PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT IN YOUTH SPORTS: PERCEIVED AND DESIRED BEHAVIOUR BY CHILDREN

Gioacchino Mastrorilli, Gianpiero Greco

Abstract


Little is known about parent support and perceived pressures in sport. Therefore, we assessed the perceived and desired parental involvement by children and examined their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with any specific behaviour. By Parental Involvement in Sport Questionnaire (PISQ), discrepancy scores revealed that children reported excessive Active Involvement and Pressure, insufficient Praise and Understanding but satisfactory Directive Behaviour from their parents. Findings suggest that excessive parental involvement could be a source of pressure among children that would rather have greater parental participation characterized by praise and understanding. Thus, parents should be advised on how to support their children in a positive and non-invasive way, preventing burnout and dropout.

 

Article visualizations:

Hit counter


Keywords


pressure; praise; understanding; directive behaviour; dropout

Full Text:

PDF

References


Anderson, J. C., Funk, J. B., Elliott, R., & Smith, P. H. (2003). Parental support and pressure and children's extracurricular activities: Relationships with amount of involvement and affective experience of participation. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24(2), 241-257.

Atkins, M. R., Johnson, D. M., Force, E. C., & Petrie, T. A. (2015). Peers, parents, and coaches, oh my! the relation of the motivational climate to boys' intention to continue in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 170-180.

Babkes, M. L., & Weiss, M. R. (1999). Parental influence on children’s cognitive and affective responses to competitive soccer participation. Pediatric exercise science, 11(1), 44-62.

Bandura, A. (1999). A social cognitive theory of personality. In L. Pervin, & O. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality (2nd ed., pp. 154-196). New York: Guilford Publications.

Bloemhoff, H. J., Coetzee, B. A., & Raubenheimer, J. E. (2016). Parental involvement in school sport: perceptions of competitive rugby union players: school sport. African Journal for Physical Activity and Health Sciences, 22(32), 932-947.

Brustad, R. J., Babkes, M. L., & Smith, A. L. (2001). Youth in sport: Psychological considerations. In Singer, R., Hausenblas, H., Janelle, C. (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology. New York: Wiley; pp. 604 – 636.

Bunke, S., Apitzsch, E., & Bäckström, M. (2013). The impact of social influence on physical activity among adolescents–a longitudinal study. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(1), 86-95.

Byrne, T. (1993). Sport: it’s a family affair. In M. Lee (ed), Coaching Children in Sport (pp 39-47). London (UK): E. & F.N. Spon.

Cohen, J. (1992). A Power Primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-159.

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2011). Research Methods in Education (7th edition). Oxford, UK: Routledge.

Danioni, F., Barni, D., & Rosnati, R. (2017). Transmitting Sport Values: The Importance of Parental Involvement in Children’s Sport Activity. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 13(1), 75–92.

Donnelly, P. (1993). Problems associated with youth involvement in high-performance sport. In B. R. Cahill & A. J. Pearl (Eds.), Intensive participation in children’s sports (pp. 95-126). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Dorsch, T. E., Smith, A. L., & McDonough, M. H. (2015). Parent goals and verbal sideline behavior in organized youth sport. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 4, 19-35.

Dorsch, T. E., Smith, A. L., & Dotterer, A. M. (2016). Individual, relationship, and context factors associated with parent support and pressure in organized youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 23, 132-141.

Dorsch, T. E., Smith, A. L., & McDonough, M. H. (2009). Parents’ Perceptions of Child-to-Parent Socialization in Organized Youth Sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31, 444-468.

Dunn, C. R., Dorsch, T. E., King, M. Q., & Rothlisberger, K. J. (2016). The impact of family financial investment on perceived parent pressure and child enjoyment and commitment in organized youth sport. Family Relations, 65(2), 287–299.

Durand-Bush, N., Salmela, J. H., & Thompson, K. A. (2004). Le rôle joué par les parents dans le développement et le maintien de la performance athlétique experte. Staps, 2, 15-38.

Ede, S., Kamphoff, C.S., Mackey, T., & Mork Armentrout, S. (2012). Youth Hockey Athletes’ Perceptions of Parental Involvement: Thy Want More. Journal of Sport Behavior, 35(1), 3-18.

