonomy support from a coach, basic psychological needs, and the psychological climate explain ego and task involvement? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(21), 6977. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20216977

Janetzki, S. J., Bourdon, P. C., Burgess, D. J., Barratt, G. K., & Bellenger, C. R. (2023). Assessing athlete readiness using physical, physiological, and perceptual markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance, 2(3), 339-380. Retrieved from https://sjsp.aearedo.es/index.php/sjsp/article/view/athlete-readiness-physical-physiological-perceptual-markers

Jang, S., Eom, H. J., Lee, K. D., Choi, W. M., Choi, Y. L., Kang, H. W., & Cho, E. H. (2018). Validation of a questionnaire that surveys confidence in sports among Korean competitive athletes. Retrieved from https://www.jomh.org/articles/10.22374/1875-6859.14.2.5

Jekauc, D., Fiedler, J., Wunsch, K., Mülberger, L., Burkart, D., Kilgus, A., & Fritsch, J. (2023). The effect of self-confidence on performance in sports: A meta-analysis and narrative review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2023.2222376

Jekauc, D., Fiedler, J., Wunsch, K., Mülberger, L., Burkart, D., Kilgus, A., & Fritsch, J. (2023). The effect of self-confidence on performance in sports: a meta-analysis and narrative review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-27.

Ji, J. L., Heyes, S. B., MacLeod, C., & Holmes, E. A. (2016). Emotional mental imagery as simulation of reality: Fear and beyond—A tribute to Peter Lang. Behavior Therapy, 47(5), 702-719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2015.11.004

Jiang, C., Razak, N. A., & Rasyid, N. M. (2023). A Preliminary Psychometric Investigation of a Chinese Version of Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ). International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 11(1), 103-111. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2023.110112

Johnson, D. R., & Vaidhyanathan, R. U. (2023). Detection and localization of multi-scale and oriented objects using an enhanced feature refinement algorithm. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 20(8), 15219-15243. https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2023681

Johnson, U., & Ryba, T. V. (2023). Satisfaction of basic psychological needs and its implications on athlete identity during challenging times. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1134567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1134567

Jones, P., Ratten, V., & Hayduk, T. (2020). Sport, fitness, and lifestyle entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16, 783-793. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11365-020-00666-x

Jowett, G. E., Hill, A. P., Hall, H. K., & Curran, T. (2016). Perfectionism, burnout and engagement in youth sport: The mediating role of basic psychological needs. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 24, 18-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.01.001

Jowett, S. (2017). Coaching effectiveness: The coach–athlete relationship at its heart. Current opinion in psychology, 16, 154-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.006

Joy, Gaston, Gayles., Rebecca, E., Crandall. (2019). Engaging Student-Athletes. Retrieved from https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429400698-15/engaging-student-athletes-joy-gaston-gayles-rebecca-crandall

Kadhum, R. A. A. H. (2022). The Impact of compound skill exercises with mental alertness on the skills of handling and dribbling in football for talented youths centers in the Middle Euphrates. Al. Qadisiya Journal for the Sciences of Physical Education, 22(2 par (1)). Retrieved from https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/261206

Kamada, T., Togashi, Y., Tay, C., Ha, D., Sasaki, A., Nakamura, Y., ... & Nishikawa, H. (2019). PD-1+ regulatory T cells amplified by PD-1 blockade promote hyperprogression of cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(20), https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1822001116

Karageorghis, C., Kuan, G., & Schiphof-Godart, L. (2021). Music in sport: From conceptual underpinnings to applications. Essentials of exercise and sport psychology: An open access textbook, 530-564. http://dx.doi.org/10.51224/B1023

Kelecek, S., & Göktürk, E. (2017). Kadın futbolcularda sporcu bağlılığının sporcu tükenmişliğini belirlemedeki rolü. Başkent Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 162-173. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/busbid/issue/82880/1425751

Kennedy-Clark, S. (2013). Research by Design: Design-Based Research and the Higher Degree Research Student. Journal of Learning Design, 6(2), 26-32.

