ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION ACROSS LIBYA TO EUROPE: PATTERNS, CHALLENGES AND HUMAN RIGHTS IMPLICATIONS

Ahmed Hussin Abdelgadir Alsharif, Şevki Kiralp

Abstract


Illegal migration to Europe often takes place across the Mediterranean Sea or, in some cases, overland in the Italian boundaries and this has been the subject of international news. Many migrants are at risk of serious injury or death while travelling to Europe, and many who have not been granted asylum have also been forced to return to Africa. Libya is the biggest destination for illegal immigrants in Europe. As a result, many migrants have been arrested in Libya, and forced to remain in Libya while the conditions of detention centres remain substandard level. The poor migration-related conditions in detention centres and refugee camps have sparked international outrage. This study analyses the current situation of illegal migration of people from Libya to Europe and examines the migration of migrants who come to Libya to live in or move to Europe through Libya. This study provides compelling reasons why Libya has become a transit and refugee area and what regulations are in place to curb these conditions. The research employed both qualitative and quantitative methods, including interviews with migrants and statistical analysis of survey data. The results revealed significant challenges faced by migrants in detention centres, the impact of political instability on migration patterns, and the humanitarian implications of current policies. For best results, two methods were used to analyse these conditions: qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results and key findings were aggregated from interviews based on survey questions, and SPSS software was used for quantitative analysis, with the results described in percentages and frequency.

 

Article visualizations:

Hit counter


Keywords


illegal immigration, Libya, Europe, Mediterranean Sea, migration policy, human rights

Full Text:

PDF

References


Alba, R., & Nee, V. (2008). Why we still need a theory of mainstream assimilation. 60, 37-56. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292456900_Why_we_still_need_a_theory_of_mainstream_assimilation

Amnesty International. (2013). Scapegoats of fear: Rights of refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants abused in Libya. London: Amnesty International. Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde19/007/2013/en/

Barnett, M. N., & Finnemore, M. (1999). The politics, power, and pathologies of international organizations. International Organization, 53(4), 699-732. Retrieved from https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/politics-power-and-pathologies-of-international-organizations/8D7D4BACDF573D26E3A40682A6195F89

Barros, L., Lahlou, M., Escoffier, C., Pumares, P., & Ruspini, P. (2002). Immigration irreguliere subsaharienne a travers et vers le Maroc. Geneva: ILO. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242474563_L'immigration_irreguliere_Subsaharienne_a_travers_et_vers_le_Maroc

Bee Liller, X., & Van den Brock, K. (2011). Migration Policy Institute: Proximity, identity, income variability, and migration patterns.

Boubakri, H. (2004). Transit migration between Tunisia, Libya, and Sub-Saharan Africa: Study based on Greater Tunis. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228784893_Transit_Migration_between_Tunisia_Libya_and_Sub-Saharan_Africa_Study_Based_on_Greater_Tunis

Bredeloup, S., & Pliez, O. (2011). The Libyan migration corridor, EU-US immigration systems. Retrieved from https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/16213/EU-US%20Immigration%20Systems%202011%20-%2003.pdf

Castles, S., & Miller, M. J. (2009). The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world (4th ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved from https://www.libris.ro/the-age-of-migration-international-population-BRT9781462542895--p14609752.html

Coleman, D. (2006). Immigration and ethnic change in low fertility countries. Population and Development Review, 32(3), 401-446. Retrieved from https://u.demog.berkeley.edu/~jrw/Biblio/Eprints/%20A-C/coleman.2006_PDR_3rd.DT.pdf

Cuttitta, P. (2007). Segnali di confine. Il controllo dell'immigrazione nel mondo-frontiera. Milano: Mimesis. Retrieved from https://www.mimesisedizioni.it/libro/9788884835741

De Haas, H. (2010). The myth of invasion: The inconvenient realities of African migration to Europe. Third World Quarterly, 29(7), 1305-1322. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590802386435

De Haas, H. (2011). Irregular migration from West Africa to the Maghreb and the European Union: An overview of recent trends. Geneva: International Organization for Migration.

