THE EFFECT OF THE COLLABORATION OF REFLECTIVE NOTES WITH CALL ON EFL LEARNERS’ WRITING ACCURACY
Abstract
The aims of this mixed-method action research were: (1) to investigate the effect of feedback provided by MS word processor on EFL learners’ writing accuracy in the context of a university in Iran, (2) to explore whether taking reflective notes (henceforth. RNs) in collaboration with the word processor can modify the effect of such received feedback, and (3) to find out what the participants thought about each treatment. Two intact classes (Advanced Writing) were used, but the classes were randomly assigned to each treatment, called ‘CALL with RNs’ and ‘CALL without RNs’. There were 50 participants altogether who were B.A. English Translation majors. The Straightforward Quick Placement & Diagnostic Test was administered to ensure the participants were homogeneous. Each group received 10-sessions of treatment. Two samples of Task 2 of General Module of IELTS were used for the pretests and posttests. Each essay was scored independently by two raters. The final score consisted of the average score of the two raters. The findings revealed that the feedback provided by MS word processor improved the students’ writing accuracy significantly; however, the ‘CALL with RNs’ group outperformed the other one. To collect qualitative data, semi-structured interviews were conducted with each participant. Generally, the participants in both groups had positive attitudes towards receiving feedback by the word processor. Considering the RNs, the participants also had positive attitudes; nonetheless, there were a few students who didn’t like RNs technique, not because they found it useless, but mainly because of their individual differences.
Article visualizations:
Keywords
References
Abbott, J, 2000. “Blinking out” and “having the touch”: Two fifth-grade boys talk about flow experiences in writing. Written Communication, 17(1): 53–92. doi: 10.1177/0741088300017001003
Alijani, A, & Barjesteh, H, 2016. The impact of collaborative reflective journals on writing fluency of Iranian EFL learners. International Journal of Modern Language Teaching and Learning, 1(2): 44-53. Retrieved from ijmltl.com/fulltext/paper-18062016161042.pdf
Amrhein, H, R, & Nassaji, H, 2010. Written corrective feedback: What do students and teachers prefer and why? Canadian Association of Applied Linguistics, 13(2): 95–127. Retrieved from files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ944129.pdf
Andrade, M, S., & Evans, N, W, 2013. Principles and practices for response to second language writing: Developing self-regulated learners, New York, NY, Routledge.
Barrass, R, 1995. Students must write: a guide to better writing in coursework and examinations, London, Routledge.
Barkaoui, K, 2007. Teaching writing to second language learners: Insights from theory and research, TESL Reporter 40(1): 35-48.
Barzegar, K, Fattahi Bafghil, A, & Allami, H, 2011. Effect of Microsoft word-based computer assisted instruction method on general proficiency of Iranian medical students. Education Research Journal, 1(6): 105-112. www.ssu.ac.ir/.../Effect_of_Microsoft_Word-Based_Computer_Assisted.pdf
Berg, B, L, 2007. Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (4th ed.). Boston, MA, Allyn & Bacon.
Bernhardt, S, A, Wojahn, P, & Edwards, P, 1989. Teaching college composition with computers: A program evaluation study. Written Communication, 6(1): 108-133, doi: 10.1177/0741088389006001007
Bitchener, J, 2008. Evidence in support of written corrective feedback. Journal of Second Language Writing, 17(2): 102–118, doi: 10.1016/j.jslw.2007.11.004
Bitchener, J, & Knoch, U, 2008. The value of written corrective feedback for migrant and international students. Language Teaching Research, 12(3): 409–431, doi: 10.1177/1362168808089924
Bitchener, J, & Knoch, U, 2010a. The contribution of written corrective feedback to language development: A ten month investigation. Applied Linguistics, 31(2): 193–214, doi: 10.1093/applin/amp016
Bitchener, J, & Knoch, U, 2010b. Raising the linguistic accuracy level of advanced L2 writers with written corrective feedback. Journal of Second Language Writing, 19(4): 207–217, doi: 10.1016/j.jslw.2010.10.002
Blake, R, 2000. Computer mediated communication: A window on L2 Spanish interlanguage. Language Learning and Technology, 41(1): 120-136. llt.msu.edu/vol4num1/blake
Brockbank, A, & McGill, I, 1998. Facilitating reflective learning in higher education. London, Society for Research into Higher Education, Ltd.
