REVISITING THE ROLE OF VISUAL PERCEPTION ON THE READING SKILLS OF STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES: SOME EDUCATIONAL PLANNING CHALLENGES
Abstract
Students with learning disabilities often struggle with reading skill acquisition, due to the nature and complexity of the reading process (Brown, 2009). In addition, it has been documented that students experiencing reading disabilities, have problems with the basic cognitive skills of visual perception (Stokes, Matthen & Biggs, 2015). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of the cognitive parameters of visual perception, assessed by the Developmental Test of Visual Perception-2nd Edition (DTVP-2, Hammill, Pearson & Voress, 1993) on the reading ability of students with learning disabilities, assessed by Test A (Panteliadou & Antoniou, 2007, Standardized test for reading disabilities in Greek). The sample consisted of 73 children (N=73) attending the 4th and 5th grade of Primary school, diagnosed with learning disability in reading. The results indicated that visual perception was a predictive factor for reading performance. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of developing early detection programmes as well as effective educational interventions for pre-school and primary school students.
Article visualizations:
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Baddeley, A. (2007). Working Memory, thought and action. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528012.001.0001
Barnhardt, C., Borsting, E., Deland, P., Pham, N., & Vu, T. (2005). Relationship between visual-motor integration and spatial organization of written language and math. Optometry and Vision Science, 82(2), 138-143. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.OPX.0000153266.50875.53
Below, J.L., Skinner, C.H., Fearrington, J.Y., & Sorrell, C.A. (2010). Gender differences in early literacy: Analysis of kindergarten through fifth-grade dynamic indicators of basic early literacy skills probes. School Psychology Review, 39(2), 240-257.
Bellocchi, S., Muneaux, M., Huau, A., Lévêque, Y., Jover, M., & Ducrot, S. (2017). Exploring the Link between Visual Perception, Visual–Motor Integration, and Reading in Normal Developing and Impaired Children using DTVP-2. Dyslexia 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.1561
Bogdanowicz, K.M., Lockiewicz, M., Bogdanowicz, M., & Pachalska, M. (2014). Characteristics of cognitive deficits and writing skills of Polish adults with developmental dyslexia. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 93(1), 78-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.03.005
Bourassa, D.C., Treiman, R., & Kessler, B. (2006). Use of morphology in spelling by children with dyslexia and typically developing children. Memory & Cognition, 34(3), 703-714. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193589
Brown, E.K. (2009). Learning disabilities: Understanding the problem and managing the challenges. Minneapolis: Langdon Street Press.
Çayir, A. (2017). Analyzing the Reading Skills and Visual Perception Levels of First Grade Students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(7), 1113-1116.
Camarata, S., & Woodcock, R. (2006). Sex differences in processing speed: Developmental effects in males and females. Intelligence, 34(3), 231-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2005.12.001
Close, S., & Shiel, G. (2009). Gender and PISA Mathematics: Irish results in context. European Educational Research Journal, 8(1), 20-33. https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2009.8.1.20
Cornoldi, C., Venneri, A., Marconato, F., Molin, A., & Montinari, C. (2003). A rapid screening measure for the identification of visuospatial learning disability in schools. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36(4), 299-306. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194030360040201
Donaldson, J.B., & Zager, D. (2010). Mathematics interventions for students with high functioning autism/Asperger’s syndrome. Teaching Exceptional Children, 42(6), 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/004005991004200605
Gathercole, S.E., & Alloway, T.P. (2008). Working memory and learning: A practical guide for teachers. London: Sage Press.