Edwardson, C. L., & Gorely, T. (2010). Activity-related parenting practices and children’s objectively measured physical activity. Pediatric exercise science, 22(1), 105-113.

Fredricks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2005). Family socialization, gender, and sport motivation and involvement. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 27, 3-31.

Fuemmeler, B. F., Anderson, C. B., & Mâsse, L. C. (2011). Parent-child relationship of directly measured physical activity. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8(1), 17.

Gagné, M., Ryan, R. M., & Bargmann, K. (2003). Autonomy and need satisfaction in the motivation and well-being of gymnasts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 372-390.

Giannitsopoulou, E., Kosmidou, E., & Zisi, V. (2010). Examination of parental involvement in Greek female athletes. Journal of Human Sport & Exercise, 5(2), 176-187.

Goldstein, J. D., & Iso‐Ahola, S. E. (2008). Determinants of Parents' Sideline‐Rage Emotions and Behaviors at Youth Soccer Games 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38(6), 1442-1462.

Gould, D., Cowburn, I., & Pierce, S. (2013). Sport parenting research: Current status, future directions and practical implications. U.S. Tennis Association White Paper report. Boca Raton, FL: U.S. Tennis Association.

Gould, D., Lauer, L., Rolo, C., Jannes, C., & Pennisi, N. (2008). The role of parents in tennis success: focus group interviews with junior coaches. The Sport Psychologist, 22, 18-37.

Heitzler, C. D., Martin, S. L., Duke, J., & Huhman, M. (2006). Correlates of physical activity in a national sample of children aged 9–13 years. Preventive medicine, 42(4), 254-260.

Hellstedt, J. C. (1990). Early adolescent perceptions of parental pressure in the sport environment. Journal of sport behavior, 13(3), 135.

Hollins, D. K. (2016). When Enough is Enough: The Impact of Parental Involvement in Children's Participation in Organized Sports. University Honors Theses. Paper 224.

Holt, N. L., Tamminen, K. A. Black, D. E., Sehn, Z. L., & Wall, M. P. (2008). Parental involvement in competitive youth sport settings. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 9, 663-685.

Horn, T. S., & Horn, J. L. (2007). Family influences on Children’s Sport and Physical Activity Participation, Behavior and Psychosocial Responses. In G. Tenenbaum and R.C. Eklund (Eds), Handbook of Sport Psychology, Third Edition (pp 685-711). Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons

Howard, D., & Madrigal, R. (1990). Who makes the decision: the parent or child? Journal of Leisure Research, 22, 244-258.

Hoyle, R. H., & Leff, S. S. (1997). The role of parental involvement in youth sport participation and performance. Adolescence, 32(125), 233-243.

Jago, R., Davison, K. K., Brockman, R., Page, A. S., Thompson, J. L., & Fox, K. R. (2011). Parenting styles, parenting practices, and physical activity in 10-to 11-year olds. Preventive medicine, 52(1), 44-47.

Jellineck, M., & Durant, S. (2004). Parents and sports: too much of a good thing? Contemporary Pediatrics, 21, 17-20.

Knight, C. J., Neely, K. C., & Holt, N. L. (2011). Parental behaviors in team sports: How do female athletes want parents to behave? Journal of applied sport psychology, 23(1), 76-92.

Lee, M. J., & MacLean, S. (1997). Sources of parental pressure among age group swimmers. European Journal of Physical Education, 2(2), 167-177.

Leff, S. S., & Hoyle, R. H. (1995). Young athletes' perceptions of parental support and pressure. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24, 187-203.

Lewis, M. A., & Butterfield, R. M. (2005). Antecedents and reactions to health-related social control. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(3), 416-427.

Lewthwaite, R., & Scanlan, T. K. (1989). Predictors of competitive trait anxiety in male youth sport participants. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 21, 221-229.

Marsh, A., Zavilla, S., Acuna, K., & Poczwardowski, A. (2015). Perception of purpose and parental involvement in competitive youth sport. Health Psychology Report, 3(1), 13-23.

McCullagh, P., Matzkanin, K., Shaw, S. D., & Maldonado, M. (1993). Motivation for participation in physical activity: a comparison of parent-child perceived competence and participation motives. Pediatric Exercise Science, 5, 224-233.