Callele, M, F, 2008. An investigation of formative and summative portfolio assessment methods, Master’s thesis, http://library2.usask.ca/theses/available/etd-04252008.../ETD_PDF_080430.pdf
Chapelle, C, A, 2001. Innovative language learning: Achieving the vision. ReCALL, 13(01): 3-14, doi: 10.1017/S0958344001000210
Chapelle, C, A, 2005. Interactionist SLA theory in CALL research. In J. L. Egbert, & G. M. Petrie (Eds.) CALL research perspectives (pp. 53-64). Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Chatel, R, G, 2002. New technology, new literacy: Creating a bridge for English language learners. The New English and Reading Association Journal, 38(3): 45-49. www.gwinnett.k12.ga.us/HopkinsES/Alfonso.../computers_bridge_for_ELLs.pdf
Chau, J, & Cheng, G, 2012. Developing Chinese students’ reflective second language learning skills in higher education. The Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, 2(1): 15-32. www.jltl.org/index.php/jltl/article/download/54/21
Cheng, Y, S, 2004. EFL students’ writing anxiety: Sources and Implications. English Teaching & Learning, 29(2): 41−62. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ys_Cheng2/publication/306392321_EFL_Students%27_Writing_Anxiety_Sources_and_Implications/links/57bc5bc508ae51eef1f61d8c/EFL-Students-Writing-Anxiety-Sources-and-Implications.pdf
Cheng, Y, S, Horwitz, E, K., & Schallert, D, L, 1999. Language anxiety: Differentiating writing and speaking components. Language Learning, 49(3): 417−446, doi: 10.1111/0023-8333.00095
Choi, S, 2013. Language anxiety in second language writing: Is it really a stumbling block? Second Language Studies, 31(2): 1-42. www.hawaii.edu/sls/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Choi-Sujeong.pdf
Cohen, A, M, Ritter, F, E, & Haynes, S, R, 2007. Using reflective learning to master opponent strategy in competitive environments. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Cognitive Modeling, 157-162. Oxford, UK: Taylor & Francis/Psychology Press. http://acs.ist.psu.edu/papers/cohenRH07.pdf
Corpuz, V, A, F, S, 2011. Error correction in second language writing: Teachers’ beliefs, practices, and students’ preferences, Master’s Thesis, Queensland University of Technology. eprints.qut.edu.au/49160/1/Victor_Corpuz_Thesis.pdf
Darus, S, Ismail, K, M, & Ismail, M, B, 2008. Effects of word processing on Arab postgraduate students’ essays in EFL. European Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2): 77-91. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235772391_Effects_of_word_processing_on_Arab_postgraduate_students%27_essays_in_EFL
Dörnyei, Z, 2005. The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Manwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Dornyei, Z, & Csizer, K, 1998. Ten commandments for motivating language learners: Results of an empirical study. Language Teaching Research, 2(3): 203-229, doi: 10.1191/136216898668159830
Duppenthaler, P, 2004. Journal writing and the question of transfer of skills to other types of writing. JALT Journal, 26: 171-188. http://jaltpublications.org/archive/jj/2004b/art3.pdf - Japan
Egbert, J, L, 2003. A study of flow theory in the foreign language classroom. Modern Language Journal, 87(4): 499-518, doi: 10.1111/1540-4781.00204
Egbert, J, L, 2005. Flow as a Model for CALL Research. In J. L. Egbert, & G. M. Petrie (Eds.) CALL research perspective (pp. 129-140). Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
El-Ghamry, M, A, H, 2015. Integrating reflective learning into TEFL at the secondary stage in KSA. Humanising Language Teaching, 17(1): (Online Article). www.hltmag.co.uk/feb15/sart03.htm
Ellis, R, 1999. Learning a second language through interaction. Amsterdam, John Benjamins.