Gibson, Y.L., Hogben, H.J., & Fletcher, J. (2006). Visual and auditory processing and component reading skills in developmental dyslexia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 23(4), 621-642. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290500412545
Grainger, J., Dufau, S., & Ziegler, J. C. (2016). A vision of reading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(3), 171-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.12.008
Griva, E., Alevriadou, A., & Semoglou, K. (2012). Reading preferences and strategies employed by primary school students: Gender, socio-cognitive and citizenship issues. International Education Studies, 5(2), 24-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v5n2p24
Gori, S., & Facoetti, A. (2015). How the visual aspects can be crucial in reading acquisition: The intriguing case of crowding and developmental dyslexia. Journal of Vision January, 15 (8) https://doi.10.1167/15.1.8
Gustafson, S., Falth, L., Svensson, I., Tjus, T., & Heimann, M. (2011). Effects of three interventions on the reading skills of children with reading disabilities in grade 2. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 44(2), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219410391187
Halpern, D., & Collaer, M. (2005). Sex differences in visuospatial abilities: More than meets the eye. In P. Shah & A. Miyake (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of visuospatial thinking (pp. 170-212). New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511610448.006
Hammill, D.D., Pearson, N.A., & Voress, J.K. (1993). Developmental Test of Visual Perception – Second Edition (DTVP-2). Austin, Texas: PRO-ED.
Hawke, J.L., Wadsworth, S.J., & DeFries, J.C. (2006). Genetic influences on reading difficulties in boys and girls: The Colorado twin study. Dyslexia, 12, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.301
Hipfner-Boucher, Κ., Milburn, Τ., Weitzman, Ε., Greenberg, J., Pelletier, J., & Girolametto, L. (2014). Relationships between preschoolers' oral language and phonological awareness skills. First Language, 34(2), 178-197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0142723714525945
Hogan, T. P., Catts, H. W., & Little, T. D. (2005). The Relationship between Phonological Awareness and reading: Implications for the Assessment of Phonological Awareness. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 36(4), 285-293. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2005/029)
Huestegge, L., Radach, R., Corbic, D., & Huestegge, S.M. (2009). Oculomotor and linguistic determinants of reading development: A longitudinal study. Vision Research, 49, 2948-2959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2009.09.012
Inhoff, A.W., Solomon, M., Radach, R., & Seymour, B. (2011). Temporal dynamics of the eye voice span and eye movement control during oral reading. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23, 543-558. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2011.546782
Jenkinson, J., Hyde, T., & Ahmad, S. (2008). Building blocks for learning: Occupational therapy approaches. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470988138
Johnsson-Smaragdi, U., & Jönsson, A. (2006). Book reading in leisure time: Long-term changes in young peoples' book reading habits. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 50(5), 519-540. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313830600953600
Jongmans, M.J., Smits-Engelsman, B.C.M., & Schoemaker, M.M. (2003). Consequences of comorbidity of developmental coordination disorders and learning disabilities for severity and pattern of perceptual-motor dysfunction. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36(6), 528-537. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194030360060401
Joseph, H.S.S.L., Liversedge, S.P., Blythe, H.I., White, S.J., Gathercole, S.E., & Rayner, K. (2008). Children’s and adults’ processing of anomaly and implausibility during reading: Evidence from eye movements. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61, 708-723. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210701400657
Lackner, J.R., & DiZio, P. (2005). Vestibular, proprioceptive, and haptic contributions to spatial orientation. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 115-147. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142023
Lejeune, L., Thouvareq, R., Anderson, D.I., & Jouen, F. (2004). Kinesthetic estimation of the main orientations from the upright and supine positions. Acta Physiologica, 117(1), 13-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2004.05.001
Lepola, J., Lynch, J., Laakkonen, E., Silvén, M., & Niemi, P. (2012). The role of inference making and other language skills in the development of narrative listening comprehension in 4- to 6-year old children. Reading Research Quarterly, 47, 259-282. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.020
Lima, R.F., Salgado-Azoni, C.A., & Ciasca, S.M. (2013). Attentional and executive deficits in Brazilian children with developmental dyslexia. Psychology, 4, 1-6.
Logan, S., & Johnston, R. (2009). Gender differences in reading ability and attitudes: Examining where these differences lie. Journal of Research in Reading, 32(2), 199-214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2008.01389.x
Lonigan, C. J. (2006). Development, assessment, and promotion of preliteracy skills. Early Education and Development, 17(1), 91–114.
