CONTEXTUALIZING HISTORICAL AND SOCIO-ANTHROPOLOGICAL LITERATURE ON INDIGENOUS EDUCATION IN ENHANCING ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION: CASE OF OGIEK OF MAU FOREST, KENYA
Abstract
A critical analysis and reflection of the literature was reviewed regarding the Ogiek system of indigenous education as it existed from the eve of colonial intrusion with special emphasis on environmental conservation. The literature reviewed was aims at expounding the influence of indigenous learning and training activities as conducted by the Ogiek during the period of initiation. It aptly provides a critical examination of the part played by indigenous Ogiek gender-based learning and training activities, including apprenticeship schemes, on sustainable conservation of environmental resources. The article further highlighted the influence of White Settlers and successive governments on the Ogiek indigenous education systems of environmental management. Arguably, the influence of indigenous education on environmental conservation among the Mau Ogiek has been discussed with the context of two theories, namely; general systems theory and cultural ecology theory.
Article visualizations:
Keywords
References
Blackburn, R. (1976). “The Okiek”, B.A. Ogot (ed.), Kenya Before 1900, Nairobi: East African Publishing House.
Blackburn, R. H (1974). “The Okiek and their History”, Azania ,9, 150-153.
Blackburn, R. (1971). “Honey in Okiek Personality, Culture and Society”, Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University.
Bogonko, S.N. (1987). ‘Indigenous Education in East Africa’, in S.A.H. Ibid (Ed.) The Future of Education in East Africa, The Professors World Peace Academy of Uganda.
Brown, L.R. (1991). The World Watch Reader on Global Environmental Issues, Nairobi: World Watch Institute.
Buckley, W. (1967). Sociology and Modern System Theory, London: Prentice Hall.
Cameron, J. (1975). “Traditional and Western Education in Mainland Tanzania: An Attempt at Synthesis”, G. N. Brown (ed), Education in Tropical Africa, London: George Allen and Urwin Ltd, 76-102.
Castle, E.B. (1966). Growing up in East Africa. Nairobi: OUP.
Cherotich, S. (1967). ‘The Nandi Female initiation and the Christian Impact upon It’, Dini na Mila, 2:3, 20-34.
Chesang, I.C. (1973). “An Analysis of the Superstructure of the Semi-Pastoral Keiyo”, B.A. Dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.
Dahrendorf, F. R. (1967). “Out of Utopia: Towards a Re-orientation of Sociological Analysis”, N.J. Demerath and Richards Peterson, System, Change and Conflict, New York: Free Press, 426-469.
Davies, N.E. (1972). A History of Southern Africa, Nairobi: E.A.P.H.
Fish, Burnette C. & Fish, W. (1990). The Place of Songs, Nairobi: World Gospel Mission/Africa Inland Church.
Fish, B. (1994). The Kalenjin Heritage: Traditional Religious and Social Practices, Nairobi: Africa Gospel Church/World Gospel Mission.
Ford, J. (1971). The Role of Trypanosomiasis in African Ecology, London: OUP.
Giddens, A. (1987). Social Theory and Modern Sociology, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Giddens, A. (1995). A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, London: Routledge.
Griffith, A.W.M. (1930). The Primitive Native Educational System, Bukoba District, Dodoma: Tanganyika Educational Press.
Hammond, P.B. (1964). Cultural and Social Anthropology: Selected Readings, New York: Macmillan Company.
Harris, M. (1979). Cultural Materialism, New York, OUP.
Huntingford, G.W.B. (1955). The Nandi Culture, London, OUP.
Indire, F.F. (1974). “Education and Black Civilisation”, Presence Africaine, 89,28-39.
Indire, F.F. (1974). ‘Patterns of Learning of the Youth in Traditional Eastern Africa Society’, Basic Education in East Africa, Report of a Seminar by UNESCO/UNICEF, Nairobi, Kenya, 81-89.
Joekes, S. et al. (1994). “Gender, Environment and Population Development and Change”, Women, Men, and Environmental Change & Gender Dimensions on Environmental Policies and Programs, Population Reference Bureau, Washington D.C,116-137.
Kenyatta. J. (1983). Facing Mount Kenya, London: Secker and Warburg.
Kipkorir, B. (1979). Kenya People: Peoples of the Rift Valley, London: Evans Brothers Ltd.
Kipkorir, B.E. & P. Welbourn (1973). The Marakwet of Kenya: a Preliminary Study, Nairobi: East Africa Literature Bureau.
KFMP (2001). Excision and Settlement in the Mau Forest Report of a Fact Finding Mission on the Status of the Eastern Mau Forest, Nairobi: Kenya Forests Working Group, 12-13th May 2001.
Kjekshus, H. (1977). Ecological Control and Economic Development in East Africa History, Nairobi: Heinmann.
Kottak, C.P. (2002). Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity, (9th ed), New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Kratz, C. (1981). “Are the Okiek Really Maasai or Kipsigis? or Kikuyu?’, Cahiers d ‘Etudes Africaines, 79,xx, 355-368.
Kratz, C. (1990). “Sexual Solidarity and the Secrets of Sight and Sound: Shifting Gender Relations and their Ceremonial Constitution”, Journal of Ritual Studies, 6: 2, 449-451.
Kratz, Corinne A. (2001) “Conversations and Lives”. “In African Words, African Voices: Critical Practices in Oral History” by Luise White, Stephen Miescher, and David William Cohen (ed)., Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 127-161.
Kratz, C.A. (1989). “Okiek Potters and their Wares”, Kenyan Posts and Potters. L. Barbuour and S. Wandibba (ed). Nairobi: Oxford University Press, 24-60.