Ellis, R, 2009. A typology of written corrective feedback types. ELT Journal, 63(2): 97-107, doi: 10.1093/elt/ccn023
Ellis, R, Loewen, S, & Erlam, R, 2006. Implicit and explicit corrective feedback and the acquisition of L2 grammar. Studies in Second Language, 28(2): 339-368, doi: 10.1017/S0272263106060141
Ellis, R, Sheen, Y, Murakami, M, & Takashima, H, 2008. The effects of focused and unfocused written corrective feedback in an English as a foreign language context. System, 36(3): 353–371, doi: 10.1016/j.system.2008.02.001
Evans, N, W, Hartshorn, K, J, McCollum, R, M, & Wolfersberger, M, 2010. Contextualizing corrective feedback in second language writing pedagogy. Language Teaching Research 14(4): 445–463, doi: 10.1177/1362168810375367
Faigley, L, Daly, J, & Witte, S, 1981. The role of writing apprehension in writing performance and competence. Journal of Educational Research, 75(1): 16–21, doi: 10.1080/00220671.1981.10885348
Farrell, T, 1998. Reflective teaching. Forum, 36(4): 10-17. http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/usia/E-USIA/forum/vols/vol36/no4/p10.htm
Fazio, L, L, 2001. The effect of corrections and commentaries on the journal writing accuracy of minority- and majority-language students. Journal of Second Language Writing, 10(4): 235-249, doi: 10.1016/S1060-3743(01)00042-X
Ferris, D, R, 1999. The case for grammar correction in L2 writing classes: A response to Truscott (1996). Journal of Second Language Writing, 8(1): 1–10, doi: 10.1016/S1060-3743(99)80110-6
Ferris, D, R, 2010. Second language writing research and written corrective feedback in SLA. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 32(2): 181–201, doi: 10.1017/S0272263109990490
Ferris, D, R, & Roberts, B, 2001. Error feedback in L2 writing classes: How explicit does it need to be? Journal of Second Language Writing, 10(3): 161-184, doi: 10.1016/S1060-3743(01)00039-X
Field, A, 2013. Discovering statistics using SPSS. (4th ed.). London: Sage.
Gardner, R, C, 1988. The Socio-educational Model of Second-language Learning: Assumptions, Findings, and Issues. Language Learning, 38(1): 101-126, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1988.tb00403.x
Ghanbari, N, Shamsoddini, M, R, & Radmehr, A, 2015. The effect of CALL on vocabulary learning and reading comprehension of Iranian EFL learners. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME),5(4): 95-103. http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jrme/papers/Vol-5%20Issue-4/Version-2/Q054295103.pdf
Ghani, J, & Deshpande, S, 1994. Task characteristics and the experience of optimal flow in human-computer interaction. Journal of Psychology Interdisciplinary and Applied, 128(4): 381–392, doi: 10.1080/00223980.1994.9712742
Ghorbani, S, & Marzban, A, 2013. The Effect of CALL on Iranian Beginner EFL Learners‟ Grammar Learning. Journal of Academic and Applied Studies, 3(7): 15-25. http://www.academians.org/Media/Default/Articles/July2013/July2013-2.pdf
Goodman, S, G, & Cirka, C, C, 2009. Efficacy and anxiety: An examination of writing attitudes in a first-year seminar. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 20(3): 5–29. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carol_Cirka/publication/264496818_Efficacy_and_Anxiety_An_Examination_of_Writing_Attitudes_in_a_First-Year_Seminar/links/53e183fa0cf2235f352bce22.pdf
Grombczewska, M, 2011. The relationship between teacher’s feedback and students’ motivation. Humanising Language Teaching, 3: (Online Article) http://www.hltmag.co.uk/jun11/stud.htm
Hayati, A, 2005. The computer and language teaching. Asian EFL Journal Professional Teaching Articles Collection, 4: 75-81.