Kim, A. C. H., Park, S. H., Kim, S., & Fontes-Comber, A. (2020). Psychological and social outcomes of sport participation for older adults: A systematic review. Ageing & Society, 40(7), 1529-1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X19000175

Kivunja, C., & Kuyini, A. B. (2017). Understanding and applying research paradigms in educational contexts. International Journal of Higher Education, 6(5), 26-41. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v6n5p26

Klinger, B. (2018). Understanding Youth Athletes’ Readiness for Competition: A Review of Literature and Best Practices for Coaches and Parents. Retrieved from https://soar.suny.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.12648/6715/honors/227/fulltext%20(1).pdf?sequence=1

Kuloor, H., & Kumar, A. (2020). Self-confidence and sports. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 8(4), 1-6. Retrieved from https://ijip.in/articles/self-confidence-and-sports/

Lane, A. M. (2020). Emotion and Emotion Regulation from the Perspective of the Practitioner. Feelings in Sport: Theory, Research, and Practical Implications for Performance and Well-being. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003052012-20

Lautenbach, F., Leisterer, S., Walter, N., Kronenberg, L., & Elbe, A. M. (2021). Amateur and recreational athletes’ motivation to exercise, stress, and coping during the coronavirus crisis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 611658. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.611658

Lead'em Up. (n.d.). Athlete engagement: Build winning teams. Lead'em Up. Retrieved from https://leademup.com/engagement/athlete-engagement-build-winning-teams/

Lee, G., Ryu, J., & Kim, T. (2023). Psychological skills training impacts autonomic nervous system responses to stress during sport-specific imagery: An exploratory study in junior elite shooters. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1047472. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1047472

Legault, L (2020). The Need for Competence, Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1123-1

Lemyre, A., Palmer-Cooper, E., & Messina, J. P. (2023). Wellbeing among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Public health, 222, 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2023.07.001

Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1988). Criteria for Assessing Naturalistic Inquiries as Reports. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED297007

Linnér, L., Stambulova, N., & Ziegert, K. (2021). Maintaining dual career balance: a scenario perspective on Swedish university student-athletes’ experiences and coping. Scandinavian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3, 47-55. Retrieved from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1600784/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Liverpool John Moores University (2023). Universal psychological needs. Retrieved from https://www.ljmu.ac.uk/microsites/promoting-healthy-weight-in-pre-school-children/modules/communicating-with-parents/universal-psychological-needs

Loch, F., zum Berge, A. H., Kölling, S., & Kellmann, M. (2020). Stress states, mental fatigue, and the concept of mental recovery in sports. In Feelings in Sport (pp. 235-245). Routledge. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2020-80823-021

Lochbaum, M., Sherburn, M., Sisneros, C., Cooper, S., Lane, A. M., & Terry, P. C. (2022). Revisiting the Self-Confidence and Sport Performance Relationship: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116381

Lochhead, L., Feng, J., Laby, D. M., & Appelbaum, L. G. (2024). Visual Performance and Sports: A Scoping Review. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(aop), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2023-0267

MacDonald, G., and Leary, M. R. (2015). Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 202–223. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.202

MacIntyre, T. E., Walkin, A. M., Beckmann, J., Calogiuri, G., Gritzka, S., Oliver, G., ... & Warrington, G. (2019). An exploratory study of extreme sport athletes’ nature interactions: From well-being to pro-environmental behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1233. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01233

Maguire, M., & Delahunt, B. (2017). Doing a thematic analysis: A practical, step-by-step guide for learning and teaching scholars. All Ireland journal of higher education, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.62707/aishej.v9i3.335

Malm C, Jakobsson J, Isaksson A. Physical Activity and Sports-Real Health Benefits: A Review with Insight into the Public Health of Sweden. Sports (Basel). 2019 May 23;7(5):127. Retrieved from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6572041/

Mao, X., Huang, S., Ouyang, M., Xie, Y., & Tan, X. (2022). Effect of skill proficiency on motor imagery ability between amateur dancers and non-dancers. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.899724

Martinent, G., Ledos, S., Ferrand, C., Campo, M., & Nicolas, M. (2015). Athletes’ regulation of emotions experienced during competition: A naturalistic video-assisted study. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 4(3), 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/spy0000037

Martínez-Alvarado, J. R., Guillén García, F., and Feltz, D. (2016). Athletes' motivational needs regarding burnout and engagement. Revista de psicologia del deporte, 25(1), Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287975614_Athletes'_motivational_needs_regarding_burnout_and_engagement

Martino, J. (2017). The Connection Prescription: Using the Power of Social Interactions and the Deep Desire for Connectedness to Empower Health and Wellness. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6125010/. Retrieved on June 15, 2023.

