INTERACTIONS WITH POPULACES’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE POLICY FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS OF THE PM2.5 DUST TOXIC POLLUTION ON HEALTH AND THE IMPACT CONTAMINATION TO AFFECTED RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES

Prachayakul Tulachom, Jumnean Wongsrikaeo, Toansakul T. Santiboon, Gregory S. Alexander

Abstract


Science 2008, keep an eye on the Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) toxic dust situation including any chemical, physical, or biological agent mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in the air. It has affected the health of Thai people with over 10 million patients each period in a year. The Thai government needs to solve the problem of PM2.5 dust pollution at its sources seriously. The effects of global and climate change are affected to impact the threat to human health by human activities in short-middle-and long terms: Spiration System Affected, Lung Cancer, Carcinogenicity, Brain Threats, Heart Hazards diseases. Creative the Document Research Methodology data was reviewed, the Qualitative Research method data was interviewed and observed, and the independent and dependent variables were associated with 400 populaces who used to be sick with PM2.5 dust in 2023. Creating The 36-item Questionnaire on Populaces and PM2.5 Affected Interaction (QPPAI) in six scales; each scale consisted of 6 items in five options (Never-Always); and the 10-item Attitudes on Solving-Problem PM2.5 Toxic Dust (ASPTD). These instruments are valid and reliable. The participants’ responses reveal that they know how to protect themselves from PM2.5 dust and get support from the government (KPSG), they understand the effects of PM2.5 toxic dust, which can be inhaled deep into the respiratory tract and lungs (UETD), their receiving care from the government for being a patient with PM2.5 dust pollution (RCGP), most of the participants are understanding of effects of PM2.5 toxic dust (UETD), however, their awareness of news from the media or government organizations for groups at risk of danger from PM2.5 dust, receiving advice on care and treatment (AGAT), and this situation has in shock because they don’t yet understand the health effects of PM2.5 dust on the respiratory system and lungs (UHER), respectively. The results have found that the R2 value indicates that 61% of the variance in populaces’ perceptions of their attitudes to the government policies was attributable to their perceptions of the health effects of the PM2.5 toxic dust pollution in the air environment. They are supported significantly by government policies.

 

Article visualizations:

Hit counter


Keywords


PM25 toxic fine dust, global and climate changes, respiration system affected, populaces’ perceptions, independent and dependent variables associated

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adulyanon, S. (2023). In-deep health system. Manager of the Health Promotion Foundation (ThaiHealth). http://www.healthpromotionfoundation.org/

Air Quality Index (AQI). (2023). Air quality in Thailand. https://www.iqair.com/th-en/thailand?srsltid=AfmBOor9IQI-XsPGLlaVQjiEMnWlsIS-PQiTtb50QeY8rPDSzSxeuIkQ

Air Quality in Thailand. (2024). Air quality index (AQI) and PM2.5 air pollution in Thailand. Overview: How polluted is Thailand? April 26, 2024. https://www.iqair.com/th-en/thailand?srsltid=AfmBOoonR9EDyrHnTmx-nCdwZgCA2s-TEjZOGvHqMzf9mCGUYio_A6T2

Arporniem, P. (2023). The lessons learned from PM2.5 and the right to clean air. Foundation Office Thailand. https://www.kas.de/en/web/thailand/veranstaltungen/detail/-/content/the-lessons-learned-from-pm2-5-and-right-to-clean-air-1

Aretz, B., Janssen, F., Vonk, J. M., Heneka, M. T., Boezen, H. M., Doblhammer, G. (2021). Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter, lung function, and cognitive performance: A prospective Dutch cohort study on the underlying routes. Environmental Research, 201: 111533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111533

Bangkok Post. (2024). PM2.5 to spike in Bangkok. January 15, 2024. https://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/easy/2724382/pm2-5-to-spike-in-bangkok

Block, M. L., Calderón-Garcidueñas, L. (2009). Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease. Trends in Neurosciences, 32: 506-516.

Buakhamsri, T. (2023). Why doesn't the Thailand Air Quality Index tell us the current air quality? Greenpeace Thailand. October 1, 2019. https://www.greenpeace.org/thailand/story/9145/thai-aqi-accuracy/

Bumrungrad International Hospital, Thailand. (2024). The health risks of PM 2.5. A Joint Commission International (JCI) Accredited Hospital. January 03, 2024.

