BREAKING THE SILENCE: A DICHOTOMY PREVALENCE AND PROTECTION CHALLENGES OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE IN ZAMBIA
Abstract
Article visualizations:
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Alampay, L. P., Garcia, M. A. R., & Mendoza, M. S. M. (2020). Sexual violence among Filipino adolescents: Prevalence, correlates, and associations with mental health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 101, 104338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104338
Akani, M., Imasiku, M., Paul, R., & Hazemba, A. (2015). Characteristics of Child Sexual Abuse in Zambia. Medical Journal of Zambia, 42(7). https://www.ajol.info/index.php/mjz/article/view/135597
Banda, T. (2023). Zambia’s Children’s Code Act Prohibits Child Abuse and Promotes Child Protection. World Vision. https://www.wvi.org/stories/zambia/zambias-childrens-code-act-prohibits-child-abuse-and-promotes-child-protection
Bastien, S., Kajula, L., & Muhwezi, W. (2011). A review of studies of parent-child communication about sexuality and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Reproductive Health, 8(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-8-25
Black, M. C., Basile, K. C., Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Walters, M. L., Merrick, M. T., & Stevens, M. R. (2011). National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 Summary Report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Bowman, C. G., & Brundgie, E. (2014). Child Sex Abuse within the Family in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Change in Current Legal and Mental Health Responses. Cornell International Law Journal, 47(2). https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cilj/vol47/iss2/1/
CamFed. (2011). Research on the Extent of Child Abuse in Zambian Schools. https://www.irishaid.ie/media/irishaid/allwebsitemedia/20newsandpublications/publicationpdfsenglish/research-on-the-extent-of-child-abuse-in-zambian-schools.pdf
Chilambe K, Mulubwa, C, & Zulu, J. M. (2023). Experiences of teachers and community-based health workers in addressing adolescents’ sexual reproductive health and rights problems in rural health systems: A case of the RISE project in Zambia. https://chwcentral.org/resources/experiences-of-teachers-and-community-based-health-workers-in-addressing-adolescents-sexual-reproductive-health-and-rights-problems-in-rural-health-systems-a-case-of-the-rise-project-in-zambia/
Chilensi - Sakala, S. (2012). Girl Child Sexual Abuse in Lusaka Urban. Journal of Law and Social Sciences. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.unza.zm%2Findex.php%2FJLSS%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F366%2F331%2F&psig=AOvVaw3x35eEp8EuHdlZiHhEmPTe&ust=1706930581177000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CAYQn5wMahcKEwjg5Njy2YuEAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQBA
Chilufya, L. (2019). Protection of Children’s Rights and Access to Child Justice in Zambia: An Enigma of the Principle of State Sovereignty. International Affairs and Global Strategy, 76. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.7176/IAGS
Chitundu, K., Mwape, L., & Kwaleyela, C. (2020). Community Attitudes towards Child Sexual Abuse: A Case of Chawama Lusaka, Zambia. Open Journal of Psychiatry, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpsych.2020.101004
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Deblinger, E., & Berliner, L. (2020). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children and families. Psychotherapy Research, 30(2), 129-142.
Collin-Vézina, D., De La Sablonnière-Griffin, M., Palmer, A. M., & Milne, L. (2017). Child sexual abuse prevention: A review of outcomes, risk and protective factors, and cultural considerations. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 26(1), 35-54.
Convention on the Rights of the Child. (1989). https://www.unhcr.org/uk/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Fuk%2Fsites%2Fuk%2Ffiles%2Flegacy-pdf%2F4d9474b49.pdf?version1693561037
Epstein, H., & Jewkes, R. (2009). The Myth of the Virgin Rape. 374(3699). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61858-4
Edoh-Torgah, N. A., & Matafwali, M. (2022). Counseling Sexually Abused Children: Lessons from Ghana and Zambia. Sexual Abuse: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 149. DOI:10.5772/intechopen.97413
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2014). Violence against children: an EU-wide survey. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Fang, X., Zou, X., Huang, L., Liao, Y., Fang, Q., Chan, K. L., & Ip, P. (2015). Child maltreatment, youth violence, and intimate partner violence: Developmental relationships. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49(3), 318–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.018
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L. (2015). Prevalence of childhood exposure to violence, crime, and abuse: Results from the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(8), 746-754.