Martins, P., Rosado, A., Ferreira, V., & Biscaia, R. (2014). Examining the validity of the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) in a Portuguese sport setting. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 20, 1-7. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1980-65742014000100001

Martins, P., Rosado, A., Ferreira, V., & Vveinhart, J. (2015). Athletes’ engagement model: A gender. Sport Science 11(5):211-212. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279532179_Athletes_Engagement_Model_A_Gender

Mateo-Orcajada, A., Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., Rey-López, J. P., Martín-Campoy, R., & Abenza-Cano, L. (2023). The Role of Basic Psychological Needs in the Adoption of Healthy Habits by Adolescents. Behavioral Sciences, 13(7), 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs13070592

Maurer, R. Society for Human Resource Management SHRM (2020). Job interviews go virtual in response to COVID-19. Retrieved from https://www.shrm.org/topics-tools/news/talent-acquisition/job-interviews-go-virtual-response-to-covid-19

Mergan, B., Uğraş, S., Çelik, T., Hidayat, Y., Özman, C., & Üstün, Ü. D. (2023). The Relationship Between Passion and Athlete Identity in Sport: The Mediating and Moderating Role of Dedication. BMC Psychology volume 12, Retrieved from https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-024-01565-4

Move Sports. (2023). Team dynamics and success: building cohesion in sports teams. Retrieved from https://www.movesports.com/en/field-stories/sports/team-dynamics-and-success-building-cohesion-in-sports-teams

Mukhopadhyay, D. K. (2021). Mental Imagery and Self Hypnosis in Sports Performance. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, 105-115. Retrieved from https://ijarsct.co.in/Paper1615.pdf

Mullins, M., Cronk, E., & Jayanthi, N. (2022). Sport Readiness and Injury Prevention in Young Athletes: Current Recommendations on When to Enter, Compete and Specialise in Sport. Routledge Handbook of Coaching Children in Sport, 127-134. Retrieved from https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003199359-15/sport-readiness-injury-prevention-young-athletes-current-recommendations-enter-compete-specialise-sport-michelle-mullins-emma-cronk-neeru-jayanthi

Munroe-Chandler, K. J., & Guerrero, M. D. (2017). Psychological imagery in sport and performance. In Oxford research encyclopedia of psychology. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.228

Nagla, E. (2015). Impact of using some of mental strategies on the psychological hesitation and effectiveness of tactical activity of juniors' kumite. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 15(1), 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2015.01006

Nideffer, R., Johnson, M., & Smith, K. (2020). Being interviewed as a champion: Understanding the emotional impact. Journal of Sport Psychology, 27(3), 215-230.

Nikolova, Viktoriya L., Megan RB Smith, Lindsay J. Hall, Anthony J. Cleare, James M. Stone, and Allan H. Young (2021). Perturbations in gut microbiota composition in psychiatric disorders: a review and meta-analysis. JAMA psychiatry 78, no. 12 1343-1354. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.2573

Nixdorf, I., Nixdorf, R., Beckmann, J., Martin, S. B., & MacIntyre, T. E. (Eds.). (2023). Routledge handbook of mental health in elite sport. Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Handbook-of-Mental-Health-in-Elite-Sport/Nixdorf-Nixdorf-Beckmann-Martin-Macintyre/p/book/9780367567866

Nowell, B., & Albrecht, K. (2019). A reviewer’s guide to qualitative rigor. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 29(2), 348-363. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muy052

Oleiwi, A. M., & Alasadi, M. M. H. (2023). Anxiety and its relationship to psychological hesitation among young football players. Pakistan Heart Journal, 56(1), 255-261. Retrieved from https://www.pkheartjournal.com/index.php/journal/article/view/1214

Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Daud, W. R. B. W., Abdullah, R., & Rashid, S. (2009). The effectiveness of imagery and coping strategies in sport performance. European Journal of Social Sciences, 9(1), 97-108. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267392812_The_Effectiveness_of_Imagery_and_Coping_Strategies_in_Sport_Performance

Parmar, D. S., & Meena, J. K. (2014). Comparative Relation of Fitness of Selected Indoor and Outdoor Game Players. International Journal of Research Pedagogy and Technology in Education and Movement Sciences, 3(01). Retrieved from https://ijems.net/index.php/ijem/article/view/87/87

Parnabas, V. A., Mahamood, Y., & Parnabas, J. (2013). Student-Athletes’ Self Confidence Level During MASUM Competition. Jurnal Personalia Pelajar. Retrieved from https://www.ukm.my/personalia/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Jurnal-Personalia-Pelajar-3-Vincent-A.-Parnabas.pdf

Pedrosa, S. (2018). Women coaches talk challenges, hopes for sports in Mindanao. Retrieved from https://www.xu.edu.ph/xavier-news/63-2017-2018/3383-women-coaches-talk-challenges-hopes-for-sports-in-mindanao.

Peltomäki, V. (2014). Imagery ability and imagery use in individual and team sports. Retrieved from https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/44218/1/URN%3ANBN%3Afi%3Ajyu-201409092760.pdf

Performance Psychology Center. (2024). Visualization techniques and mental imagery for athletes. Retrieved from Retrieved from https://www.performancepsychologycenter.com/post/visualization-techniques-and-mental-imagery

Podlog, L., Gustafsson, H., Skoog, T., Gao, Z., Westin, M., Werner, S., & Alricsson, M. (2015). Need satisfaction, motivation, and engagement among high-performance youth athletes: A multiple mediation analysis. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(4), 415-433. http://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2014.999346.

Prasetiyo, R., Maksum, A., & Priambodo, A. (2022). Coaching Style and Self Confidence in Elite Athletes. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 9(1), 486-490. Retrieved from https://ijmmu.com/index.php/ijmmu/article/view/3410

Ramdan, A. S. Psychological Hesitation and Its Relationship to the Ability to Make Decisions for Individual and Team Sports Players. Journal of Sports Science and Nutrition 4(2):219-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/27077012.2023.v4.i2d.214

Razali, N. A., Jaes, L., Suhaimy, K. A. M., Ani, F., Nordin, S. R. A., Sabtu, M. H., ... & Ariffin, F. M. (2022). Mahathir Mohamad as a World-Class Leader: A View from The Great Man Theory of Leadership. Journal of Techno-Social, 14(2), 45-58. Retrieved from https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/JTS/article/view/12455

Reyes, C. (2019). An Athlete's Secret: Dedication. SWOSU Sayre Student Anthology, 1(6), 4.

Riahi E, Zarei A, Esmaili M, Nikaeen Z. (2020). Correlation of passion for physical activity and vitality with leisure time physical activity enjoyment in Tehran Municipality Sport Organization. Journal of Health Promotion Management. 9(3): 84-94. [Persian]

Rintaugu, E. G., Mwangi, F. M., & Toriola, A. L. (2018). Sources of sports confidence and contextual factors among university athletes. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(2), 889-895.

Robazza, C., Morano, M., Bortoli, L., & Ruiz, M. C. (2022). Perceived motivational climate influences athletes’ emotion regulation strategies, emotions, and psychobiosocial experiences. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 59, 102110. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102110

Ryan, R. M., and Deci, E. L. (2017). Self‐determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-04680-000

Scott, M. W., Wright, D. J., Smith, D., & Holmes, P. S. (2022). Twenty years of PETTLEP imagery: An update and new direction for simulation-based training. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2(2), 70-79. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.07.002

Shannon-Baker, P. (2016). Making paradigms meaningful in mixed methods research. Journal of mixed methods research, 10(4), 319-334. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689815575861

Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for information, 22(2), 63-75. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/EFI-2004-22201

Shin, A., & Song, H. D. (2022). The Effects of Basic Psychological Needs, Task–Technology Fit, and Student Engagement on MOOC Learners’ Continuance Intention to Use. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6444509

Slemp, G. R., Field, J. G., Ryan, R. M., Forner, V. W., Van den Broeck, A., & Lewis, K. J. (2024). Interpersonal supports for basic psychological needs and their relations with motivation, well-being, and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000459

Smith, D. C. V. (2022). Footballers’ citizenship during COVID-19: A case study of Premier League players’ community support. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 57(6), 980-997. https://doi.org/10.1177/10126902211045679

Smith, R. E., & Smoll, F. L. (2023). Coaching behavior and effectiveness in sport and exercise psychology. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.188

Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM). (2020). The value of critical thinking skills in professional environments. SHRM Annual Report.