McElroy, M. (1982). Consequences of perceived parental pressure on the self-esteem of youth sport participants. American Corrective Therapy Journal, 36(6), 164-167.

Moore, L. L., Lombardi, D. A., White, M. J., Campbell, J. L., Oliveria, S. A., & Ellison, R. C. (1991). Influence of parents' physical activity levels on activity levels of young children. The Journal of pediatrics, 118(2), 215-219.

Müller, H., & Sternad, D. (2004). Decomposition of variability in the execution of goal-oriented tasks: three components of skill improvement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30(1), 212-233.

Ommundsen, Y., Roberts, G. C., Lemyre, P. N., & Miller, B. W. (2006). Parental and coach support or pressure on psychosocial outcomes of pediatric athletes in soccer. Clinical journal of sport medicine, 16(6), 522-526.

O'Rourke, D. J., Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Cumming, S. P. (2011). Trait anxiety in young athletes as a function of parental pressure and motivational climate: is parental pressure always harmful? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 23, 398-412.

Pulido, D. (2018). Parental Involvement in Grassroots Football: The Opinions of Parents and Their Children. Journal of Physical Education & Ealth, 7(11), 31-37.

Ryan, J. (1995). Little Girls in Pretty Boxes. New York: Warner Books.

Sacks, D. N., Tenenbaum, G. & Pargman, D. (2008). Providing sport psychology services to families. In DOSIL, J. (Ed.) The sport psychologist's handbook: a guide for sport-Specific performance enhancement. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Sánchez-Miguel, P. A., Leo, F. M., Sánchez-Oliva, D., Amado, D., & García-Calvo, T. (2013). The importance of parents’ behavior in their children’s enjoyment and amotivation in sports. Journal of Human Kinetics, 36(1), 169-177.

Scanlan, T. K., & Lewthwaite, R. (1986). Social psychological aspects of competition for male youth sport participants: predictors of enjoyment. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 25-35.

Spink, K. S., Strachan, S. M., & Odnokon, P. (2008). Parental physical activity as a moderator of the parental social influence–child physical activity relationship: A social control approach. Social Influence, 3(3), 189-201.

Stefansen, K., Smette, I., & Strandbu, A. (2016). Understanding the increase in parents’ involvement in organized youth sports. Sport, Education and Society, 23(2), 162-172,

Stein, G. L., Raedeke, T. D., & Glenn, S. D. (1999). Children's perceptions of parent sports involvement: It's not how much, but to what degree that's important. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22, 591-601.

Strandbu, Å., Stefansen, K., Smette, I., & Sandvik, M. R. (2019). Young people’s experiences of parental involvement in youth sport. Sport, Education and Society, 24(1), 66-77.

Torregrosa, M., Cruz, J., Sousa, C., Viladrich, C., Villamarín, F., Garcia-Mas, A., & Palou, P. (2007). La influencia de padres y madres en el compromiso deportivo de futbolistas jóvenes. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 39(2), 227-237.

Udry, E., Gould, D., Bridges, D., & Tuffey, S. (1997). People helping people? Examining the social ties of athletes coping with burnout and injury stress. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19(4), 368-395.

Ullrich-French, S., & Smith, A. L. (2006). Perceptions of relationships with parents and peers in youth sport: Independent and combined prediction of motivational outcomes. Psychology of sport and exercise, 7(2), 193-214.

Vincent, W., & Weir, J. P. (2012). Statistics in Kinesiology (4th Ed). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Wilson, K. S., Spink, K. S., & Whittaker, C. (2007). Parental response to lapses in child's physical activity: to control or not to control. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, S217.

Wuerth, S., Lee, M. J., & Alfermann, D. (2004). Parental involvement and athletes’ career in youth sport. Psychology of sport and Exercise, 5(1), 21-33.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejfnsm.v1i2.68

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2020 Gioacchino Mastrorilli, Gianpiero Greco

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright © 2020 - 2023. European Journal of Fitness, Nutrition and Sport Medicine Studies (ISSN 2668-9758, ISSN-l 2668-9758) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.

This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library. All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and standards formulated by Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002), the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing (2003) and Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities (2003) and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Copyrights of the published research works are retained by authors.