INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL AND ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION AS PREDICTORS OF BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY AMONG AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES IN DAVAO DEL NORTE, PHILIPPINES
Abstract
The primary aim of the study is to determine whether intellectual capital and entrepreneurial orientation are predictors of business sustainability. Utilizing a non-experimental, quantitative-descriptive correlation technique, data were obtained from 25 compliant agricultural cooperatives consisting of 807 accumulated employees in the Province of Davao del Norte. The researcher utilized a stratified random sampling technique and an online survey mode of data collection. The researcher also utilised the statistical tools mean, Pearson r, and regression analysis. From the results of the study, it was found that there is a very high level of intellectual capital, entrepreneurial orientation, and business sustainability. Additionally, there is a significant relationship between intellectual capital and business sustainability. Moreover, there is also a significant relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business sustainability. In addition, among the indicators of intellectual capital, structural capital and customer capital can significantly predict business sustainability. Further, among the indicators of entrepreneurial orientation, innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking, and competitive aggressiveness can significantly predict business sustainability. Finally, intellectual capital and entrepreneurial orientation can significantly predict business sustainability.
SDG Thrust: #8 Decent Work and Economic Growth; #11 Sustainable Cities and Communities
JEL: M10, L26, Q13, O34, C12, D23
Article visualizations:
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abbas, J., Banu, R. and Ugheoke, S. 2023. Literature Study on Entrepreneurial Orientation and Firms’ Performance: An Assessment and Suggestions for Future Research. International Journal of Research in Entrepreneurship & Business Studies, 4(1), pp.1–10. Retrieved August 15, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.47259/ijrebs.411
Ajates, R., 2020. Agricultural Cooperatives Remaining Competitive in a Globalised Food System: At What Cost to Members, the Cooperative Movement and Food Sustainability?. Organization, 27(2), pp.1-19. Retrieved August 16, 2023, from https://doi:10.1177/1350508419888900
Al-dujaili, M.A.A. 2012. Influence of Intellectual Capital in the Organizational Innovation. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 3(2), pp. 128-135. Retrieved August 08, 2023 from https://ijimt.org/papers/210-M659.pdf
Barney, J., 1991. Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1),pp.99-120. Retrieved August 08, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
Battisti, G. and Stoneman, P., 2019. Defining and Measuring the Innovativeness of Firms. Economic Statistics Centre of Excellence, pp. 1-54 Retrieved December 6, 2024, from https://escoe-website.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/14162118/ESCoE-DP-2019-19-v1.pdf
Beltramino, N.S., García-Perez-de-Lema, D. and Valdez-Juárez, L.E., 2020. The Structural Capital, the Innovation and the Performance of the Industrial SMES. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 21(6), pp.913-945. Retrieved December 06, 2024 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341132540_The_structural_capital_the_innovation_and_the_performance_of_the_industrial_SMES
Bouichou, E.H., Abdoulaye, T., Allali, K., Bouayad, A. and Fadlaoui, A., 2021. Entrepreneurial Intention among Rural Youth in Moroccan Agricultural Cooperatives: The Future of Rural Entrepreneurship. Sustainability, 13(16), pp.1-20. Retrieved December 05, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.3390/su1316924
Campbell, J.L., 2007. Why Would Corporations Behave in Socially Responsible Ways? An Institutional Theory of Corporate Social Responsibility. Academy of Management Review, [online] 32(3), pp.946–967. Retrieved May 12, 2022, from https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.25275684
Candemir, A., Duvaleix, S. and Latruffe, L., 2021. Agricultural Cooperatives and Farm Sustainability–A Literature Review. Journal of Economic Surveys, 35(4), pp.1118-1144. Retrieved November 19, 2023, from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joes.12417
Chawewong, K. and Naipinit, A., 2023. The Influence of Top Management Green Commitment and Green Intellectual Capital on Sustainable Business Performance of Thailand's Thrift and Credit Cooperatives. Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 11(3), pp.1047-1056. Retrieved November 20, 2023 doi: 10.5267/j.uscm.2023.4.017 from https://m.growingscience.com/uscm/Vol11/uscm_2023_76.pdf