Stambulova, N. B., Ryba, T. V., & Henriksen, K. (2021). Career development and transitions of athletes: The international society of sport psychology position stand revisited. International journal of sport and exercise psychology, 19(4), 524-550. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1737836

Stambulova, N., Wylleman, P., Torregrossa, M., Erpič, S. C., Vitali, F., De Brandt, K., ... & Ramis, Y. (2023). FEPSAC position statement: Athletes’ dual careers in the European context. Psychology of sport and exercise, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102572

Staurowsky, E. J., Watanabe, N., Cooper, J., Cooky, C., Lough, N., Paule-Koba, A., ... & Snyder, M. (2020). Chasing Equity: The Triumphs, Challenges, and Opportunities in Sports for Girls and Women. Women's Sports Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/articles_and_report/chasing-equity-the-triumphs-challenges-and-opportunities-in-sports-for-girls-and-women/

Storm, L. K., Henriksen, K., Stambulova, N. B., Cartigny, E., Ryba, T. V., de Brandt, K., ... & Cecic Erpic, S. (2021). Ten essential features of European dual career development environments. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Volume 54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101918

Suraya, F., Rahayu, S., Azam, M., Sumartiningsih, S., Permata, N. F., & Putri, M. M. (2023, January). The Contribution of Sports Student Exchange Experience toward Students’ Self Confidence. In ISPHE 2022: Proceedings of the 6th International Seminar on Public Health and Education, ISPHE 2022, 29 June 2022, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia (p. 219). European Alliance for Innovation. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.29-6-2022.2326132

Szedlak, C., Callary, B., & Smith, M. J. (2019). Exploring the influence and practical development of coaches' psychosocial behaviors in strength and conditioning. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 41(2), 8-17. Retrieved from https://journals.lww.com/nsca-scj/abstract/2019/04000/exploring_the_influence_and_practical_development.3.aspx

Szpunar, K. K., St. Jacques, P. L., Robbins, C. A., Wig, G. S., & Schacter, D. L. (2014). Repetition-related reductions in neural activity reveal component processes of mental simulation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(5), 712-722. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst035

The Japan Times. (2020, July 17). High school sumo coach expelled for corporal punishment. Retrieved from https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/07/17/national/high-school-sumo-coach-corporal-punishment/.

The Oracle. (2023). Resilience and time management: The impact of sports on student-athletes' life skills. The Oracle. Retrieved from https://www.archeroracle.org

Thomas, O., & Thrower, S. (2022). Developing and Maintaining Sport-Confidence: Learning from Elite Athletes. Retrieved from https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2022.675054

Tian, L. Zhang, X. and Huebner, S. (2018). The Effects of Satisfaction of Basic Psychological Needs at School on Children’s Prosocial Behavior and Antisocial Behavior: The Mediating Role of School Satisfaction. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5913350/. Retrieved on June 13, 2023.

Tod, D., Hodge, K., & Krane, V. (2023). Routledge handbook of applied sport psychology. Taylor and Francis. Retrieved from https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Handbook-of-Applied-Sport-Psychology-A-Comprehensive-Guide-for-Students-and-Practitioners/Tod-Hodge-Krane/p/book/9781032002972

University of Portsmouth. (2024). Cultivating resilience in athletes: Long-term strategies for overcoming adversities and enhancing performance. Research Report on Athletic Development and Resilience.