Hegelheimer, V, 2004. Using CALL in the classroom: Analysing students’ interactions. System, 32(2): 185-205, doi: 10.1016/j.system.2003.11.007
Hemmati, F, & Soltanpour, F, 2012. A comparison of the effects of reflective learning portfolios and dialogue journal writing on Iranian EFL learners’ accuracy in writing performance. English Language Teaching, 5(11): 16-28, doi: 10.5539/elt.v5n11p16
Howrey, J, D, & Tanner, P, 2008. Writing portfolios: Empowering students, teachers, and the curriculum. JALT2008 Conference Proceedings. (pp. 1157-1167). http://jalt-publications.org/recentpdf/proceedings/2008/E087.pdf
Huwari, I, & Hashima, N, 2011.Writing apprehension in English among Jordanian postgraduate students in UUM. Academic Research International Journal, 1(2): 190–198. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215717609_writing_apprehension_in_english_among_jordanian_postgraduate_students_at_universiti_utara_malaysia_uum
Hyland, F, & Hyland, K, 2001. Sugaring the pill: Praise and criticism in writing feedback. Journal of Second Language Writing, 10(3): 185-212, doi: 10.1016/S1060-3743(01)00038-8
Jafarian, K, Soori, A, & Kafipour, R, 2012. The effect of computer assisted language learning on EFL high school students’ writing achievement. European Journal of Social Sciences, 27(2): 138-148. https://www.academia.edu/13316870/The_effect_of_computer_assisted_language_learning_on_EFL_high_school_students_writing_achievement
Kenning, M, M, 1996. IT and autonomy. In E. Broady and M. M. Kennings (eds.) Promoting learner autonomy in university language teaching. (pp. 121 – 138). London, Association for French Language Studies/CILT
Kormos, J, 2012. The role of individual differences in L2 writing. Journal of Second Language Writing, 21(4), 390-403, doi: 10.1016/j.jslw.2012.09.003.
Lam, F, S, & Pennington, M, C, 1995. The computer vs. the pen: A comparative study of word processing in a Hong Kong secondary classroom. Computer-Assisted Language Learning, 8(1): 75-92, doi: 10.1080/0958822950080106
Lavolette, E, Polio, C, & Kahng, J, 2015. The accuracy of computer-assisted feedback and students’ responses to it. Language Learning & Technology, 19(2): 50-68. http://llt.msu.edu/issues/june2015/lavolettepoliokahng.pdf
Lee, H, K, 2004. A comparative study of ESL writers’ performance in a paper-based and a computer-delivered writing test. Assessing Writing, 9(1): 4-26, doi: 10.1016/j.asw.2004.01.001
Levy, M, 2009. Technologies in use for second language learning. The Modern Language Journal, 93(s1): 769-782, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4781.2009.00972.x
Lew, M, D, N, & Schmidt, H, G, 2011. Self-reflection and academic performance: Is there a relationship? Adv in Health Sci Educ, 16(4): 529–545, doi: 10.1007/s10459-011-9298-z
Li, Y, 2000. Linguistic characteristics of ESL writing in task-based email activities. System, 28: 229-245, doi: 10.1016/S0346-251X(00)00009-9
Li, J, 2006. The mediation of technology in ESL writing and its implications for writing assessment. Assessing Writing, 11(1): 5-21, doi: 10.1016/j.asw.2005.09.001
Li, J, & Cumming, A, 2001. Word processing and second language writing: A longitudinal case study. International Journal of English Studies, 1(2): 127-152. https://digitum.um.es/jspui/bitstream/10201/2105/1/211092.pdf?sequence=1
Liaw, M, L, 1998. Using electronic mail for English as a foreign language instruction. System, 26(3): 335-351, doi: 10.1016/S0346-251X(98)00025-6
Lyster, R, 2004. Differential effects of prompts and recasts in form-focused instruction. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26(3): 399-432, doi: 10.1017/S0272263104263021
Mackey, A, & Gass, S, M, 2005. Second language research: Methodology and design. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Meng, Y, 2013. Written corrective feedback: A review of studies since Truscott (1996). https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora.../ac.../6.-Meng-2013.pdf
Minjong, S, 1997. The effect of dialogue journal writing on writing quality, reading comprehension, and writing apprehension of EFL college students. http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp...(ED410766)
Moon, J, 1999. Reflection in learning and professional development, theory and practice. London, Kogan Page.
Murphy, J, 2001. Reflective teaching in ELT. In M. Celce- Murcia (ed.). Teaching English as a second or foreign language. (pp. 499-413). US, Heinel and Heinle.
