PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SPORT PLAYERS’ PERFORMANCE IN CHINA

Wu Ruoxi, Ahmad Albattat, Jacquline Tham

Abstract


Previous studies revealed that the factors that deal with the cognition of the athletes are the psychological factors, however, most essential psychological factors that lead to performance, and most of the findings are based on the relationship between one or very limited factors that are affecting athlete performance rather than considering a considerable number of psychological factors. Specifically, little attention has been given to the research aspect of sports in China, even though a large number of research are done in Western countries. The current study explores the relationship between emotion, spirituality, self-talk, self-efficacy, goal-orientation, intrinsic motivation, and sport players’ performance. A total of 308 respondents were used for data analysis through SPSS and structural equation modeling which showed that spirituality, goal-orientation, and self-talk positively influence performance and emotion negatively influences performance. Self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation non-significantly influence performance. Lastly, theoretical, and practical implications as well as limitations were discussed accordingly.

 

Article visualizations:

Hit counter


Keywords


emotion, spirituality, self-efficacy, goal-orientation, self-talk, intrinsic motivation, sport players’ performance

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abbott, A., & Collins, D. (2002). A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of a 'State of the Art' Talent Identification Model. High Ability Studies, 13 (2), 157-78.

Ames, C. (1992). Classrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation. Journal of Educational. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 261-71.

Ames, C., & Archer, J. (1988). Achievement goals in the classroom: Students’ learning strategies and motivation processes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80 (3), 260-7.

Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. Ramachaudran, Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press (pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press.

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.

Bandura, A. (1977a). Social Learning Theory, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice-Ha, NL: Englewood Cliffs.

Bartholomew, K., Ntoumanis, N., & Ntoumani, C. (2010). The Controlling Interpersonal Style in a Coaching Context: Development and Initial Validation of a Psychometric Scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 32 (2), 19-216.

Blanchard, C., Amiot, C., Perreault, S., & Vallerand, R. (2009). Cohesiveness, coach’s interpersonal style and psychological needs: Their effects on self-determination and athletes’ subjective well-being. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 545-551.

Burton, L., VanHeest, J., Rallis, S., & Reis, M. (2006). Going for Gold: Understanding talent development through the lived experiences of US female Olympians. Journal of Adult Development, 13, 124-36.

Cerin, E. (2003). Anxiety versus fundamental emotions as predictors of perceived functionality of pre-competitive emotional states, threat, and challenge in individual sports. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 223-38.

Cerin, E., Szabo, A., Hunt, N., & Williams, C. (2000). Temporal patterning of competitive emotions: A critical review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, 605-26.

CESSI, C. E. (2005). U.S. Agency for International Development. Retrieved 01 08, 2016, from U.S. Agency for International Development Web site: https://dec.usaid.gov/dec/content/Detail.aspx?ctID=ODVhZjk4NWQtM2YyMi00YjRmLTkxNjktZTcxMjM2NDBmY2Uy&rID=Mjg4ODA0

Che Xusheng, Lu Shanshan (2022). Research and progress on the relationship between perfectionism and sports performance. Bulletin of Sports Science and Technology Literature, 30 (06), 237-242.

Chen, G., Gully, S., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4, 2-83.

Chen, W., & Wong, Y. (2015). The Relationship Between Goal Orientation and Academic Achievement in Hong Kong: The Role of Context. Asia-Pacific Edu Res, 24 (169).

Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & and Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 386-96.

Coon, D. (1998). Introduction to psychology (8th ed.). USA: Books/Cole Publishing Company.

Coon, D., & Mitterer, J. (2016). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior. Boston: Cengage Learning.

Cucui, I., & Cucui, G. (2014). Motivation and its implications in sports performance (Note I). Civilization and Sport, 15 (1), 67−71.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1978). Intrinsic Rewards and Emergent Motivation in The Hidden Costs of Reward. In M. R. Lepper, & D. E. Greene (Eds.), New Perspectives on the Psychology of Human Motivation (pp. 205-16). NY: Hillsdale.

