DO DAILY STEP COUNTS DURING THE PANDEMIC AFFECT THE BODY COMPOSITION AND MENTAL WELL-BEING OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS?

Nazlı Yanar, Melek Güler

Abstract


This study aims to determine whether the number of daily steps is effective in the body composition and mental well-being of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research group of the study consisted of 40 volunteer students studying at the Faculty of Sport Sciences by being randomly assigned to the experimental (n:20) and control (n:20) groups. The research is in the experimental model with a pre-test/post-test control group. As a data collection tool in the study, the 'Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale' was used to determine the personal information form and mental well-being. The obtained data were analysed in the Jamovi 1.8.2 statistical software program with a 95% reliability interval and 5% margin of error. In the analysis of the data, percentage (%), frequency (f), and mean (x̄) values were used in the descriptive data, Paired Samples t-test was used in the pre-test/post-test comparison, and Multinomial Regression analysis was used in the relational analysis. According to the findings of the study, 75% of the students in the experimental group and 70% of the students in the control group were in the normal weight class according to the body mass index classification. According to waist-hip ratio classification, 85% of the experimental group and 70% of the control group were in the group that did not have cardiovascular disease risk. After two months of application, the daily average number of steps of the experimental group (12.5751898.1) and the daily average number of steps of the control group were determined as (5381.272026.2). While there was a statistically significant difference in the pre-test/post-test body mass index averages of the experimental group who were asked to take at least 10,000 steps per day (p0.05), although there was an increase in the mean waist-hip ratio and mental well-being, there was no statistically significant difference (p0.05). It was determined that the step average had a statistically significant effect on the experimental group according to the body mass index classification (p0.05). As a result, while taking at least 10,000 steps per day was effective in the body mass index of the students, it was not so in the waist-hip ratio and mental well-being. In this context, physical activity, and especially walking, can be recommended at the point of protecting health.

Article visualizations:

Hit counter


Keywords


step counts, body composition, mental well-being

Full Text:

PDF

References


Akyol G, Başkan AH, Başkan AH, 2020. Yeni tip koronavirüs (Covid-19) döneminde spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin karantina zamanlarında yaptıkları etkinlikler ve sedanter bireylere önerileri. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(5), 190-203. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/asead/issue/54658/731843

Aristovnik A, Keržič D, Ravšelj D, Tomaževič N, Umek L, 2020. Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on life of higher education students: A global perspective. Sustainability. 12, 8438. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208438

Arslan E, Ercan S, 2020. Covid-19 pandemisi ve sosyal izolasyon sürecinde egzersizin önemi. Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 55(2), 188-191. DOI: 10.5152/tjsm.2020.190

Atakan MM, Aktitiz S, Kayhan M, 2021. COVID-19 versus physical inactivity–a self-reported questionnaire study. Spor Hekimligi Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine, 56(2). DOI: 10.47447/tjsm.0506

Aylaz R, Güllü E, Güneş G, 2011. Aerobik yürüme egzersizin depresif belirtilere etkisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 4 (4), 172-177. https://dspace.deu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/12345/4600.

Bailey BW, Bartholomew CL, Summerhays C, Deru L, Compton S, Tucker LA, LeCheminant JD, Hicks J, 2019. The Impact of Step Recommendations on Body Composition and Physical Activity Patterns in College Freshman Women: A Randomized Trial. Journal of Obesity, 1, 4036825, DOI: 10.1155/2019/4036825.

Barr AL, Young EH, Sandhu MS, 2018. Objective measurement of physical activity: improving the evidence base to address non-communicable diseases in Africa. BMJ global health, 3(5). DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001044.

Başkan AH, Kolukısa Ş, Dönmez KH, 2019. Yürüme Egzersizi Yapan Bireylerin Egzersiz Yapma Beklentilerinin Araştırılması. International Journal of Exercise Psychology, 1(1), 1-7. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/intjourexerpsyc/issue/51561/650714

Borazan H, 2015. Niğde Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulundaki öğrenim gören bayan öğrencilerin fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Niğde. https://hdl.handle.net/11480/6724

Bravata DM, Smith-Spangler C, Sundaram V, Gienger AL, Lin N, Lewis R. Stave CD, Olkin I, Sirard JR, 2007. Using pedometers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review. JAMA. 298(19), 2296-304. DOI: 10.1001/jama.298.19.2296.

Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM, 1985. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100: 126–131. PMID: 3920711; PMCID: PMC1424733.

Chaudhry U, Wahlich C, Fortescue R, Cook DG, Knightly R, Harris T, 2020. The effects of step-count monitoring interventions on physical activity: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based randomised controlled trials in adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 17, 129. DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-01020-8.

Chekroud SR, Gueorguieva R, Zheutlin AB, Paulus M, Krumholz HM, Krystal JH. et al, 2018. Association Between physical exercise and mental health in 1,2 million individuals in the USA between 2011 and 2015: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Psychiatry, 5(9):739–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30227-X

Chen P, Mao L, Nassis GP, Harmer P, Ainsworth BE, Li F, 2020. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): The need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. Journal of Sport and Health Science; 9 (2): 103-104. DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.001.

Chouchou F, Augustini M, Caderby T, Caron N, Turpin NA, Dalleau G, 2020. The importance of sleep and physical activity on well-being during COVID-19 lockdown: reunion island as a case study. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 77, 297–301. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.09.014.

Chwałczyńska A, Andrzejewski W, 2021. Changes in Body Mass and Composition of the Body as Well as Physical Activity and Time Spent in Front of the Monitor by Students of the University of Physical Education in Wrocław during the Period of COVID-19 Restrictions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 7801. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157801

Cihan E, Pirinççi CŞ, 2020. Covid-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Genç Popülasyonun Yaşam Kalitesinin Fiziksel Aktivite Seviyesi ve Depresyon Düzeyi ile İlişkisi. Selçuk Sağlık Dergisi, 1(Covid-19 Özel), 41-53.

Clarke KK, Freeland-Graves J, Klohe-Lehman DM, Milani TJ, Nuss HJ, Laffrey S, 2007. Promotion of physical activity in low-income mothers using pedometers. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 107(6), 962-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.03.010.

Crush EA, Frith E, Loprinzi PD, 2018. Experimental effects of acute exercise duration and exercise recovery on mood state. Journal of Affective Disorders, 229:282–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.092.

Çebi M, İmamoğlu O, 2018. Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Cinsiyete Göre Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları. Spor Eğitim Dergisi, 2(1), 12-20. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/seder/issue/35879/386145

Çelik F, Yenal TH, 2020. Covid-19 ve Hareketsiz Yaşam. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 249-259. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.804705

Dasso NA, 2018. How is exercise different from physical activity? A concept analysis. In Nursing forum. 54(1), 45-52. DOI: 10.1111/nuf.12296.

Deng CH, Wang JQ, Zhu LM, Liu HW, Guo Y, Peng XH, Xia W, 2020. Association of Web-Based Physical Education with Mental Health of College Students in Wuhan During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(10), e21301. DOI: 10.2196/21301.

DiFilippo KN, Huang WH, Andreade JE, 2015. The use of mobile apps to improve nutrition outcomes: a systematic literature review. Journal of Telemed Telecare, 21:243–253. DOI: 10.1177/1357633X15572203.

Ding D, Cheng M, del Pozo Cruz B, Lin T, Sun S, Zhang L, Yang Q, Ma Z, Wang J, Jia Y, Shi Y, 2021. How COVID-19 lockdown and reopening affected daily steps: evidence based on 164,630 person-days of prospectively collected data from Shanghai, China. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18, 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01106-x

Erdem R, Güvenç F, Kuh Z, 2020. Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışı Geliştirmede Dışsal Uyarıcıların Etkisine Dair Deneysel Bir Çalışma. SDÜ Sağlık Yönetimi Dergisi, 2(1), 42-51. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sdusyd/issue/58224/822025

Erhman JK, Kerrigan DJ, Keteyian S, 2017. (editörler). Advanced Exercise Physiology: Basic Concepts and applications. Human Kinetics.

Fleshner M, 2005. Physical activity and stress resistance: sympathetic nervous system adaptations prevent stress induced immuno suppression. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 33(3):120–6. DOI: 10.1097/00003677-20507000-00004.