Naraghizadeh, M, & Barimani, S, 2013. The Effect of CALL on the Vocabulary Learning of Iranian EFL Learners. Journal of Academic and Applied Studies, 3(8): 1-12. http://www.academians.org/Articles/August2013-1.pdf
Nelson, C. P, Jr. 2002. Contradictions in learning to write in a second language classroom: Insights from radical constructivism, activity theory, and complexity theory (Doctoral dissertation). http://repositories2.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/812
Niazi, F, & Pourgharib, B, 2013. The effect of using email on enhancing Iranian intermediate EFL learners writing proficiency. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 4(11): 3531-3539. www.irjabs.com/files_site/paperlist/r_1334_130913183010.pdf
O’Donoghue, T, & Clarke, S, 2010. Leading Learning: Process, themes and issues in international contexts. Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge.
Oshima, A, & Hogue, A, 2014. Longman academic writing series 4: Essays. (5th ed.). US, Pearson Education, Inc.
Owston, R, D, Murphy, S, & Wideman, H, H, 1992. The effects of word processing on students’ writing quality and revision strategies. Research in the Teaching of English, 26: 249-276. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40171308?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Owston, R, D, & Wideman, H, H, 1997. Word processors and children’s writing in a high-computer-access setting. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 30(2): 202-220, doi: 10.1080/08886504.1997.10782223
Pajares, F, & Johnson, M, J, 1994. Confidence and competence in writing: The role of writing self-efficacy, outcome expectancy and apprehension. Research in the Teaching English, 28: 313-331. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40171341?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Pallant, J, 2013. SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. (5th ed.). Berkshire, England, Open University Press.
Pica, T, 1994. Research on negotiation: What does it reveal about second-language learning conditions, processes and outcomes? Language Learning, 44(3): 493-527, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01115.x
Polio, C, 2012. The relevance of second language acquisition theory to the written error correction debate. Journal of Second Language Writing, 21(4): 375–389, doi: 10.1016/j.jslw.2012.09.004
Rankin-Brown, M, 2006. Addressing writing apprehension in adult English language learners. Proceedings of the CATESOL State Conference. http://64.8.104.26/06Rankin1.pdf
Razak, R, A, & Asmawi, A, 2004. The use of dialogue journal through e-mail technology in developing writing interest and skills. Malaysian Online Journal of Instructional Technology (MOJIT) 1(2): 14-23. http://pppjj.usm.my/mojit/articles/pdf/1204/TheUseofDialogueJournalThroughEmailTechnology.pdf
Robinson, P, 1995. Attention, memory and the “noticing” hypothesis. Language Learning, 45(2): 283– 331, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1995.tb00441.x
Rollinson, P, 2005. Using peer feedback in the ESL writing class. ELT Journal, 59(1): 23–30, doi: 10.1093/elt/cci003
Sabooni, M, & Salehi, N, 2015. The impact of reflective learning portfolio on the development of writing accuracy. Journal of Social Issues & Humanities, 3(1): 203-206. http://www.journalsih.com/Research...pdf
Salem, M, S, A, 2007. The effect of journal writing on written performance, writing apprehension, and attitudes of Egyptian English majors, PhD Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University. https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/files/final_submissions/4340
Salteh, M, A, & Sadeghi, K, 2012. Teachers’ corrective feedback in L2 writing revisited: Concerns against and suggestions for its employment. World Applied Sciences Journal 17(3): 375-383. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=7306786B9853953A6DC6395411765EBF?doi=10.1.1.389.4582&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Schiefele, U, & Csikszentmihalyi, M, 1994. Interest and the quality of experience in classrooms. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 9: 251–270. https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/opus4-ubp/files/3183/schiefele1994_IX.pdf
Schmidt, R, 1990. The role of consciousness in second language learning. Applied Linguistics, 11(2): 129–58, doi: 10.1093/applin/11.2.129
Schmidt, R, 1995. Consciousness and foreign language learning: a tutorial on the role of attention and awareness in learning. In Schimidt. R., (Ed.), Attention and awareness in foreign language learning (Technical report No.9), pp. 1- 63, Honolulu, University of Hawai,.
