LE LINGALA À SEPT VOYELLES: IMPLICATIONS PHONOLOGIQUES ET NORMATIVES POUR L’ÉCRITURE
Abstract
Le lingala est généralement décrit comme une langue bantu à sept phonèmes vocaliques : /i, e, ɛ, a, u, o, ɔ/. Pourtant, son orthographe usuelle demeure largement fondée sur un système à cinq voyelles (<a, e, i, o, u>), excluant les graphèmes <ɛ> et <ɔ>. Cette divergence entre description phonologique et pratique graphique constitue un problème normatif majeur. Le présent article examine les fondements linguistiques, historiques et sociopolitiques de cette réduction orthographique. À partir d’une analyse phonologique et morphosyntaxique appuyée sur des données contextualisées, nous démontrons le caractère distinctif des oppositions /e/ ~ /ɛ/ et /o/ ~ /ɔ/ en lingala. En nous inscrivant dans la tradition descriptive des langues bantu de la zone C (classification de Malcolm Guthrie), nous soutenons que l’intégration officielle des sept voyelles constitue une nécessité scientifique et normative. L’argument technologique ayant historiquement freiné cette évolution est désormais caduc à l’ère du standard Unicode. L’article conclut par des propositions concrètes pour une standardisation orthographique cohérente en Républiquedémocratique du Congo.
Lingala is generally described as a Bantu language with seven vowel phonemes: /i, e, ɛ, a, u, o, ɔ/. However, its standard orthography remains largely based on a five-vowel system (<a, e, i, o, u>), excluding the graphemes <ɛ> and <ɔ>. This divergence between phonological description and orthographic practice constitutes a major normative problem. This article examines the linguistic, historical, and sociopolitical foundations of this orthographic reduction. Based on a phonological and morphosyntactic analysis supported by contextualized data, we demonstrate the distinctive nature of the oppositions /e/ ~ /ɛ/ and /o/ ~ /ɔ/ in Lingala. In line with the descriptive tradition of Zone C Bantu languages (Malcolm Guthrie’s classification), we argue that the official inclusion of the seven vowels is a scientific and normative necessity. The technological argument that historically hindered this development is now obsolete in the era of the Unicode standard. The article concludes with concrete proposals for consistent orthographic standardization in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejlll.v10i3.744
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