Fulu, E., Miedema, S., Roselli, T., McCook, S., Chan, K.L., & Haardörfer, R. (2018). Pathways between childhood trauma, intimate partner violence, and harsh parenting: findings from the UN Multi-country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific. The Lancet Global Health, 6(7), e758-e768. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30227-
Frunza, R., McDaniel, B., & Santos, A. (2012). Prevalence and incidence of child sexual abuse in institutionalized children in Romania. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(3), 260-266.
Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2019). Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. The Lancet, 373(9657), 68-81.
Gibson, L. E., & Leitenberg, H. (2001). The impact of child sexual abuse and stigma on methods of coping with sexual assault among undergraduate women. Child abuse & neglect, 25(10), 1343-1361.
Gibbs A, Dunkle K, Ramsoomar L, et al. (2020). New learnings on drivers of men's physical and/or sexual violence against their female partners, and women's experiences of this, and the implications for prevention interventions. Glob Health Action.;13(1):1739845. doi:10.1080/16549716.2020.1739845
Isaksen, K. J., Musonda, P., & Sandoy, I. F. (2020). Parent-child communication about sexual issues in Zambia: A cross-sectional study of adolescent girls and their parents. 12. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-09218-y
Jewkes, R., & Morrell, R. (2012). Sexuality and the limits of agency among South African teenage women: Theorising femininities and their connections to HIV risk practises. Social science & medicine, 74(11), 1729-1737.
Jonson-Reid, M., Drake, B., Cobetto, C., & Ocampo, M. G. (2011). Substantiation and recidivism. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(10), 1949-1956.
Johnson, L. M., & Williams, K. D. (2018). Understanding the dynamics of child abuse reporting: A qualitative study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 42, 156-167.
Kilpatrick, D. G., Saunders, B. E., Amick-McMullan, A., Best, C. L., Veronen, L. J., & Resnick, H. S. (2007). Victim and crime factors associated with the development of crime-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy, 28(4), 507-533.
Lachman, P. I., Ximena, P., Peter, O. E., & Nyandiya-Bundy, S. (n.d.). Lessons from the South. In Challenges Facing Child Protection (26th ed., Vol. 2002). Child Abuse & Neglect. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237700243_Challenges_facing_child_protection_I_Overview-lessons_from_the_South
Lee, E. (2018). Zambia Policy Progress to End Violence Against Children. World Vision. https://www.wvi.org/publications/zambia/zambia-policy-progress-end-violence-against-children
Lema, N. (2022). What is Child Sexual Abuse? https://www.linkedin.com/posts/neema-lema-md-447809175_what-is-child-sexual-abuse-1-out-of-10-activity-6997982125421432832-BZBf
Madu, S. N., & Peltzer, K. (2000). Risk factors and child sexual abuse among secondary school students in the Northern Province (South Africa). Child abuse & neglect, 24(2), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(99)00128-3
Makasa, I., & Heathfield, L. J. (2018). A retrospective study of sexual offences in Zambia. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29306795/
Matafwali, M. (2016). The Nature of Counseling offered to Sexually Abused Children in Selected Victim Support Units in Lusaka District, Zambia, Masters Dissertation, University of Zambia. Retrieved from https://dspace.unza.zm/server/api/core/bitstreams/6f661f54-6ce5-4f03-ac6b-611086770b47/content
Matakala, L. (2012). The Legal and Practical Challenges of Addressing the Case of Child Sexual Abuse Through Zambia’s Informal and Traditional Justice System. Danish Institute for Human Rights. https://www.humanrights.dk/publications/legal-practical-challenges-addressing-case-child-sexual-abuse-through-zambias-informal
Mbambi, R. L. (2017). Crisis of the Girl Child’s Rights: Victims of Defilement and The Zambian Courts (University of Zambia). https://dspace.unza.zm/handle/123456789/5308
Meursing, K., Vos, T., Coutinho, O., Moyo, M., Mpofu, S., Oneko, O., Mundy, V., Dube, S., Mahlangu, T., & Sibindi, F. (1995). Child sexual abuse in Matabeleland, Zimbabwe. Social Science & Medicine, 41(12), 16931704. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00130-Y
Ministry of Community Development and Social Services. (2016) Assessment of case Management systems for improved access to Basic social services for vulnerable children and adolescents in Zambia, Lusaka: MCDSS https://www.unicef.org/zambia/sites/unicef.org.zambia/files/2020-01/UNICEF%20Case%20Management%20REPORT_0.pdf
Ministry of Community Development and Social Services (2021). National Child Policy 2015—2021 (NCP). https://www.mcdss.gov.zm/?page_id=2780
Ministry of Community Development and Social Services (2023). Child Safeguarding Policy. https://www.mcdss.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=102
Morrison, A., Ellsberg, M., & Bott, S. (2005). Addressing gender-based violence in Latin America and the Caribbean: a critical review of interventions. Retrieved from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/159411468774549266/pdf/wps3438.pdf
Murray, L. K., Haworth, A., & Semrau, K. (2006). Violence and Abuse Among HIV Infected Women and Their Children in Zambia: A Qualitative Study. Nerv Ment Dis, 194. https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.nmd.0000230662.01953.bc
Muzyamba, C. (2021). MeToo and Sexual Violence Among Women in Zambia. 34(6). https://doi.org/10.1177/10790632211051686
Mwape, M. (2022). A Review of Zambia’s National Child Policy Vis-A-Vis UNCRC Key Principles. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 10. https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2208362.pdf
Pereda, N., Guilera, G., Forns, M., & Gómez-Benito, J. (2009). The prevalence of child sexual abuse in community and student samples: A meta-analysis. Clinical psychology review, 29(4), 328-338.