Dagrou, E., Gauvin, L., & Halliwell, W. (1992). Effets du langage positif, negatif, et neutre sur la performance motrice [Effects of positive, negative, and neutral self-talk on motor performance]. Canadian Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 145-7.

De Bossche, V., De Knop, P., Bottenburg, M., & Shibli, S. (2006). A conceptual framework for analysing sports policy factors leading to international sporting success. European Sport Management Quarterly, 6 (2), 185-215.

deCharms, R. (1968). Personal Causation. In The internal affective determinants of behavior. NY: Academic Press Inc.

Deci, E. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum.

Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (2002). Overview of self-determination theory: An organismic dialectical perspective. In E. Deci, R. Ryan, E. Deci, & R. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 3-33). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.

Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (2008). Self-Determination Theory: A Macrotheory of Human Motivation, Development, and Health. Canadian Psychology, 49 (3), 182-185.

Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (2000). Self-Determination theory and the facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55 (1), 68-78.

Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and self-Determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum Press.

Dillon, K., & Tiat, J. (2000). Spirituality and being in the zone in team sports: A relationship? Journal of Sport Behavior, 23 (2), 91-100.

Duda, J. (1992). Motivation in sport settings: a goal perspective approach, In G. Roberts, & G. Roberts (Ed.), Motivation in Sport and Exercise (pp. 57-9). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Eime, Young, Harvey, & Charity, P. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2-21.

Feltz, D., Short, S., & Sullivan, P. (2008). Self-efficacy in sport working with athletes, teams and coaches. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 3, 293-295.

Forrester, N. (2013). Good to great in elite athletes. Towards an understanding of why some athletes make the leap and others do not. PhD Dissertation. Kinesiology.

Fry, L. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14, 693-77.

Fry, L., & Nisiewicz, M. (2012). Maximizing the Triple Bottom Line through Spiritual Leadership. Redwood City: Stanford University Press.

Fry, L., Matherly, L., & Ouimet, R. (2010). The spiritual leadership balanced scorecard business model: The case of the Cordon-Bleu Tomasso Corporation. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 7, 283–314.

Gauri, P., & Cateora, P. (2009). International Marketing. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh Business School.

Georgakaki, S., & Karakasidou, E. (2017). The Effects of Motivational Self-Talk on Competitive Anxiety and Self-Compassion: A Brief Training Program among Competitive Swimmers. Psychology, 8, 677-699.

Greenleaf, C., Gould, D., & Dieffenbach, K. (2001). Factors Influencing Olympic Performance: Interviews with Atlanta and Nagano US Olympians. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 154-184.

Habibian, M., Roslan, S., Idris, K., & Othman, J. (2015). The Role of Psychological Factors in the Process of Reading. Journal of Education and Practice, 6 (29), 114-23.

Hanin, Y. (2000). Emotions in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Galanis, E., Zourbanos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2014). Self-talk and Competitive Sport Performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26 (1), 82-95.

Helminiak, D. (1996). A scientific spirituality: The interface of psychology and theology. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 6 (1), 1-19.

Hendricks, K. (2015). The sources of self-efficacy: Educational research and implications for music. Update: Applications of Research in Music Education Online, 1-21.

Iroegbu, M. (2015). Self-Efficacy and Work Performance: A Theoretical Framework of Albert Bandura's Model, Review of Findings, Implications and Directions for Future Research. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 4 (4), 170-3.

Johnson, M. (2011). Gold rush: What makes an Olympic champion? London, UK: HarperSport.

Jones, M., Lane, A., Bray, S., & Uphill, M. C. (2005). Development and Validation of the Sports Emotion Questionnaire. Journal of Sports & Exercise Psychology, 27, 407-31.

Jowett, S., & Felton, L. (2013). The Role of Psychological Factors in Recreational Sport Participation. Loughborough University. UK: Sports coach UK.

Kaida, l. A., Badaki, O., & Sanus, i. A. (2014). Sports and Conflict Prevention; the Way Forward for Global Peace. IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical Education (IOSR-JSPE), 1 (7), 18-21.

Kleingeld, A., & Mierlo, H. A. (2011). The effect of goal setting on group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 1289-304.