California Air Resource Board. (2022). Inhalable particulate matter and health (PM2.5 and PM10). Offices under the Umbrella of the California Environmental Protection. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/inhalable-particulate-matter-and-health

Chairakul, N. (2024). Siriraj Hospital reveals that Thais are getting more lung disease due to deteriorating air quality, Head of the Respiratory and Tuberculosis Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital.

Chanabawornsakul, W., Tuprakay, S., Premanoch, P., Ratcha, (2022). A Study of government measures and guidelines for managing the particulate matter PM2.5 pollution crisis in Thailand. Journal of the Association of Researchers, 27(3): July – September. https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jar/article/view/259514

Chatpattarasill, P. (2024). Heavy fine dust covers the historic Rattanakosin Island district of Bangkok on March 9th, 2024. Bangkok Post. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2524040/dust-above-safe-limits-in-north-northeast-greater-bangkok

Cipoli, Y. A., Furst, L., Feliciano, M., Alves, C. (2023). Respiratory deposition dose of PM2.5 and PM10 during night and day periods in an urban environment. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 16: 2269–2283. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11869-023-01405-1

Cleveland Clinic. (2024). Respiratory system: Body systems & organs. February 4, 2024. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21205-respiratory-system

Cowen, T. (2024). Thai people have a continuously increasing cancer rate and 70,000 people die from PM2.5 dust per year. Thai Health Promotion Foundation (ThaiHealth). March 24, 2024. https://resourcecenter.thaihealth.or.th/

Department of Health, the World Health Organization. (2021). Air: Environmental Quality. https://www.tn.gov/health/cedep/environmental/healthy-places/healthy-places/environmental-quality/eq/air.html

Department of Health and Aged Care, Australian Government. (2022). Respiratory system. Health Direct. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/respiratory-system

Dimitriou A., Christidou, V., Khallaf, M. (2021). Causes and consequences of air pollution, and environmental injustice as critical issues for science and environmental education. The Impact of Air Pollution on Health, Economy, Environment and Agricultural Sources, InTech, DOI:10.5772/17654

Dahms, H. U., Schizas, N. V., James, R. A., Wang, L., Hwang, J. S. (2018). Marine hydrothermal vents as templates for global change scenarios. Hydrobiologia, 818: 1–10. doi:10.1007/s10750-018-3598-8

Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics at the National Cancer Institute. (2022). Traffic-related outdoor air pollution: Studies of fine particulate matter and lung cancer. https://dceg.cancer.gov/research/what-we-study/traffic-related-outdoor-air-pollution

Frost, J. (2022). Reliability vs validity: Differences & examples. Statistics by Jim: Making Statistics Intuitive. August 17, 2022. https://statisticsbyjim.com/basics/reliability-vs-validity/

Griffiths, C. J., Mudway, I. S. (2018). Air pollution and cognition. British Medical Journal (BMJ: Clinical Research ed.), 363: Article k4904.

González-Maciel, A., Reynoso-Robles, R., Torres-Jardón, R., Mukherjee, P. S., Calderón-Garcidueñas, L. (2017). Combustion-derived nanoparticles in key brain target cells and organelles in young urbanites: Culprit hidden in plain sight in Alzheimer's disease development. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 59: 189-208.

Grossman, L. (2024). The air out there: Discover the health benefits of simply going outside. St. Mary’s Health System: Covenant Health. https://stmarysmaine.com/the-air-out-there-discover-the-health-benefits-of-simply-going-outside/

Guarnieri, M., J.R. Balmes, J. R. (2014). Outdoor air pollution and asthma. Lancet, 383: 1581-1592

Jones, R. R., Fisher, J. A., Hasheminassab, S., Kaufman, J. D., Freedman, N. D., Mary H Ward, M. H., Sioutas, C., Vermeulen, R., Hoek, G., Silverman, D. T. (2024). Outdoor ultrafine particulate matter and risk of lung cancer in Southern California. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,1(3): 307-315. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202305-0902OC.