Lonigan, C. J., Purpura, D. J., Wilson, S. B., Walker, P. M., & Clancy-Menchetti, J. (2013). Evaluating the Components of an Emergent Literacy Intervention for Preschool Children at Risk for Reading Difficulties. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 114(1), 111-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.08.010
Luck, S. J., & Hollingworth, A. (Eds.). (2008). Visual memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305487.001.0001
Lynn, R., & Mikk, J. (2009). Sex differences in reading achievement. Trames. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 13(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2009.1.01
Mammarella, I.C., Cornoldi, C., Pazzaglia, F., Toso, C., Grimoldi, M., & Vio, C. (2006). Evidence for a double dissociation between spatial-simultaneous and spatial-sequential working memory in visuospatial (nonverbal) learning disabled children. Brain and Cognition, 62, 58-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2006.03.007
Mammarella, I.C., Lucangeli, D., & Cornoldi, C. (2010). Spatial working memory and arithmetic deficits in nonverbal learning difficulties children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 43(5), 455-468. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219409355482
McNorgan, C., Alvarez, A., Bhullar, A., Gayda, J., & Booth, J. R. (2011). Prediction of reading skill several years later depends on age and brain region: implications for developmental models of reading. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(26), 9641-9648. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0334-11.2011
Melby-lervåg, M., Lyster, S. A. H., & Hulme, C. (2012). Phonological Skills and Their Role in Learning to Read: A Meta-analytic Review. Psychological Bulletin, 138(2), 322-352. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026744
Mullis, I., Martin, M., Kennedy, A., & Foy, P. (2007). PIRLS 2006 international report: IEA’s progress in international reading literacy study in primary schools in 40 countries. Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College, PIRLS.
OECD (2010). PISA 2009 Assessment framework: Key competencies in reading, mathematics and science. Paris: OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264062658-en
Otaiba S.A., Allor J., Werfel K.L., Clemens N. (2016) Critical Components of Phonemic Awareness Instruction and Intervention: Recommendations for Teacher Training and for Future Research. In: Schiff R., Joshi R. (eds) Interventions in Learning Disabilities. Literacy Studies (Perspectives from Cognitive Neurosciences, Linguistics, Psychology and Education), vol 13, pp 9-27. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31235-4_2
Ouellette, G., & Beers, A. (2010). A not-so-simple view of reading: How oral vocabulary and visual-word recognition complicate the story. Reading and Writing, 23, 189-208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-008-9159-1
Panteliadou, S., & Antoniou, F. (2007). Test Alpha (Reading test). ΕΠΕΑΕΚ, ΥΠΕΠΘ. (Standardized test for reading disabilities in Greek).
Pereira, D.M., Araujo, R.C.T., & Braccialli, L.M.P. (2011). Relationship analysis between visual-motor integration ability and academic performance. Journal of Human Growth and Development, 21(3), 808-817. https://doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.20033
Poole, A. (2010). The reading strategies used by male and female English language learners: A study of Colombian high school students. New England Reading Association Journal, 46(1), 55-63.
Raberger, T., & Wimmer, H. (2003). On the automaticity/cerebellar deficit hypothesis of dyslexia: Balancing and continuous rapid naming in dyslexic and ADHD children. Neuropsychologia, 41, 1493-1497. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3932(03)00078-2
Radach, R., & Kennedy, A. (2013). Eye movements in reading: Some theoretical context. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66, 429-452. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.750676
Radach, R., Huestegge, L., & Reilly, R. (2008). The role of global top-down factors in local eye movement control during reading. Psychological Research, 72, 675-688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-008-0173-3
Ramus, F., Marshall, C.R., Rosen, S., & van der Lely, H.K. (2013). Phonological deficits in specific language impairment and developmental dyslexia: Towards a multidimensional model. Brain, 136, 630-645. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aws356
Richmond, J., & Waugh, R. (2009). Visual discrimination of letters in the alphabet by young children: A Rasch measurement analysis. Western Australia: Faculty of Education and Arts, Edith Cowan University Perth. Retrieved from https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=7547&context=ecuworks
Rivard, L., Missiuna, C., Pollock, N., & David, K.S. (2011). Developmental coordination disorder (DCD). In S.K. Campbell, R.J. Palisano, & M.N. Orlin (Eds.), Physical therapy for children (pp. 498-538). St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Elsevier.
