PRIMARY PREVENTION OF CANCER AND FINANCIAL SAVINGS ACHIEVABLE THANKS TO HEALTHIER POPULATIONS: ONLINE EDUCATIONAL AND INFORMATIVE RESOURCES / RISORSE EDUCATIVE ED INFORMATIVE IN RETE SULLA PREVENZIONE PRIMARIA DEI TUMORI E SUI RISPARMI CHE NE DERIVANO PER LA SANITÀ PUBBLICA
Abstract
This article presents online documents downloadable for free on the primary prevention of cancer, and on the financial savings achievable thanks to healthier populations. Among the main cancer risk factors are: tobacco and alcohol use, suboptimal diet, infections, and sedentary lifestyle. Many lower-income countries are transitioning toward the western lifestyle, thus converging toward the western cancer risk profile. Incidence rates differ impressively by country; for instance, the values for prostate cancer vary in a range between 6.3 and 83.4 cases per 100,000 men, with higher values observed in the transitioned countries. In people that drink and smoke heavily, a risk of larynx cancer 289.4 times higher than in the lowest consumers of both alcohol and tobacco has been observed. This combined exposure also results in a disproportionately increased risk for oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx and esophagus. Particulate matter, classified as carcinogenic, is generated, e.g. by traffic, industries, livestock operations and crop residue burning. Some documents deal with existing mitigation techniques that only require policies to make them attractive. Physical inactivity is a risk factor for many cancers. Worldwide, the annual cost of diseases attributable to physical inactivity is US$27 billion. In cycling commuters, the observed hazard ratios of cancer and cardiovascular disease incidence are respectively 0.55 and 0.54, which suggests the importance of policies favouring, e.g. cycle commuting to improve public health. The disabilities consequent to suboptimal diets are estimated to cost in healthcare more than $1200/year for every American, whereas a healthy diet implies annually a $550 higher cost per person. According to the authors, lowering the price of healthier foods should be a goal of policy efforts. Heavy taxes on tobacco products are the most effective strategy to discourage smoking. Some countries use the revenues generated from tobacco taxation to, e.g. improve healthcare for the poor, and promote sport activities for young people. The best results are achieved when healthy choices do not rely only on individuals, but are supported by the whole society: schools, mass media, food industry, healthcare providers and governments working together.
L’articolo presenta documenti scaricabili gratuitamente da internet sulla prevenzione dei tumori e sui benefici economici che ne derivano per il sistema sanitario. Tra i principali fattori di rischio troviamo: tabacco, alcool, dieta malsana, infezioni e sedentarietà. Molti paesi a basso reddito, passando allo stile di vita occidentale si assumono anche il profilo di rischio di tumori occidentale. I tassi di incidenza variano in maniera impressionante da un paese all’altro; ad esempio per il cancro della prostata variano tra 6,3 ed 83,4 casi su 100.000 uomini, con i valori più alti osservati nei paesi più ricchi. Nelle persone che consumano molto alcool e tabacco, era stato osservato un rischio di cancro alla laringe 289,4 volte più alto che in soggetti facenti poco uso di alcool e tabacco. Questa doppia esposizione porta anche uno sproporzionato aumento di rischio per: cavità orale, orofaringe, laringe ed esofago. Il particolato atmosferico, classificato come carcinogeno, è generato ad esempio da: traffico, industrie, attività zootecniche e combustione di residui agricoli. Alcuni documenti descrivono tecniche volte a mitigare questi problemi, che hanno solo bisogno di un supporto istituzionale che ne renda possibile l’attuazione. L'inattività fisica è un fattore di rischio per molti tumori. Nel mondo, il costo annuale delle malattie attribuibili alla sedentarietà è di 27 miliardi di dollari. Nei pendolari ciclisti, i tassi di rischio osservati per tumori e malattie cardiovascolari sono rispettivamente 0,55 e 0,54. Ciò suggerisce quanto sia importante per la salute pubblica una pianificazione che favorisca, ad esempio, gli spostamenti in bicicletta. Si stima che le disabilità conseguenti ad una dieta malsana costino in spese sanitarie più di 1.200 dollari l’anno per ogni americano. Seguire una dieta sana implica un costo maggiorato di 550 dollari. Secondo gli autori, eliminare gli ostacoli economici per una alimentazione più sana sarebbe utile. Alzare la tassazione sul tabacco è la strategia più efficace per scoraggiarne l’uso. Alcuni paesi usano i redditi generati da queste tasse per, ad esempio, migliorare l’assistenza sanitaria ai poveri e promuovere attività sportive per i giovani. I migliori risultati vengono raggiunti quando le scelte salutari dei cittadini sono supportate da tutta la società con scuola, mezzi di informazione, industria alimentare, operatori sanitari e governi che lavorano insieme.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejphs.v7i1.173
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