Gall F, Sabella EA, Ferracuti S, De Giglio O, Caggiano G, Protano C, Napoli 2020. Sedentary behaviors and physical activity of Italian undergraduate students during lockdown at the time of Covid− 19 pandemic. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(17), 6171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176171

Ghebreyesus TA, 2020. WHO Director-General’s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19-11 March; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.whoint/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-atthe-media-briefing-on-covid-19–11-March-2020

Göçer HE, 2015. Fazla kilolu ve obez kadınlarda adımsayar ile egzersiz şiddetinin belirlenmesi ve izlenmesi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi. Denizli.

Greenwood BN, Fleshner M, 2011. Exercise, stress resistance, and central serotonergic systems. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 39 (3):140–9. DOI: 10.1097/JES.0b013e31821f7e45.

Greenwood BN, Kennedy S, Smith TP, et al, 2003.Voluntary free-wheel running selectively modulate scatecholamine content in peripheral tissues and c-Fos expression in the central sympathetic circuit following exposure to uncontrollable stress in rats. Neuroscience, 120 (1):269–81. DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00047-2.

Güner PD, Bölükbaşı H, Kokaçya SH, Yengil E, Özer C, 2018. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Öğrencilerinin Mobil Sağlık Uygulamalarını Kullanımı. Konuralp Medical Journal/Konuralp Tip Dergisi, 10(3). DOI: 10.18521/ktd.426863.

Hall G, Laddu DR, Phillips SA, Lavie CJ, Arena RA, 2020. A tale of two pandemics: how will COVID-19 and global trends in physical inactivity and sedentary behavior affect one another? Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 64, 108- 110, DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.005

Hamer M, Taylor A, Steptoe A, 2006. The effect of acute aerobic exercise on stress related blood Pressure responses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biological Psychology, 71(2):183–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.04.004.

Heffernan KS, Jae SY, 2020. Exercise as medicine for COVID-19: an ACE in the hole?. Medical Hypotheses. 142: 109835. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109835

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, et al, 2020. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 395, 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5

Hull JH, Loosemore M, Schwellnus M, 2020. Respiratory health in athletes: facing the COVID-19 challenge. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8(6), 557-558. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30175-2.

Hunter RF, Garcia L, de Sa TH, Zapata-Diomedi, B., Millett, C., Woodcock, J., & Moro, E. 2021. Effect of COVID-19 response policies on walking behavior in US cities. Nature communications, 12(1), 1-9. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23937-9.

Kang B, Moudon AV, Hurvitz PM, Saelens BE, 2017. Differences in behavior, time, location, and built environment between objectively measured utilitarian and recreational walking. Transportation Research Part A. 185–194. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2017.09.026.

Keldal G, 2015. Warwick-Edinburgh mental iyi oluş ölçeği’nin Türkçe formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 103-115.

Khosravi M, Sotoudeh G, Majdzadeh R, Nejati S, Darabi S, Raisi F, Esmaillzadeh A, Sorayani M, 2015. Healthy and Unhealthy Dietary Patterns Are Related to Depression: A Case-Control Study. Psychiatry Investig. 12(4):434-42. DOI: 10.4306/pi.2015.12.4.434.

Király O, Potenza MN, Stein DJ, King DL, Hodgins DC, Saunders JB, Griffiths MD, Gjoneska B, Billieux J, Brand M, Abbott MW, Chamberlain SR, Corazza O, Burkauskas J, Sales CMD, Montag C, Lochner C, Grünblatt E, Wegmann E, Martinotti G, Lee HK, Rumpf HJ, Castro-Calvo J, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Higuchi S, Menchon JM, Zohar J, Pellegrini L, Walitza S, Fineberg NA, Demetrovics Z, 2020. Preventing problematic internet use during the COVID-19 pandemic: Consensus guidance. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 100:152180. DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152180.

Kraus WE, Janz KF, Powell KE, Campbell WW, Jakicic JM, Troiano RP, Sprow K, Torres A, Piercy KL, 2019. Daily Step Counts for Measuring Physical Activity Exposure and Its Relation to Health. Medicine and Science in Sports & Exercise. 51(6), 1206-1212. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001932.

Lakicevic N, Moro T, Paoli A, Roklicer R, Trivic T, Cassar S, Drid P, 2020. Stay fit, don't quit: Geriatric Exercise Prescription in COVID-19 Pandemic. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 32, 1209-1210. DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01588-y.

Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT, 2012. Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet, 380 (9838):219–229. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9.

Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Kamada M, Bassett DR, Matthews CE, Buring JE, 2019. Association of Step Volume and Intensity with All-Cause Mortality in Older Women. JAMA Intern Med, 179:1105–1112. DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.0899.

López-Bueno R, Calatayud J, Ezzatvar Y, Casajús JA, Smith L, Andersen LL, López-Sánchez GF, 2020. Association between current physical activity and current perceived anxiety and mood in the initial phase of COVID-19 confinement. Front Psychiatry. 11, 729. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00729

Martinez-Ferran M, de la Guía-Galipienso F, Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, 2020. Metabolic impacts of confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic due to modified diet and physical activity habits. Nutrients, 12(6), 1549. DOI: 10.3390/nu12061549.

Mather AA, Cox BJ, Enns MW, Sareen J, 2009. Associations of obesity with psychiatric disorders and suicidal behaviors in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 66(4), 277–285. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.09.08.

Mattioli AV, Sciomer S, Cocchi C, Maffei S, Gallina S, 2020. Quarantine during COVID-19 outbreak: Changes in diet and physical activity increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 30(9), 1409-1417. DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.05.020.

Medicine American College of Sports. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription [e-book] Wolters Kluwer Health 10. Basım, 2018.

Miragall M, Domínguez-Rodríguez A, Navarro J, Cebolla A, Baños RM, 2018. Increasing physical activity through an internet-based motivational intervention supported by pedometers in a sample of sedentary students: A randomised controlled trial. Psychology & health, 33(4), 465-482. DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2017.1368511.

Nagovitsyn RS, Osipov AY, Ratmanskaya TI, Loginov DV, Prikhodov DS, 2021. The program for monitoring students' walking and running according to the system" 10,000 steps a day" during the spread of COVID-19. Supplementary Issue: Winter Conferences of Sports Science. Costa Blanca Sports Science Events, 22-23 March 2021. Alicante, Spain. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2021.16.Proc3.03

Öncen S, Aydın S, Molla E, 2020. COVID-19 Pandemisi Döneminde Sokağa Çıkma Sınırlaması Olan ve Olmayan İllerde Yaşayan Spor Bilimleri Öğrencilerinin Fiziksel Aktivite Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Electronic Turkish Studies, 739-749. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44627

Öner Ç, 2019. Egzersiz Katılımcılarının Temel Psikolojik İhtiyaçları ve Mental İyi Oluşlarının İncelenmesi. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 159-174. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/asbid/issue/51776/660776

Paramastri R, Pratama SA, Ho D, Purnamsari SD, Mohamed AZ, Galvin CJ, 2020. Use of mobile applications to improve nutrition behaviour: a systematic review. Computer Methods Programs in Biomedicine, 192:1054–1059. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105459

Peters S, MacMahon S, Woodward M, 2021. Obesity as a risk factor for COVID-19 mortality in women and men in the UK biobank: Comparisons with influenza/pneumonia and coronary heart disease. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 23(1), 258-262. DOI: 10.1111/dom.14199

Romero-Blanco C, Rodríguez-Almagro J, Onieva-Zafra MD, Parra-Fernández ML, Prado-Laguna MDC, Hernández-Martínez A, 2020. Physical activity and sedentary lifestyle in university students: changes during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6567. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186567.

Rooney BL, Gritt LR, Havens SJ, Mathiason MA, Clough EA, 2005. Growing healthy families: family use of pedometers to increase physical activity and slow the rate of obesity. Wisconsin Medical Journal, 104(5), 54-60. PMID: 16138517.

Rote AE, 2017. Physical activity intervention using Fitbits in an introductory college health course. Health Education Journal, 76, 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896916674505

Schmitt DA, Schaffar L, 1993. Confinement and immune function. In: Bonting SL, ed. Advances in space biology and medicine. London: Elsevier; 229–35.

Schwendinger F, Pocecco E, 2020. Schwendinger, F., & Pocecco, E. (2020). Counteracting physical inactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence-based recommendations for home-based exercise. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(11), 3909. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113909

Souza B, Tritany É, 2020. COVID-19: the importance of new technologies for physical activity as a public health strategy. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36. DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00054420.