Chen, R., Khan, N. and Zhang, S., 2022. Policy Evaluation of Demonstration Cooperative Construction: Evidence from Sichuan Province, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), pp.1-22, Retrieved August 16, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912259
Ciruela-Lorenzo, A.M., Del-Aguila-Obra, A.R., Padilla-Melendez, A. and Plaza-Angulo, J.J., 2020. Digitalization of Agri-Cooperatives in The Smart Agriculture Context. Proposal of a Digital Diagnosis Tool. Sustainability, 12(4), pp.1-15. Retrieved November 19, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041325
Dal Mas, F. 2019. The Relationship Between Intellectual Capital and Sustainability: An Analysis of Practitioner’s Thought. Intellectual Capital Management as a Driver of Sustainability, pp.11–24. Retrieved May 12 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-79051-0_2
Donkor, E., Ratinger, T. and Hejkrlik, J., 2023.The Awareness and Adoption of Environmentally Sustainable Practices by Agricultural Cooperative Members in Zambia. New Medit: Mediterranean Journal of Economics, Agriculture and Environment, 22(1), pp.67-84. Retrieved December 07, 2023 from doi:10.30682/nm2301e
Dou, W., Ji, Y., Reibstein, D. and Wu, W., 2018. Customer Capital, Financial Constraints, and Stock Returns. SSRN Electronic Journal, pp.1-61. Retrieved December 06, 2024 from doi:10.2139/ssrn.3187850
Giourka, P., Sanders, M.W.J.L., Angelakoglou, K., Pramangioulis, D., Nikolopoulos, N., Rakopoulos, D., Tryferidis, A. and Tzovaras, D., 2019.The Smart City Business Model Canvas—A Smart City Business Modeling Framework and Practical Tool, Energies, [online] 12(24), pp.1-17. Retrieved May 09, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.3390/en12244798
Kala, N., 2024. The Impacts of Managerial Autonomy on Firm Outcomes. Econometrica, 92(6), pp.1-69. Retrieved December 6, 2024, from https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/2e26e7b80865e1cfb65a3b98d7ce35e7-0050022022/original/The-Impact-of-Managerial-Autonomy-on-Firm.pdf
Lamm, A.J., Lamm, K.W., Trojan, S., Sanders, C.E. and Byrd, A.R., 2023. A Needs Assessment to Inform Research and Outreach Efforts for Sustainable Agricultural Practices and Food Production in The Western United States. Foods, 12(8), pp.1-13. Retrieved November 19, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12081630
Laurell, H., Karlsson, N.P.E., Lindgren, J., Andersson, S. and Svensson, G., 2018. Re-Testing and Validating a Triple Bottom Line Dominant Logic for Business Sustainability. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 30(3), pp.518–537. Retrieved May 09, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1108/meq-02-2018-0024
Liu, C.H., 2020. Creating Competitive Advantage Through Network Ties, Entrepreneurial Orientation and Intellectual Capital. Management Decision, 59(9), pp.2238-2263. Retrieved Marcg 29, 2024 from doi:10.1108/md-02-2020-0191
Liu, Z. and Pontius Jr, R.G., 2021. The Total Operating Characteristic from Stratified Random Sampling with an Application to Flood Mapping. Remote Sensing, 13(19), pp. 1-18. Retrieved December 18, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193922
Loan, N.T., Brahmi, M., Nuong, L.T., and Binh, L.T., 2023. Do Innovation and Proactiveness Impact the Business Performance of Women-Owned Small and Medium-Scale Enterprises in Vietnam? A Study Using the Pls-Sem Approach. Nurture, 17(3), pp.253-271. Retrieved August 21, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.55951/nurture.v17i3.314
Malik, S.Y., Cao, Y., Mughal, Y.H., Kundi, G.M., Mughal, M.H. and Ramayah, T., 2020. Pathways Towards Sustainability in Organizations: Empirical Evidence on the Role of Green Human Resource Management Practices and Green Intellectual Capital. Sustainability, 12(8), pp.1-24. Retrieved November 19, 2023 from doi:10.3390/su12083228
Massaro, M., Dumay, J., Garlatti, A. and Dal Mas, F., 2018. Practitioners’ Views on Intellectual Capital and Sustainability. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(2), pp.1-17. Retrieved April 09, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1108/jic-02-2017-0033
Mbu S.A. & Nso M.A., 2021. The Impact of a Health-Run on Remittances and Financial Inclusion. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 17(23), pp. 229-248. Retrieved December 18, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2021.v17n23p229
Muhaimin, A.W., Retnoningsih, D. and Pariasa, I.I., 2023. The Role of Women in Sustainable Agriculture Practices: Evidence from East Java, Indonesia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1153(1), pp.1-4. Retrieved November 19, 2023 from doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1153/1/012005