Valbuena, M. J. D. (2015). A study of athlete engagement, athlete identity and individualism: Collectivism cultural behaviours among Filipino Athletes compared with US American Athletes (Doctoral dissertation, Australian Catholic University). Retrieved from https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/888qx/a-study-of-athlete-engagement-athlete-identity-and-individualism-collectivism-cultural-behaviours-among-filipino-athletes-compared-with-us-american-athletes

Van den Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., De Witte, H., Soenens, B., & Lens, W. (2010). Capturing autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work: Construction and initial validation of the Work‐related Basic Need Satisfaction scale. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 83(4), 981-1002. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/096317909X481382

van Iperen, L. P., de Jonge, J., Gevers, J. M., & Vos, S. B. (2020). Running-related demands and vigor in long-distance runners: The moderating role of resources and recovery. Current Psychology, 1-15. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12144-020-00866-2

Vijayakumar, K. P., & Balakrishna Murthy, C. (2015). Self–confidence and mental alertness among karate black belt athletes and non-karatekas. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 5(10), 468-470. Retrieved from https://www.worldwidejournals.com/indian-journal-of-applied-research-(IJAR)/article/self-confidence-and-mental-alertness-among-karate-black-belt-atheletes-and-non-karatekas/NzcxMQ==/?is=1&b1=349&k=88

Vlachopoulos, S. P., & Michailidou, S. (2006). Development and initial validation of a measure of autonomy, competence, and relatedness in exercise: The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale. Measurement in physical education and exercise science, 10(3), 179-201. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1207/s15327841mpee1003_4

Watt, A., & Morris, T. (2020). Examining the connections of emotion and imagery in sport performance. In Feelings in sport (pp. 107-119). Routledge. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2020-80823-010

Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2019). Chapter 14. In Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology (pp. 600–602). essay, Human Kinetics. Retrieved from https://us.humankinetics.com/products/foundations-of-sport-and-exercise-psychology-8th-edition-with-hkpropel-access

Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2019). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology (7th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/Foundations_of_Sport_and_Exercise_Psycho.html?id=YJ6btQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y

Weinstein, N., Przybylski, A. K., and Ryan, R. M. (2012). The index of autonomous functioning: Development of a scale of human autonomy. Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 397–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.03.007

Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2011). Measuring athlete imagery ability: The sport imagery ability questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(3), 416-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.3.416

Williams, S. E., Cooley, S. J., & Cumming, J. (2013). Layered stimulus response training improves motor imagery ability and movement execution. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(1), 60-71. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.1.60

Wilson, L. M., Ellis, M. J., Lane, R. L., Wilson, J. W., Keating, D. T., Jaberzadeh, S., & Button, B. M. (2021). Development of the A‐STEP: A new incremental maximal exercise capacity step test in cystic fibrosis. Pediatric Pulmonology, 56(12), 3777-3784. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25667

Wright, A. G., Ringwald, W. R., Hopwood, C. J., & Pincus, A. L. (2023). On definition and description in psychopathology: American Psychologist 78(5):716-717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0001172

Wright, M., & Hopwood, T. (2016). The sporting resilience model: A systematic review of resilience in sport performers. Frontiers in Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1003053/full

Yachsie, B. T. P. W. B., Prasetyo, Y., & Hita, I. P. A. D. (2021). The relation between confidence level towards archery ability at 50 meters distance on archery atheletes. Jurnal Medikora, 20(1), 1-9. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/medikora.v20i1.35916

Zadro, L., Williams, K. D., and Richardson, R. (2049). How low can you go? Ostracism by a computer is sufficient to lower self-reported levels of belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 560–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2003.11.006

Zarrett, N., Law, L. H., Wilson, D. K., Abraczinskas, M., Taylor, S., Cook, B. S., & Roberts, A. (2021). Connect through PLAY: a randomized-controlled trial in afterschool programs to increase adolescents’ physical activity. Journal of behavioral medicine, 44, 379-391. Retrieved from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8131269/

Zhou, Y., Xu, T., Yang, H., & Li, S. (2022). Improving spatial visualization and mental rotation using for spatial through shapes and letters in a virtual environment. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 15(3), 326-337. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9765369




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v11i7.5714

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Fhernand B. Bugais

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright © 2015 - 2023. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science (ISSN 2501 - 1235) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.

This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library (Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei). All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All authors who send their manuscripts to this journal and whose articles are published on this journal retain full copyright of their articles. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).