Stubbs B, Vancampfort D, Firth J, Schuch FB, Hallgren M, Smith L, Gardner B, Kahl KG, Veronese N, Solmi M, Carvalho AF, Koyanagi A, 2018. Relationship between sedentary behavior and depression: A mediation analysis of influential factors across the lifespan among 42,469 people in low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Affective Disorder 229:231-238. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.104.

Sun S, Folarin AA, Ranjan Y, Rashid Z, Conde P, Stewart C, Cummins N, Matcham F, Dalla Costa G, Simblett S, Leocani L, Lamers F, Sørensen PS, Buron M, Zabalza A, Guerrero Pérez AI, Penninx BW, Siddi S, Haro JM, Myin-Germeys I, Rintala A, Wykes T, Narayan VA, Comi G, Hotopf M, Dobson RJ; RADAR-CNS Consortium, 2020. Using Smartphones and Wearable Devices to Monitor Behavioral Changes During COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Sep 25; 22(9):e19992. DOI: 10.2196/19992.

Şener OA, 2018. Mücadele Sporcularında Kişilik Özellikleri, Vücut İmajı ve Sürekli Kaygı. Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 9-17. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/besbid/issue/39074/468157

Tennant R, Hiller L, Fishwick R, Platt S, Joseph S, Weich S, Parkinson J, Secker J, Stewart-Brown S, 2007. The Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5(1), 50-63. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-63

Tison GH, Avram R, Kuhar P, Abreau S, Marcus GM, Pletcher MJ, Olgin JE, 2020. Worldwide effect of COVID-19 on physical activity: a descriptive study. Annals of internal medicine, 173(9), 767-770. doi: 10.7326/M20-2665.

Toresdahl BG, Asif IM, 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): considerations for the competitive athlete. Sports Health. 12(3):221–224. doi: 10.1177/1941738120918876.

Tudor-Locke C, Bassett DR, 2004. How many steps/day are enough?. Sports medicine, 34(1), 1-8. DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-8-79.

Ünal M, Bildik C, Apaydın Z, Caner ZG, Dağ A, 2020. Covid-19 Hastalığı ve Fiziksel İnaktivitasyon. Journal of Medical Sciences, 1(4), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.46629/JMS.2020.16

Wathelet M, Duhem S, Vaiva G, Baubet T, Habran E, Veerapa E, Debien C, Molenda S, Horn M, Grandgenèvre P, Notredame CE, D'Hondt F, 2020. Factors Associated with Mental Health Disorders Among University Students in France Confined During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA network open, 3(10), e2025591. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.25591

World Health Organisation, 2004. Promoting Mental Health; Concepts Emerging Evidence and Practice (Summary report). Geneva.

World Health Organization, Body mass index [document in the internet] avaible from; http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/nutrition/a-healthylifestyle/body-mass-index-bmi

World Health Organization, 2014. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/148114/?sequence=6

Yang C, Chen A, Chen Y, 2021. College students’ stress and health in the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of academic workload, separation from school, and fears of contagion. Plos One. 16(2), e0246676. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246676.

Yang Y, Koenigstorfer J, 2020. Determinants of physical activity maintenance during the Covid-19 pandemic: a focus on fitness apps. Translational behavioral medicine, 10(4), 835-842. DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibaa086.

Yıldız ME, Kara E, 2020. Akıllı mobil telefonlarda yüklü S Health adımsayar programı ile adım sayımının test edilmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(1). https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ataunibesyo/issue/53142/616000

Yuenyongchaiwat K, 2016. Effects of 10,000 steps a day on physical and mental health in overweight participants in a community setting: a preliminary study. Brazilian journal of physical therapy, 20(4), 367-373. DOI: 10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0160.

Zhang Y, Zhang H, Ma X, Di Q, 2020. Mental Health Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemics and the Mitigation Effects of Exercise: A Longitudinal Study of College Students in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3722. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103722.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v7i3.3967

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2021 Nazlı Yanar, Melek Güler

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright © 2015 - 2023. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science (ISSN 2501 - 1235) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.

This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library (Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei). All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All authors who send their manuscripts to this journal and whose articles are published on this journal retain full copyright of their articles. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).