Munir, M., Prajawati, M.I. and Sagena, B., 2021. Strategies of Sustainable Cooperative Partnerships. International Journal of Financial Research, 12(3), pp.157-161.Retrieved April 08, 2024 from https://doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n3p157
Ndlovu, C. and Masuku, M.M., 2021. The Efficacy of Agricultural Cooperatives Towards Enhancing Food Security in Rural Areas: Mbombela Local Municipality, Mpumalanga Province, Technium Social Science Journal, 21, p.661-674. Retrieved November 19, 2023 from www.techniumscience.com
Nuevo, A.M., 2023. Green Practices Amidst the Covid-19 Pandemic Among Restaurants: Basis for an Enhancement Program. Journal of Social Responsibility, Tourism and Hospitality (JSRTH) ISSN 2799-1016, 3(01), pp.1-7. Retrieved August 06, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.55529/jsrth.31.1.7
Olajide, O. I., Omobolanle, A. O. and Ibrahim, O., 2022. Structural Capital and Performance of Selected Small-Scale Businesses in Alaba International, Lagos State. Lasu Journal of Management Sciences (LASUJMS), 8(1), pp.168-181. Retrieved December 6, 2024, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366673836_Structural_Capital
Olivencia- Carrion, M.A., Olivencia-Carrión, M.D., Fernández-Daza, M., Zabarain-Cogollo, S., Castro, G.P. and Jiménez-Torres, M.G., 2023. Anxiety Levels and Coping Strategies to Deal with Covid-19: A Cross-Cultural Study Among the Spanish and Latin American Healthcare Populations. Healthcare, 11(6), pp.1-15. Retrieved August 06, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060844
Opielka, M., 2022. The Concept of Social Sustainability and Its Challenges for the Sociology of Social Policy. Sozialpolitik. ch, (1/2022), pp.1-18. Retrieved December 6, 2024 from doi: 10.18753/2297-8224-191 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361066470_The_Concept_of_Social_Sustainability_and_its_Challenges_for_the_Sociology_of_Social_Policy
Orlu, K.N. and Rambe, P., 2022. The Significance of Market Power in the Financial Sustainability of Emerging Agricultural Cooperatives in the Central Free State of South Africa: A Resource-based View. Southern African Business Review, 26, pp.1- 21. Retrieved April 08, 2024 from https://doi.org/10.25159/1998-8125/10993
Paparon, J.F. and Lagura, G.B., 2022. Rehabilitation Program for Typhoon Pablo Victims: A Case of the Province of Davao del Norte. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 6(9), pp.359-369. Retrieved December 07, 2023, from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bcp/journl/v6y2022i9p359-369.html
Phonthanukitithaworn, C., Srisathan, W.A., Ketkaew, C., and Naruetharadhol, P., 2023. Sustainable Development Towards Openness SME Innovation: Taking Advantage of Intellectual Capital, Sustainable Initiatives, and Open Innovation. Sustainability, 15 (3), pp.1-24. Retrieved November 20, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032126
Regidor, L.B., Gador, M.E., Beneson, J.J. and Burlas, N.J.V., 2023. Influence Of Service Quality to Customer Satisfaction Among Catering Services in Tagum City. International Journal of Research Publications, 117(1), pp.246-259. Retrieved August 06, 2023 from https://ijrp.org/paper-detail/4424
Regidor, L.B., Salomon, E.M.P., Diagdal, R.P. and Cañete, R.M., 2022. Emergency Procedure Compliance of Small Lodging Establishments in Tagum City. International Journal of Research Publications, 113(1), pp.144-153. Retrieved August 06, 2023 from doi: 10.47119/IJRP10011311120214141
Richter, B. and Hanf, J.H., 2021. Cooperatives in the Wine Industry: Sustainable Management Practices and Digitalization. Sustainability, 13(10), pp.1-20. Retrieved November 19, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105543
Rodriguez, S. and McCorkle, W., 2020. On the Educational Rights of Undocumented Students: A Call to Expand Teachers’ Awareness of Policies Impacting Undocumented Students and Strategic Empathy. Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education, 122(12), pp.1–34. Retrieved May 17, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812012201203
Said, M.A., Hassan, F.U., Islam, M.S., Toriman, M.E.B., Rehim, A., Bashir, M.A., Raza, H.M.A. and Nawaz, R., 2024. Environmental Sustainability. In Global Challenges for the Environment and Climate Change, pp. 1-15. IGI Global. Retrieved December 6, 2024 from doi: 10.4018/979-8-3693-2845-3.ch001 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381812269_Environmental_Sustainability
Sikandar, M. S., Safdar, R., Yu, Y. and Gulzar, M. A., 2019. Managerial Empowerment and Firm Risk-taking. SAGE Open, 9(2), pp.1-13. Retrieved December 6, 2024 from doi: 10.1177/2158244019856963 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333778516_Managerial_Empowerment_and_Firm_Risk-Taking