Dominguez, A. M., & Pitt-Rashid, T. (2012). International intervention and its humanitarian consequences in Libya and beyond: An unresolved issue. Retrieved from https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/international-intervention-and-its-humanitarian-consequence/

European Union Border Assistance Mission (EUBAM). (2017). Strategic review on EUBAM Libya, EUNAVFOR MED Op Sophia & EU liaison and planning cell. Retrieved from https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/news/2018/aug/eu-sophia-libya-overview-11471-18.pdf

Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, E. (2011). Invisible refugees: Protecting Sahrawis and Palestinians displaced by the 2011 Libyan uprising. International Journal of Refugee Law, 24(2), 263-293. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/media/invisible-refugees-protecting-sahrawis-and-palestinians-displaced-2011-libyan-uprising-elena

Geiger, M., & Pécoud, A. (2010). The politics of international migration management. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230294882

Human Rights Watch. (2006). Stemming the flow: Abuses against migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees (Vol. 18, No. 5[E]). Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/report/2006/09/12/stemming-flow/abuses-against-migrants-asylum-seekers-and-refugees

International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2018). World Migration Report 2018. Retrieved from https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2018

Karakali, S., & Cyanos, V. (2004). Wilde Schafsjagd in Aigais und die transnationalen 'mujahideen'. Springerin. Retrieved from https://www.springerin.at/2004/3/wilde-schafsjagd-in-aigais-und-die-transnationalen-mujahideen/

Lee, E. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3, 47-57. Retrieved from https://emigratecaportuguesa.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/1966-a-theory-of-migration.pdf

Mawinwaring, C. (2011). The migration crisis in Libya and the Mediterranean response.

Metzadra, S. (2004). I confini della liberta. Roma: DeriveApprodi.

Tazzioli, M. (2015). La politica a intermittenza della mobilita e il confine militare-umanitario nel Mediterraneo. Mare Nostrum oltre il mare. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/11620563/La_politica_a_intermittenza_della_mobilita_e_il_confine_militare_umanitario_nel_Mediterraneo_Mare_Nostrum_oltre_il_mare

UN Migration. (2019). Fatal Journeys Volume 4: Missing migrant children. Retrieved from https://publications.iom.int/books/fatal-journeys-volume-4-missing-migrant-children

UNHCR. (2018). Global trends: Forced displacement in 2017. Retrieved from https://migrantprotection.iom.int/en/resources/reports/global-trends-forced-displacement-2017#:~:text=Globally%2C%20the%20forcibly%20displaced%20population,again%20at%20a%20record%20high.

UNHCR. (2019). UNHCR update Libya - 14 June 2019. Retrieved from https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/69930

Urry, J. (2007). Mobilities. Cambridge: Polity. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/Mobilities.html?id=Oxdp7ss-aNkC&redir_esc=y

Wickramasekara, P. (2008). Globalisation, international labour migration, and the rights of migrant workers. Third World Quarterly, 29, 1247-1264. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248950043_Globalisation_International_Labour_Migration_and_the_Rights_of_Migrant_Workers

World Report. (2019). Human Rights Watch, Events of 2018 (pp. 10-55). ISBN-13: 978-1-60980-884-6. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejpss.v7i2.1863

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Ahmed Hussin Abdelgadir Alsharif, Şevki Kiralp

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

The research works published in this journal are free to be accessed. They can be shared (copied and redistributed in any medium or format) and\or adapted (remixed, transformed, and built upon the material for any purpose, commercially and\or not commercially) under the following terms: attribution (appropriate credit must be given indicating original authors, research work name and publication name mentioning if changes were made) and without adding additional restrictions (without restricting others from doing anything the actual license permits). Authors retain the full copyright of their published research works and cannot revoke these freedoms as long as the license terms are followed.

Copyright © 2017 - 2023. European Journal Of Political Science Studies (ISSN 2601-2766) is a registered trademark. All rights reserved.

This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library. All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and standards formulated by Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002), the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing (2003) and  Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities (2003) and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Copyrights of the published research works are retained by authors.