Lai, M., & Chen, Y. (2012). Self-Efficacy, Effort, Job Performance, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention: The Effect of Personal Characteristics on Organization Performance. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 3 (4), 387-91.

Latinjak, A., & Girona, U. (2012). The underlying structure of Emotions: A tri-dimensional model of core affect and emotion concepts for sports. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología del Ejercicio y el Deporte, 7 (1), 71-87.

Lazarus, R. (2000). How emotions influence performance in competitive sports. The SportPsychologist, 14, 229-252.

Li Danyang, Procedure, Que Yilin, Ni Lili (2021). The influence of limb asymmetry on motor performance and intervention measures. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, 55 (08), 94-100.

Lindner, J. (1998). Understanding employee motivation. Journal of Extension, 36 (3).

Macri, K. (2012). Student Pulse. Retrieved 04 01, 2016, from Student Pulse web site: http://www.studentpulse.com

Mateusz, Z., Jakub, P., Krzysztof, A., Paweł, B., & Zygmunt, K. (2014). The correlation between somatic parameters, motor abilities and level of technical and tactical skills in 13-year-old handball players from MOSIR Bochnia Sports Club. Journal of Health Sciences, 4 (3), 148-53.

Markland, D., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2008). Self-determination theory and motivational interviewing in exercise. (M. Hagger, & N. Chatzisarantis, Eds.) Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport, 87-100.

Miraglia, M., Cenciotti, R., Alessandri, G., & Borgogni, L. (2017). Translating self-efficacy in job performance over time: The role of job crafting, Human Performance. 30 (5), 254-271.

Moen, F. K., & Sandbakk, Ø. (2016). Associations Between Emotions and Performance in Cross-Country Skiing Competitions. Retrieved October 18, 2018, from The Sports Journal: http://thesportjournal.org/article/associations-between-emotions-and-performance-in-cross-country-skiing-competitions/

Parnabas, V., Mahamood, Y., & Parnabas, J. (2013). The Relationship between Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety on Performance of Student-Athletes of Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP). Sport and Art, 1 (3), 61-6.

Pensgaard, A., & Roberts, G. (2003). Achievement goal orientations and the use of coping strategies among Winter Olympians. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4, 101-16.

Pink, B. (2008). Defining Sport and Defining Sport and Conceptual Model. Australian Bureau of Statistics.

Roberts, G. C. (2007). Understanding the dynamics of motivation in sport and physical activity. In G. Tenenbaum, & R. Eklund, Handbook of sport psychology (pp. 3-30). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Ronkainen, N., Nesti, M., & Tikkanen, O. (2013, October 19). Spirituality in sport – athletes’ experiences and reflections. 2nd Czech Philosophy of Sport conference, pp. 1-9.

Ryan, M., Deci, E., & Grolnick, W. (1995). Autonomy, relatedness, and the self: Their relation to development and psychopathology. Development Psychopathology, 1, pp. 618-55.

Sarkar, M., Hill, D., & Parker, A. (2014). Working with religious and spiritual athletes: ethical considerations for sport psychologists. Psychol. Sport Exerc, 15, 580-587.

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2012). Research methods for business (5th ed.). New Delhi: Wiley India.

Schunk, D., & Usher, E. (2012). Social cognitive theory and motivation. In R. Ryan, The oxford handbook of human motivation (pp. 13-27). New York: Oxford university press.

Shahzadi, I., Javed, A., Pirzada, S., Nasreen, S., & Khanam, F. (2014). Impact of Employee Motivation on Employee Performance. European Journal of Business and Management, 6 (23), 159-166.

Sincero, S. (2012, February 12). Explorable.com. Retrieved January 23, 2017, from Explorable.com web site: https://explorable.com/how-does-stress-affect-performance

Stølen, T., Chamari, K., Castagna, C., & Wisløff, U. (2005). Physiology of soccer: an update. Sports Medicine, 35, 501-536.

Su, J., Lee, S., Tsai, S, & Lu, T. (2016). A comprehensive survey of the relationship between self-Efficacy and performance for the government auditors. SpringerPlus, 1-13.

