THE IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL OF UN PEACEKEEPING, AND THE OFTEN-UNDERVALUED IMPORTANCE OF PEACE FOR GLOBAL HEALTH: ONLINE INFORMATIVE AND EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES

Aldo T. Marrocco

Abstract


The article presents documents on UN peacekeeping, with its success stories, such as the prevention of an armed conflict between countries before a possible aggression. But nowadays, the nature of conflicts has changed, with under-staffed and under-equipped UN peace contingents deployed to counter dangerous terrorists indistinguishable from civilians in areas where a peace agreement has not yet been reached. Sometimes, the Security Council is paralysed by vetoes, or its mandates are unclear. Under-financed UN peace missions face well-financed armed groups linked to organised crime that exploit natural resources such as oil or diamonds. UN peacekeeping has an important and impartial role in peace; some documents provide suggestions aimed at its improvement. Peace is also important for global health. Several papers presented in this article deal with the adverse effects of war on public health, consequent, e.g. to the discontinuation of control measures in belligerent countries. Or, when displaced populations are forced to hide in natural habitats, e.g. the equatorial forest, the increased contact with wild animals implies a higher risk that pathogens may jump from animals to humans. Poor hygiene practices in displacement camps amplify the risk of infections. In war-torn countries, the collapse of sanitary systems, surgery delivered in poor hygiene conditions, and the use of smuggled fake antibiotics may contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Epidemics and antibiotic-resistant organisms can then spread to other countries, e.g. through large-scale population movements and air travel. For global health, it is necessary that people arriving from war-torn countries immediately undergo health checks and receive the necessary medical care. However, the cessation of hostilities is of the utmost importance.

L'articolo presenta documenti sull’attività delle forze di pace dell’ONU ed i loro successi, tra cui la prevenzione di un conflitto armato tra nazioni prima di una possibile aggressione. Ma adesso il tipo di conflitti è cambiato; forze di pace insufficienti per numero ed equipaggiamento sono impiegate per contrastare pericolosi terroristi, indistinguibili dai civili ed in aree dove non è stato ancora raggiunto un accordo di pace. Il consiglio di sicurezza talvolta è bloccato da veti, o fornisce mandati non chiari. Talune missioni di pace sottofinanziate fronteggiano, ad esempio, gruppi armati legati alla criminalità organizzata che sfruttano risorse naturali come petrolio e diamanti. Le forze di pace dell’ONU, hanno un ruolo importante e imparziale, alcuni documenti forniscono suggerimenti volti a migliorarne il funzionamento. La pace è anche importante per la salute globale. Vari documenti presentati in questo articolo trattano degli effetti negativi della guerra sulla salute pubblica. Questi sono dovuti, ad esempio, all'interruzione delle attività sanitarie nei paesi belligeranti. Oppure, quando le persone sono costrette a rifugiarsi in habitat naturali, ad es. la foresta equatoriale, la vicinanza agli animali selvatici innalza il rischio che agenti patogeni possano passare da questi all'uomo. La scarsa igiene nei campi che accolgono gli sfollati amplifica il rischio di infezioni. In paesi devastati dalla guerra, il collasso dei sistemi sanitari, interventi chirurgici effettuati in condizioni igieniche precarie ed uso di antibiotici falsi di contrabbando possono contribuire allo sviluppo di infezioni e di resistenza agli antimicrobici. Epidemie ed organismi resistenti agli antibiotici possono poi diffondersi ad altri paesi, ad esempio attraverso movimenti di popolazione su larga scala e viaggi aerei. Per la salute globale è necessario che, chi arriva da paesi devastati dalla guerra, sia immediatamente sottoposto a controlli sanitari e riceva le cure mediche necessarie. Ma la cessazione delle ostilità rimane una priorità.

В статье представлены документы о миротворческой деятельности ООН с ее историями успеха, такими как предотвращение вооруженного конфликта между странами до возможной агрессии. Однако сегодня характер конфликтов изменился, и миротворческие контингенты ООН, не имеющие достаточного количества персонала и оснащения, направляются для борьбы с опасными террористами, неотличимыми от мирных жителей, в районы, где еще не достигнуто мирное соглашение. Иногда Совет Безопасности парализован вето или его мандаты неясны. Недостаточно финансируемые миротворческие миссии ООН сталкиваются с хорошо финансируемыми вооруженными группами, связанными с организованной преступностью, которые эксплуатируют природные ресурсы, такие как нефть или алмазы. Миротворчество ООН играет важную и беспристрастную роль в установлении мира; в некоторых документах содержатся предложения, направленные на его улучшение. Мир также важен для глобального здравоохранения. Несколько документов, представленных в этой статье, посвящены негативным последствиям войны для здоровья населения, вызванным, например, прекращением мер контроля в воюющих странах. Или, когда перемещенное население вынуждено скрываться в естественной среде обитания, например, в экваториальном лесу, повышенный контакт с дикими животными подразумевает более высокий риск того, что патогенные микроорганизмы могут перейти от животных к людям. Плохая гигиеническая практика в лагерях для перемещенных лиц повышает риск заражения. В странах, охваченных войной, разрушение санитарных систем, хирургические операции, проводимые в плохих санитарных условиях, и использование контрабандных поддельных антибиотиков могут способствовать развитию устойчивости к противомикробным препаратам. Эпидемии и устойчивые к антибиотикам организмы могут затем распространяться в другие страны, например, в результате масштабных перемещений населения и авиаперелетов. Для глобального здравоохранения необходимо, чтобы люди, прибывающие из охваченных войной стран, немедленно проходили медицинский осмотр и получали необходимую медицинскую помощь. Однако прекращение военных действий имеет первостепенное значение.

 

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online educational resources, preventive UN force deployment, impartial peacekeeping, global health / risorse educative online, dispiegamento preventivo delle forze ONU, mantenimento della pace imparziale, salute globale / образовательные онлайн-ресурсы..

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejpss.v8i1.1899

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