THE ROLE OF CRITICAL METALS IN THE ENERGY TRANSITION, THEIR SUBSTITUTION, REUSE AND DESIGN FOR RECYCLING: ONLINE INFORMATIVE AND EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES / I METALLI CRITICI NELLA TRANSIZIONE ENERGETICA, LA LORO SOSTITUZIONE, IL RIUSO DEI PRODOTTI, IL “DESIGN FOR RECYCLING”: RISORSE EDUCATIVE ED INFORMATIVE ONLINE
Abstract
The article presents informative and educational resources, downloadable for free on the internet. They deal with the mitigation of environmental, social, economic, and supply problems related to the increased demand for the so-called critical metals. These latter are more and more required for the technologies involved in energy transition, such as photovoltaic and wind turbines. But extraction and processing of these materials are often concentrated in a small number of countries, which intensifies the uncertainty of supply. In some cases, these critical metals can be recovered thanks to recycling, or can be substituted, or the whole process can be modified; often the products can be repaired and reused. These actions can mitigate the sharp increase in the demand for critical metals. Modern products are increasingly complex, with a large variety of different metals in close proximity to one another, which makes more difficult separating and recycling materials constituting an end-of-life product. This is particularly true for electric and electronic equipment, which also contains critical metals. Several documents quoted hereafter provide information about how to create products that at end-of-life are easy to dismantle, and the separation of materials for recycling is neither costly nor dangerous. This is the so-called design for recycling. The infinite growth required by our economic model implies production and consumption constantly increasing, which results in large energy and materials usage. This situation, intensified by the planned obsolescence of the products, contributes to the depletion of the limited resources of our planet, and to the social and environmental crisis that we are experiencing. Reuse and repair may extend the useful life of the products that we use, and decrease the consumption of new products and of materials utilised in their production, while reducing waste and creating jobs. Governments and the whole of society can help in this transition favouring the production of durable and repairable goods.
L’articolo presenta risorse informative ed educative sulla possibilità di attenuare i problemi economici e di fornitura connessi con l’aumentata richiesta dei cosiddetti metalli critici. Queste risorse sono scaricabili gratuitamente da internet. Questi metalli sono sempre più richiesti per le tecnologie coinvolte nella transizione energetica, usate ad esempio negli impianti fotovoltaici ed eolici. Ma l’estrazione e la lavorazione di questi metalli sono spesso concentrate in pochi paesi e ciò intensifica le incertezze sulla loro fornitura. In alcuni casi, questi metalli critici possono essere riciclati o possono essere sostituiti con altri materiali, oppure, l’intero processo può essere modificato. Altrimenti, i prodotti che usiamo correntemente possono essere riparati e riusati per prolungarne il periodo d’uso. Tutte queste azioni possono attenuare il rapido aumento della richiesta di questi materiali. I prodotti moderni sono sempre più complessi, e vi troviamo una grande varietà di metalli diversi molto vicini tra di loro; ciò rende più difficile separare e riciclare i materiali presenti nei prodotti arrivati alla fine del periodo d’uso. Ciò riguarda in particolare apparecchi elettrici ed elettronici, che pure contengono metalli critici. Molti documenti citati nell’articolo informano su come creare prodotti che, a fine vita, siano facili da smontare e dove la separazione dei materiali sia non costosa e non pericolosa. Questo è il cosiddetto “design for recycling”. La crescita continua richiesta dal nostro sistema economico implica produzione e consumi in continuo aumento; ciò comporta l’utilizzazione di grandi quantità di energia e materiali. Questa situazione, intensificata dalla obsolescenza programmata dei prodotti, contribuisce all’esaurimento delle limitate risorse del nostro pianeta, nonché alla crisi sociale ed ambientale che stiamo vivendo. Il riuso e la riparazione dei prodotti può prolungarne la durata e diminuire il consumo di nuovi prodotti e dei materiali usati nella loro produzione. Ciò contribuisce a ridurre la produzione di rifiuti e creare posti di lavoro. I governi e l’intera società possono facilitare questa transizione preferendo la produzione di beni durevoli e riparabili.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejae.v8i2.4847
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