Turner, M. (2015, March 13). Controlling Sports Performance. Blog Posts.

Turner, M., & Barker, J. (2014). What business can learn from Sports Psychology: 10 Lessons for Peak Professional Performance. Oakamoor, Staffordshire: Bennion Kearny.

UN. (1979). Records of the General Conference Twentieth Session Paris, 24 October to 28 November 1978. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Imprimerie des Presses Universitaires de France.

UNOSDP. (2003). Sports for development and peace: Towards Achieving the Millennium Development Goals. United Nations, Report from the United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace. United Nations.

Valle, A., Cabanach, R., & Nunez, J. (2003). Valle, A., R.G. Cabanach, J.C. Nunez, et al. (2003). “Multiple goals, motivation and academic learning,” British Journal of Educational Psychology 73, 71-87. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 71-87.

Vallerand, R. (2001). A hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sports and exercise. In G. Roberts (Ed.), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise (2nd ed., pp. 263-319). Champaign II: Human Kinetics.

Van Raalte, J. L., Brewer, B., Rivera, P. M., & Petitpas, A. J. (1994). The relationship between observable self-talk and competitive junior tennis players' match performances. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16, 400-15.

Van Raalte, J., Brewer, B. W., Lewis, B., Linder, D., Wildman, G., & Kozimor, J. (1995). Cork! The effects of positive and negative self-talk on dart throwing performance. Journal of Sport Behavior, 18, 50-7.

VandeWalle, D. (1997). Development and validation of a work domain goal orientation instrument. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 8, 995-1015.

Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Wang, L., Wang, Z.-X., Zhang, Q., Jebbouri, A., & Wong, P. P. W. (2022a). Consumers’ intention to visit green hotels – A goal-framing theory perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(8), 1837-1857.

Wang, L., Wong, P. P. W., & Elangkovan, N. A. (2020). The demographic impact of consumer green purchase intention toward green hotel selection in China. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 20(2), 210-222.

Wang, L., Zhang, Q., & Wong, P. P. W. (2022b). Purchase intention for green cars among Chinese millennials: Merging the value–attitude–behavior theory and theory of planned behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 786292.

Watson, N., & Nesti, M. (2005). The role of spirituality in sport psychology consulting: an analysis and integrative review of literature. Journal of applied sport psychology, 17 (3), 228-39.

Weinberg, R., Tenenbaum, G., McKenzie, A., Jackson, S., Anshel, M., Grove, R., et al. (2000). Motivation for Youth Participation in Sport and Physical Activity: Relationships to Culture, Self-Reported Activity Levels, and Gender. Int.}. Sport Psychol, 31, 321-46.

Weiss, H., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Research in organizational behavior: An annual series of analytical essays and critical reviews. In B. Staw, L. Cummings, H. Weiss, & R. Cropanzano (Eds.), Affective Events Theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. (Vol. 18, pp. 1-174). US: Elsevier Science, JAI Press.

Woodman, T., Davis, P., Hardy, L., Callow, N., Glasscock, I., & Yuill-Proctor, J. (2009). Emotions and Sport Performance: An Exploration of Happiness, Hope, and Anger. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31, 169-188.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejsss.v9i2.1555

Copyright (c) 2023 Wu Ruoxi, Ahmad Albattat, Jacquline Tham

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

The research works published in this journal are free to be accessed. They can be shared (copied and redistributed in any medium or format) and\or adapted (remixed, transformed, and built upon the material for any purpose, commercially and\or not commercially) under the following terms: attribution (appropriate credit must be given indicating original authors, research work name and publication name mentioning if changes were made) and without adding additional restrictions (without restricting others from doing anything the actual license permits). Authors retain the full copyright of their published research works and cannot revoke these freedoms as long as the license terms are followed.

Copyright © 2016 - 2023. European Journal Of Social Sciences Studies (ISSN 2501-8590) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.

This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library. All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and standards formulated by Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002), the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing (2003) and  Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities (2003) and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Copyrights of the published research works are retained by authors.


 

Hit counter