Robinson, J.P., & Lubienski, S.T. (2011). The development of gender achievement gaps in mathematics and reading during elementary and middle school: Examining direct cognitive assessments and teacher ratings. American Educational Research Journal, 48(2), 268-302. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831210372249
Rose, J. (2006). Independent review of the teaching of early reading: Final report. London: Department for Education and Skills (DfES). Retrieved from https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/5551/2/report.pdf
Santos, F.H., Mello, C.B., Bueno, O.F.A., & Dellatolas, G. (2005). Cross-cultural differences for three visual memory tasks in Brazilian children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 101, 421-433. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.101.2.421-433
Schwartz, R. (2006). Visual versions. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/7134.001.0001
Shivers, J. (2007). Code-based reading intervention strategy versus comprehension-based reading intervention strategy use to increase students’ reading comprehension as measured by star reading test for middle school students (Doctoral dissertation). Capella University, Minneapolis.
Smith, F. (2004). Understanding reading: A psycholinguistic analysis of reading and learning to read. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbraum Associates.
Son, S.-H., & Meisels, S. J. (2006). The relationship of young children’s motor skills to later reading and math achievement. Merill-Palmer Quarterly, 52, 755–778.
Sortor, J.M., & Kulp, M.T. (2003). Are the results of the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration and its subtests related to achievement test scores? Optometry and Vision Science, 80(11), 758-763. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-200311000-00013
Suggate, S. P. (2016). A Meta-analysis of the Long-term Effects of Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Fluency, and Reading Comprehension Interventions. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 49(1), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219414528540
Tan, K., Wheldall, K., Madelaine, A., & Lee, L.W. (2007). A review of the simple view of reading: Decoding and linguistic comprehension skills of low-progress readers. Australian Journal of Learning Disabilities, 12(1), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/19404150709546827
Theodoridou, E., Alevriadou, A., Semoglou, K., & Anastasiadou, S. (2014). Investigating memory strategies and motor memory in dyslexic and non-dyslexic children. The International Journal of Learner Diversity and Identities, 20(3), 25-44. https://doi.org/10.18848/2327-0128/cgp/v20i03/48573
Tracy, D.H., & Morrow, L.M. (2012). Lenses on reading: An introduction to theories and models. New York: The Guilford Press.
Valdois, S., Bidet-Ildei, C., Lassus-Sangosse, D., Reilhac, C., N’guyen-Morel, M. A., Guinet, E., & Orliaguet, J. P. (2011). A visual processing but no phonological disorder in a child with mixed dyslexia. Cortex, 47(10), 1197–1218.
Wang, S., & Gathercole, S. E. (2013). Working memory deficits in children with reading difficulties: Memory span and dual task coordination. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 115(1), 188-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.11.015
Wang, Z., Cheng-Lai, A., Song, Y., Cutting, L., Jiang, Y., Lin, O., Meng, X., & Zhou, X. (2014). A perceptual learning deficit in Chinese developmental dyslexia as revealed by visual texture discrimination training. Dyslexia, 20(3), 280-296. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.1475
Zucker, A.T., & Grant, L.S. (2007). Assessing home supports for literacy. In K. Pence (Ed.), Assessment in emergent literacy (pp. 81-187). San Diego: Plural Publishing Inc.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejse.v0i0.2852
Copyright © 2015 - 2023. European Journal of Special Education Research (ISSN 2501 - 2428) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.
This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library (Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei). All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms.
All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).