Indoor Air Hygiene Institute. (2023). PM2.5 Explained. https://www.indoorairhygiene.org/pm2-5-explained/

International Organization for Standardization Logo. (2020). ISO cleanroom standard. https://www.clean-rooms.org/iso-cleanroom-standards/

Li, B., Ma, Y., Zhou, Y., Chai, E. (2023). Research progress of different components of PM2.5 and ischemic stroke. Scientific Reports, 13: 15965 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-43119-5

Lindholm, P., Lundgren, C. E. G. (2009). The physiology and pathophysiology of human breath-hold diving. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106 (1): 284–292. DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.90991.2008

Loaiza-Ceballos, M. C., Marín-Palma, D., Zapata, W., Hernández, J. C. (2022). Viral respiratory infections and air pollutants. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 15(1): 105–114. DOI: 10.1007/s11869-021-01088-6

Lutsey, P. L., Chen, N., M.C. Mirabelli, M. C., Lakshminarayan, K., D.S. Knopman, D. S., Vossel, K. A., Gottesman, R. F., Mosley, T. H., Alonso, A. (2018). Impaired lung function, lung disease, and risk of incident dementia. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine: DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201807-1220OC

Medgyesi, D. N., Fisher, J. A., Flory, A. R., Hayes, R. B., Thurston, G. D., Liao, L. M., Mary H Ward, M. H., Silverman, D. T., Rena R Jones, R. R. (2021). Evaluation of a commercial database to estimate residence histories in the Los Angeles ultra-fines study. Environmental Research, 197: 110986. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110986.

NASA Earth Exchange (NEX). (2023). Earth system modeling. https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-earth-exchange-nex/

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2023). Climate change. https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/

Online Reporter. (2024). World's worst smog chokes Northern Thailand. Bangkok Post. April 1, 2024. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2768803/worlds-worst-smog-chokes-northern-thailand

Poapongsakorn, N., Panthakuo, K., Rasakom, S. (2023). Challenges in tackling the PM2.5 crisis. Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI). April 11, 2023. https://translate.google.co.th/

Pollution Control Department. (2023). Regional weather reports. Air 4 Thai. September 24, 2023. http://air4thai.pcd.go.th/webV3/#/Home

Public Health Department of Thailand. (2023). Shocking: More than 31,081 Thais die from dust, which is also a cause of cancer. March 8, 2023. https://multimedia.anamai.moph.go.th/news/080366/

Public Relations Department. (2024). The government solves the PM2.5 dust problem by setting up legal punishment measures. Government News. February 2, 2024. https://www.prd.go.th/th/content/category/detail/id/39/iid/257365

Rajarathnam, U., A WHO Regional Representative for Southeast Asia. (2021). Where is Thailand going with the New WHO Air Quality Guidelines? An Online Conference, Bangkok, Thailand. October 22, 2021. https://www.hfocus.org/content/2021/10/23451

Rujirawat, M. (2024). PM2.5: The dust crisis in Thailand that affects health. Chulabhorn Research Institute. March 24, 2024. https://www.cri.or.th/th/articles-20240320/

Sehgal, M. (2021). Assessing the health effects of exposure to air pollution through survey-based study. The Energy and Resources Institute: Creative Innovative Solutions in a Sustainable Future. https://www.teriin.org/project/assessing-health-effects-exposure-air-pollution-through-survey-based-study

Srihawan, C. (2024). PM 2.5 is a tiny particle that has a huge negative (health) impact. Sub-Division of Infectious Diseases Medicine, Samitivej Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. https://www.samitivejhospitals.com/th/article/detail/

Sripiachai, P., Sunthorn Kongvarakhom, S. (2024). Dust above safe limits in North, Northeast, Greater Bangkok. Bangkok Post Online Reporters. March 9, 2024. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2524040/dust-above-safe-limits-in-north-northeast-greater-bangkok

Suraswadi, P. (2023). While causes or motivations of these forest fires are varied. Air Quality Noise Management Division, The Pollution Control Department (PCD). Media Dialogue Forum 4 of 2023.

Taber, K.S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48: 1273–1296.

Thailand Air Quality Data Attribution. (2023). Air quality in Thailand. Air Quality Index (AQI) Thailand. September 24, 2023. https://www.iqair.com/th-en/thailand

Thai PBS: Policy Watch. (2023). Statistics for 2023 show that Thailand's air quality is worse, ranked 36th in the world. March 19, 2023. https://policywatch.thaipbs.or.th/article/environment-21

Than Settakij News. (2024). PM 2.5 dust affects the health of 10.5 million Thais. March 4, 2024. https://www.thansettakij.com/health/health/590018

Thangavel, P., Park, D., Lee, Y, C. (2022). Recent insights into particulate matter (PM2.5)-mediated toxicity in humans: An Overview. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12): 7511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127511

The Government Public Relations Department. (2024). Thailand gives a major boost to reducing PM2.5 dust and promoting clean air. January 9, 2024. https://thailand.prd.go.th/en/content/category/detail/id/48/iid/248642