Kratz, C.A. (2002). The Ones that are Wanted: Communication and the Politics of Representation in a Photographic Exhibition. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kratz, Corine A. (1986) “Ethnic Interaction, Economic Diversification and Languages Use: A Report on Research with Kaplelach and Kip Chornwonek Okiek”, Sprache and Geshiche in Africa, 7, 189-226.
Kratz, C. (1991). “Amusement and Absolution: Transforming Narratives During Confession of Social Debts”, American Anthropologist, 93:4, 826-851.
Kratz, C. (1995). “Okiek”, Encyclopedia of World Cultures: African and the Middle East John Middleton & A. Rassam (ed.). Boston: Macmillan, 9,2:1-10.
Kratz, C. (1999). “Okiek of Kenya, Foraging Peoples”, Encyclopedia of Contemporary Hunter-Gatherers, Richard Lee & Richard Daly (Ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 220-224.
Kratz, C. (2000). “Gender, Ethnicity and Social Aesthetics in Maasai and Okiek Beadwork”, Rethinking Pastoralism in Africa: Gender, Culture and the Myth of the Patriarchal Pastoralist, (ed.) Dorothy Hodgson. Oxford: James Currey Publisher, 43-71.
Levine, B.B. & R. A. Levine (1966). Nyansongo: A Gusii Community in Kenya, New York: J. Willey.
Maclver, A.C. (1964). Social Causation, New York: Harper Torchbook.
Mahinda, W.G. (1967). “A Survey of Traditional Education among Members of the Kikuyu Tribe in Gachiaka Sub-location”, Manuscript, Department of Education, University of Nairobi.
Makombe, K. (Ed.) (1993). “Sharing the Land :Wildlife, People and Development Issues”, IUCN-ROSA, Harare and IUCN-SUMP, Washington D.C, History of Environmental Management in the Southern Africa Region, Harare: SARDC, 69-102.
Matheka, R.M. (1992). “The Political Economy of Famine: Ecology and History in Machakos District during the colonial Period”, M.A. Thesis, Kenyatta University.
Meggitt, M. J. (1964). “Aboriginal Food-Gatherer of Tropical Australia”, Ecology of Man in the Tropical Environment”, 9th Technical Meeting held in Nairobi from 17-20th September 1963, UNESCO & International Union for the Conservation of Nature and the Natural Resources, IUCR Publication Morges (Switzeland) 20-36.
Milton, K. (1997). “Ecologies: Anthropology, Culture and the Environment”. Electronic Document, http://web7. Accessed on 5.2.1999.
Monyenye, S. (1977). “The Indigenous Education of the Abagusii People”, M.Ed Thesis, University of Nairobi.
Moore, J.D. (1997). Vision of Culture: An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists. London: McGraw Hill, Inc.
Munyaradzi C. et. al (1993). Environment in Southern Africa, Report by the Southern Africa Research and Documentation Centre in collaboration with IUCN: The World Conservation Union and the Southern African Development Community.
Murray, J. (1971), “The Kikuyu Female Circumcision Controversy of 1928-1932: Background, Comparisons and Perspectives”, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Ocitti, J.P. (1973). African Indigenous Education as Practised by the Acholi of Uganda, Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau.
Ocitti, J.P. (1990). “Indigenous Education for Today: The Necessity of the Useless”, Adult Education and Development, 35, 53-64.
Ocitti, J.P. (1994). “An Introduction to Indigenous Education in East Africa: A Study in Supplement”, Journal of Adult Education & Development, Bonn, 42, 24-33.
Oliveira, R. et al (1999). “Gender, Conservation and Community Participation: Case of the J’au National Park, Brazil”, Gender, Community Particpation and Natural Resource Management Series, Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida, 2,3-15.
Oslen, M. (1978). The Process of Social Organization. New York: Rinehert & Winstone.
Parkington, J. E. (1993). “Seasonal Mobility in the Later Stone Age”, African Studies, 3, 223-243.
Raum, O.F. (1938). “Some Aspects of Indigenous Education among the Chagga”, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 6, 205 - 221.
Ronoh, K. A. (2008). “The Influence of Indigenous Knowledge Systems on the Adoption of School-based Education among Kenya Maasai 1911-1998: Implications for Curriculum Reform”, Ph.D. Thesis, Egerton University.
Ronoh, T.K. (2000). “A History of Colonial Education Among the Kipsigis of Kenya, Circa 1895-1963”, M.A. Thesis, Egerton University.
Sifuna, D.N. (1977). ‘Indigenous Education in Western Kenya’, a Paper Presented at the Annual Conference of the Western Kenya Cultural Festival Symposium, Kakamega, 15th September, 1977.
Sifuna, D.N. (1990). Development of Education in Africa: The Kenyan Experience, Nairobi: Initiatives Publishers.
Steward, J.H. (1955). Theory of Cultural Change, Urbana: Illinois University Press.
Sutton, J.E.G. (1976). “The Kalenjin of Western Highlands”, Kenya Before 1900, B.A. Ogot (ed). Nairobi: EAPH.
Theodore, A. (1970). The Foundation of Sociological Theory, New York: Random House.
Turnbull, M. C. (1964). Forest Hunters and Gatherers: The Mbuti Pygmy, New York: American Museum of Natural History.
Turnbull, M. (1960) “The ‘elima’; A Premarital Festival Among the Bambuti Pygmies in Zaire”, 14,3, 7-12.
Waweru, P. (1992). “Ecology Control and the Development of Pastoralism among the Samburu of North-Central Kenya; 1750-1909”, M.A. Thesis, Kenyatta University.
WCED. (1987). Our Common Future, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
White D.R. (1959). The Evolution of Culture, London: OUP.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejae.v0i0.28
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright © 2015 - 2023. European Journal of Alternative Education Studies (ISSN 2501-5915) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.
This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library (Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei). All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms.
All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).