Sofrankova, B., Kiselakova, D. and Onuferova, E., 2021. An Empirical View on the Determinants of Sustainable Economic Development: Evidence from EU (28) Member States. In SHS Web of Conferences 91(01008), pp. 1-13 EDP Sciences. Retrieved December 6, 2024 doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219101008 https://www.shsconferences.org/articles/shsconf/pdf/2021/02/shsconf_ies2020_01008.pdf
Sweetland, S.R., 1996.Human Capital Theory: Foundations of a Field of Inquiry, Review of Educational Research, 66(3), pp.341–359. Retrieved June 09, 2022 from https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543066003341
Tariah, M.U., Opara, B.C. and Hamilton-Ibama, L.E., 2023. Competitive Aggressiveness and Marketing Performance of Quoted Consumer Goods Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria. Journal of Contemporary Marketing, 8(1), pp.96-109. Retrieved December 6, 2024, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377965061_COMPETITIVE_AGGRESSIVENESS_AND_MARKETING_PERFORMANCE_OF_QUOTED_CONSUMER_GOODS_MANUFACTURING_COMPANIES_IN_NIGERIA
Tennakoon, W.D.N.M.S., Janadari, M.P.N. and Wattuhewa, I.D., 2024. Environmental Sustainability Practices: A Systematic Literature Review. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 8(3), pp. 1-18 Retrieved December 6, 2024 https://doi.org/10/29333/ejosdr/14604 from https://www.ejosdr.com/download/environmental-sustainability-practices-a-systematic-literature-review-14604.pdf
Trajkovska, S., Taneva-Veshoska, A., Trajkovski, S. and Ivanov, V., 2022. Sustainable Competitive Advantage through Embedding Intellectual Capital in the Business Plan and Strategy. In European Conference on Knowledge Management, 23(2), pp. 1186-1194. Retrieved April 10, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.34190/eckm.23.2.757
Yasir, M., 2022. Customer Capital and its Role on Promoting Entrepreneurial Marketing: The Case of Small and Medium Enterprises in Iraq (Master's thesis, İstanbul -Gelişim Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü) pp.1-102. Retrieved December 6, 2024, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371138828_CUSTOMER_CAPITAL_AND_ITS_ROLE_ON_PROMOTING_ENTREPRENEURIAL_MARKETING_THE_CASE_OF_SMALL_AND_MEDIUM_ENTERPRISES_IN_IRAQ
Yi, L., Khan, M.S. and Safeer, A.A., 2022. Firm Innovation Activities and Consumer Brand Loyalty: A Path to Business Sustainability in Asia. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, pp.1-19 doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.942048 Retrieved December 6, 2024, from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.942048/full
Ying, Q., Hassan, H. and Ahmad, H., 2019. The Role of a Manager’s Intangible Capabilities in Resource Acquisition and Sustainable Competitive Performance. Sustainability, 11(2), pp.1-20. Retrieved May 11, 2022, from https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020527
Zhang, H., Zhang, T., Cai, H., Li, Y., Wei Huang, W. and Xu, D., (2014). Proposing and Validating a Five-Dimensional Scale for Measuring Entrepreneurial Orientation. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 6(2), pp.102–121. Retrieved May 05, 2022 from https://doi.org/10.1108/jeee-03-2014-0004
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejefr.v9i1.1948
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jephte Cagas, Alicia N. Sulayon

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The research works published in this journal are free to be accessed. They can be shared (copied and redistributed in any medium or format) and\or adapted (remixed, transformed, and built upon the material for any purpose, commercially and\or not commercially) under the following terms: attribution (appropriate credit must be given indicating original authors, research work name and publication name mentioning if changes were made) and without adding additional restrictions (without restricting others from doing anything the actual license permits). Authors retain the full copyright of their published research works and cannot revoke these freedoms as long as the license terms are followed.
Copyright © 2016 - 2026. European Journal of Economic and Financial Research (ISSN 2501-9430) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.
This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library. All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and standards formulated by Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002), the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing (2003) and Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities (2003) and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Copyrights of the published research works are retained by authors.