The National Air Quality Index (AQI) of the Purelogic Labs India Ltd. (2019). Here are the 10 Main causes of air pollution. https://www.aqi.in/blog/here-are-the-10-main-causes-of-air-pollution/

Thiwantha, D. (2023). Health benefits from air pollution control in Thailand. Deputy Director-General of the Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health. https://anamai.moph.go.th/en/executive-department-of-health

The Union of Concerned Scientists. (2020). Climate solutions: We need to act now. The Science Emergency Fund of the United States. https://www.ucsusa.org/climate/solutions

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2023). What is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change? United Nations: Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/what-is-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change

The U.S. Air Quality Index (AQI). (2019). Air Quality Index (AQI) basics. AirNow.gov - Home of the U.S. Air Quality Index. https://www.airnow.gov/aqi/aqi-basics/

The University of California Museum of Paleontology. (2024). Respiration: Understanding global change. https://ugc.berkeley.edu/background-content/respiration/

The World Health Organization. (2021). Air Quality Guidelines: Global Update 2005: Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Sulfur Dioxide. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8920460/

The World Health Organization. (2022). WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Particulate Matter PM2.5 and PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240034228

The World Health Organization. (2022). WHO air quality guidelines: Air quality and health in cities: A State of Global Air report. https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/WHO-Air-Quality-Guidelines?language=en_US

Nagarani, N., Kuppusamy, A., Velmurugan, K., Devi, J., Devi, C. A., Tiyapairat, Y. (2021). Public sector responses to sustainable haze management in Upper Northern Thailand. Environment Asia 5(2): 1-10.

Tanraksa, P. (2024). World's worst smog chokes Northern Thailand. Bangkok Post. April 1, 2024. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2768803/worlds-worst-smog-chokes-northern-thailand

Turner, C. (2006). A longitudinal study of methanol in the exhaled breath of 30 healthy volunteers using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS. Physiological Measurement, 27(7): 637–48. DOI:10.1088/0967-3334/27/7/007

United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2018). Climate change impact: Climate impacts on human health. City of Chicago. https://climatechange.chicago.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-human-health

United Nations. (2019). Causes and effects of climate change. https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change

United Nations. (2019). What Is Climate Change? United Nations: Climate Action. https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change

Weibel, E. R., Burri, P. H. (2018). The design of the respiratory system. The Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/human-respiratory-system

Winny, B. (2023). Understanding PM 2.5 air pollution and its impacts. Primo Care Medical. March 22, 2023. https://primocare.com/en/tag/air-pollution/

World Health Organization. (2024). Air pollution. https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1

World Heart Federation. (2024). Everyone is exposed to air pollution throughout their lives, no matter where they live in the world. its impacts are far-reaching – from causing and exacerbating ill health to loss of life. World Heart Report 2024. https://world-heart-federation.org/report2024/

World News. (2024). Thai government approves 225-million-USD scheme to tackle PM2.5 pollution. Vietnam Investment Review under the Ministry of Planning and Investment. September 26, 2024. https://vir.com.vn/thai-government-approves-225-million-usd-scheme-to-tackle-pm25-pollution-107421.html

World Wildlife Fund. (2020). Effect of climate change. https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/effects-of-climate-change

Xing, Y. F., Y.-H. Xu, Y. H., Shi, M. H., Lian, Y. X. (2016). The impact of PM2.5 on the human respiratory system. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 8: E69-E74

Yodwutthi, C, A Cardiologist at Bangkok Heart Hospital. (2023). How does PM2.5 air pollution potentially induce cardiovascular disease? https://www.bangkokhearthospital.com/content/how-pm2-5-air-pollution-potentially-induces-cardiovascular-disease

Yu, W., Xu, R., Ye, T., Abramson, M. J., Morawska, L. M., alaludin, B. (2024). Estimates of global mortality burden associated with short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2·5). Planetary Health, 8(3): e146-e155. March 2024. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(24)00003-2/




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejphs.v7i3.193

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Prachayakul Tulachom, Jumnean Wongsrikaeo, Toansakul T. Santiboon, Gregory S. Alexander

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright © 2019 - 2023. European Journal of Public Health Studies (ISSN 2668-1056/ISSN-L 2668-1056) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.

This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library. All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and standards formulated by Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002), the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing (2003) and Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities (2003) and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Copyrights of the published research works are retained by authors.