CANADIAN UNIVERSITY WOMEN’S BASKETBALL IN THE ZONE: AN EXAMINATION OF FLOW STATE EXPERIENCES

Jeff Irvine, Kyra Kristensen-Irvine

Abstract


Since first proposed by Csikszentmihalyi in 1975, flow theory has been studied in work environments, education, leisure studies, and sports; however, investigations corresponding to flow in sports typically have been restricted to individual performances, with little research into team sports and even less in women’s team sports. This study investigated eight case studies of female university basketball players at Canadian universities. While confirming previous research into flow experiences, the study also identified some key factors, such as the relatively rare occurrence of flow experiences, the fragility of flow experiences, and the differential impact on individual players of the nine characteristics of flow. In addition, the study identified factors for coaches who wish to optimize flow experiences for their teams.

 

Article visualizations:

Hit counter


Keywords


flow; coaching; basketball; player psychology

Full Text:

PDF

References


Bakker A, 2005. Flow among music teachers and their students: The crossover of peak experience. Journal of Vocational Behavior 66: 26-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.11.001

Bakker A, 2008. The work-related flow inventory: Construction and initial validation of the WOLF. Journal of Vocational Behavior 72(3): 400-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.11.007

Bassi M, Delle Fave A, 2012. Optimal experience among teachers: New insights into the work paradox. The Journal of Psychology 146(5): 533-557. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2012.656156

Beard K, 2015. Theoretically speaking: An interview with Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi on flow theory development and its usefulness in addressing contemporary challenges in education. Educational Psychology Review 27: 353-364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-014-9291-1

Bonett D, Wright T. 2000. Sample size requirements for estimating ¨Pearson, Kendall and Spearman correlations. Psychometrika 65(1): 23-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294183

Caniëls MCJ, Adamska KM, van Oortmerssen LA, van Assen M, 2021. Set your mind on it: The mediating role of mindset in the relationship between a learning-from-error climate and work-related flow. Current Psychology 42: 2067-2076. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01572-3

Cheron G, 2016. How to measure the psychological “flow”? A neuroscience perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 7: 1823. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01823

Csikszentmihalyi M, 1975. Beyond Boredom and Anxiety: Experiencing Flow in Work and Play. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Jossey-Bass. Retrieved from https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Beyond+Boredom+and+Anxiety%3A+Experiencing+Flow+in+Work+and+Play%2C+25th+Anniversary+Edition-p-9780787951405

Csikszentmihalyi M, 1990. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York, NY, USA: Harper & Row. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224927532_Flow_The_Psychology_of_Optimal_Experience

Csikszentmihalyi M, 1997. Finding Flow. New York, NY, USA: Basic Books. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-08434-000

Csikszentmihalyi M, 2000. Happiness, flow, and economic equality. American Psychologist 55(10): 1163-1164. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.10.1163

Demerouti E, 2006. Job characteristics, flow, and performance: The moderating role of conscientiousness. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 11(3): 266-280. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.11.3.266

Eisenberger R, Jones J, Stinglhamber F, Shanock L, Randall A, 2005. Flow experiences at work: For high need achievers alone? Journal of Organizational Behavior 26: 755-775. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.337

Gerring J, 2007. Case Study Research: Principles and Practices. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/Case_Study_Research.html?id=xECY0nnkTvMC&redir_esc=y

Irvine J, Kristensen-Irvine K, 2024. Comfort zones and optimal challenge points: Perspectives from Canadian university women’s basketball coaches. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science 11(2): 22-38. http://doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v11i2.5404

Jackson S, Csikszentmihalyi M, 1999. Flow in Sports: The Keys to Optimal Experiences and Performances. Champaign, IL, USA: Human Kinetics. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/Flow_in_Sports.html?id=Jak4A8rEZawC&redir_esc=y

Jackson S, Marsh H, 1996. Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The flow state scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 18(1): 17-35. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.18.1.17

Krippendorff K, (2013. Content Analysis. An Introduction to Its Methodology, 3rd edn. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: SAGE. Retrieved from https://methods.sagepub.com/book/mono/content-analysis-4e/toc

Liu T, Csikszentmihalyi M, 2020. Flow among introverts and extroverts in solitary and social activities. Personality and Individual Differences 167: 10197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110197

Locke A, 2008. Managing agency for athletic performance: A discursive approach to the Zone. Qualitative Research in Psychology 5: 103-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780880701672414

Salanova M, Bakker A, Llorens S, 2006. Flow at work: Evidence for an upward spiral of personal and organizational resources. Journal of Happiness Studies 7: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-8854-8

Stuberg B, Magness S, 2017. Peak Performance. Emmaus, PA, USA: Rodale Wellness Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/Peak_Performance.html?id=i6KkDQAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y

Teddlie C, Tashakkori A, 2009. Foundations of Mixed Methods Research. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: SAGE. Retrieved from https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/foundations-of-mixed-methods-research/book252072

Vrooman K, Finley K, Nakamura J, Csikszentmihalyi M, 2022. Flow in the arts and humanities: On cultivating human complexity. In: Tay L, Pawelski JO, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Positive Humanities. Oxford Academic, pp. 210-221. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190064570.013.15

Yerkes R, 1907. The Dancing Mouse: A Study in Animal Behavior. New York, NY, USA: Macmillan. Retrieved from https://ia904709.us.archive.org/2/items/dancingmousestud00yerk/dancingmousestud00yerk.pdf

Yin R, 2009. Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 4th edn. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: SAGE. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjpe.30.1.108

Young J, Pain M, 1999. The zone: Evidence of a universal phenomenon for athletes across sports. Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology 1(3): 21-30. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=7c7d60e105c94062c11757990a8663dbc867b827




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v12i2.5819

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2025 Jeff Irvine, Kyra Kristensen-Irvine

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright © 2015 - 2026. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science (ISSN 2501 - 1235) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.


This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library (Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei). All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All authors who send their manuscripts to this journal and whose articles are published on this journal retain full copyright of their articles. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).