Penal Code Act, Chapter 87 of the Law of Zambia (1930). https://www.parliament.gov.zm/sites/default/files/documents/acts/Penal%20Code%20Act.pdf
Radford, L., Corral, S., Bradley, C., Fisher, H. L., Bassett, C., Howat, N., ... & Collishaw, S. (2011). Child abuse and neglect in the UK today. London: NSPCC.
Sakala, S. C. (2012). Girl Child Sexual Abuse in Lusaka Urban. Journal of Law and Social Sciences, 1(1), 33-42.
Svedin, C. G., Priebe, G., & Ormstad, K. (2017). Prevalence of sexual, physical and emotional abuse in the Swedish population aged 15-74. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 45(7), 680-686
Smith, A. B., Jones, C. D., & Johnson, E. F. (2020). Trends in reported cases of child abuse: A retrospective analysis. Journal of Child Welfare, 15(2), 45-58
Talle, A. (1994). The Making of Female Fertility. Anthropological Perspectives on A Bodily Issue. 73(4). https://doi.org/10.3109/00016349409015763
The International Child Safeguarding Standards. (n.d.-a). Retrieved July 26, 2023, from https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2023-10/KCS-CS-Standards-ENG-200218.pdf
The International Child Safeguarding Standards. (n.d.-b). United Nations. Retrieved July 17, 2024, from https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/f53f19ef-c655-4d63-91e5 db4fee59ca3e_en?filename=KCS-CS-Standards-ENG-200218.pdf
UNICEF. (2020). Zambia Country Report: Child Protection. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/zambia/reports/child-protection
UNICEF. (2021). Child protection during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: A roadmap for action. United Nations Children's Fund.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). Child Abuse and Neglect. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/programs/prevention-and-wellness/child-abuse-and-neglect/index.html.
Walsh, K., Zwi, K., Woolfenden, S., & Shlonsky, A. (2010). School-based education programmes for the prevention of child sexual abuse. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1)
World Health Organization. (2021). Child sexual abuse. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-sexual-abuse
Zambia Law Development Commission. (2019). Review of the Penal Code: Special Provisions for Child Protection. Lusaka: Zambia Law Development Commission.
Zambia Law Development Commission. (2021). Evaluation of Legal Frameworks on Child Sexual Abuse. Lusaka: Zambia Law Development Commission.
Zambia Police Service. (2020). Annual Report on Criminal Justice and Child Protection. Lusaka: Zambia Police Service.
Zambia Statistics Agency. (2022). Trends in Population Size. Zambia Statistics Agency. https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejsss.v10i3.1819
Copyright (c) 2024 Marien Matafwali, Douglas, W. Rolls, Nyawa Msidi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The research works published in this journal are free to be accessed. They can be shared (copied and redistributed in any medium or format) and\or adapted (remixed, transformed, and built upon the material for any purpose, commercially and\or not commercially) under the following terms: attribution (appropriate credit must be given indicating original authors, research work name and publication name mentioning if changes were made) and without adding additional restrictions (without restricting others from doing anything the actual license permits). Authors retain the full copyright of their published research works and cannot revoke these freedoms as long as the license terms are followed.
Copyright © 2016 - 2023. European Journal Of Social Sciences Studies (ISSN 2501-8590) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.
This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library. All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and standards formulated by Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002), the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing (2003) and Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities (2003) and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Copyrights of the published research works are retained by authors.