Schmidt, R, 2001. Attention. In Robinson, P. (Ed.), Cognition and second language instruction, pp. 3-32. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Schmidt, R, 2010. Attention, awareness, and individual differences in language learning. In W. M. Chan, S. Chi, K. N. Cin, J. Istanto, M. Nagami, J. W. Sew, T. Suthiwan, & I. Walker, Proceedings of CLaSIC 2010, Singapore, December 2-4, pp. 721-737. Singapore: National University of Singapore, Centre for Language Studies.
Sergeant, S, 2001. CALL innovation in the EFL curriculum. In D. R. Hall and A. Hewings (Eds). Innovation in English teaching. London: Routledge.
Shawish, J, A, & Abdelraheem, M, A, 2010. An investigation of Palestinian EFL majors’ writing apprehension: Causes and remedies. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED512894.pdf
Sheen, Y, 2007. The effect of focused written corrective feedback and language aptitude on ESL learners’ acquisition of articles. TESOL Quarterly, 41(2): 255–283, doi: 10.1002/j.1545-7249.2007.tb00059.x
Sheen, Y, Wright, D, & Moldawa, A, 2009. Differential effects of focused and unfocused written correction on the accurate use of grammatical forms by adult ESL learners. System, 37(4): 556–569, doi: 10.1016/j.system.2009.09.002
Shinge, M, 2005. Interplay among anxiety, motivation, and autonomy in second language learners of French: A quantitative and qualitative study, PhD Dissertation, University of Florida. http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0011620/shinge_m.pdf
Spratt, M, Humphreys, G, & Chan, V, 2002. Autonomy and motivation: Which comes first? Language Teaching Research, 6(3): 245-266, doi: 10.1191/1362168802lr106oa
Thanasoulas, D, 2000. What is learner autonomy and how can it be fostered? The Internet TESL Journal, 6(11). http://iteslj.org/Articles/Thanasoulas-Autonomy.html
Thomas, J, 2004. Using computers in correcting written work. The Journal of Teaching English with Technology, 4(3): 1–8. www.tewtjournal.org/vol%204/issue%203/06_usingcomputersin.pdf
Thorpe, K, 2004. Reflective learning journals: From concept to practice. Reflective Practice 5(3): 327-343, doi: 10.1080/1462394042000270655
Tomlin, R & Villa, V, 1994. Attention in cognitive science and second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 16(2): 183–203, doi: 10.1017/S0272263100012870
Trevino, L, & Webster, J, 1992. Flow in computer-mediated communication: Electronic mail and voice mail evaluation and impacts. Communication Research, 19(5): 539–573, doi: 10.1177/009365092019005001
Tsao, J, Tseng, W, & Wang, C, 2017. Anxiety and motivation on EFL college students’ self-evaluative judgments of corrective feedback. Psychological Reports, 0(0) 1–23, doi: 10.1177/0033294116687123
Van Beuningan, C, de Jong, N, H,, & Kuiken, F, 2008. The effect of direct and indirect corrective feedback on L2 learners’ written accuracy. ITL International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 156: 279–296, doi: 10.1075/itl.156.24beu
Warschauer, M, 2005. Sociocultural perspectives on CALL. In J. L. Egbert, & G. M. Petrie, (Eds.) CALL research perspectives, pp. 41-52. Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Warschauer, M, & Healey, D, 1998. Computers and language learning: An overview. Language Teaching, 31(2): 57-71, doi: 10.1017/S0261444800012970
Warschauer, M, Turbee L, & Roberts, B, 1996. Computer learning networks and student empowerment. System, 24(1): 1-14, doi: 10.1016/0346-251X(95)00049-P
Yoshihara, R, 2008. The bridge between students and teachers: The effect of dialogue journal writing. Language Teacher, 32(11): 3-7. http://jalt-publications.org/files/pdf-article/32.11art1.pdf
Zubizarreta, J, 2009. The learning portfolio: Reflective practice for improving student learning. (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass A Wiley Imprint.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejel.v0i0.644
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright © 2015 - 2023. European Journal of English Language Teaching (ISSN 2501-7136) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.
This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library (Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei). All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms.
All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).