STRESS AND BURNOUT AMONG LECTURERS AND PEDAGOGICAL INSTRUCTORS IN COLLEGES OF EDUCATION
Abstract
This research dealt with measuring and describing sources and factors of stress and burnout among lecturers and pedagogical instructors in colleges of education, the research wished to examine the connection between personal characteristics and professional variables of lecturers and pedagogical instructors with the sources of stress, the sense of burnout and the general sense of stress. For this purpose, we have sampled lecturers and pedagogical instructors teaching in collages of education. In order to describe the sources and factors of stress and to measure the general sense of stress and the sense of burnout structured questionnaires (Zidan, 2011) were used, with extension for the present research. The original questionnaires are valid and credible and they were used in previous studies, but were adjusted to the subject and population of the current research. The importance of the research stems from that it is a pioneer and unique study both locally and globally. The importance of the study also stems from its attempt to validate a questionnaire of stress and burnout among lecturers and pedagogical instructors. The main findings indicated that the ten most stressful sources for instructors of collages are: Crowded classrooms; Inappropriate wages; A student level that does not match my expectations; Unmotivated students; Contempt of students in times of classroom tasks; Behavioral problems of students (noise and interference of students in the teaching environment, inappropriate behavior); An uncomfortable working environment; Lack of study spaces; Multiple student delays and absences; Lack of respect for the teacher by the students. Furthermore, it was found that the level of burnout among colleges teachers is below mediocre and that there is a strong and distinct positive connection between the level of stress and the level of burnout among colleges teachers, meaning, the more that the degree of stress and the sense of stress caused by various sources among colleges teachers rises, the level of burnout arises as well.
Article visualizations:
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abel, M. H. & Sewell. J. (1999). Stress and Burnout in Rural and Urban Secondary School Teachers. The Journal of Educational Research, 92(5), 287–297.
Adams, E., Heath-Camp, B. & Camp, W. G. (1999). Vocational teacher stress and the education system. The Journal of Vocational Educational Research, 24, 133-144.
AL-Mohannadi, A. & Capel, S. (2007). Stress in physical education teachers in Qatar, Social Psychology of Education, 10, 55-75.
Aluja, A., Blanch, A. & Garcia, L. F. (2005). Dimensionality of the Maslach burnout inventory in school teachers. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21(1), 67-76.
Andrew L. L., Bessie P. S., Selwyne W. C. & Stanley K. K. (2010). An exploration of the burnout situation on teachers in two schools in Macau. Social Indicators Research, 95(3), 489-502.
Antoniou, A. S., Polychroni, F. & Vlachakis, A. N. (2006). Gender and age differences in occupational stress and professional burnout between primary and high-school teachers in Greece. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 682-690.
Bentler, P. M. (2008). EQS 6 structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
Bindhu C.M. & Sudheeshkumar, P. K. (2006). Job satisfaction and stress coping skills of primary school teachers, ERIC Document Reproduction Service ED492585.
Bhatti, N., Hashmi, M.A., Raza, Sh. A., Shaikh, F.M. & Kamran, Sh. (2011). Empirical Analysis of Job Stress on Job Satisfaction among University Teachers in Pakistan. International Business Research, 4(3), 264-270.
Boes, S. & Winkelmann, R. (2010). The effect of income on general life satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Social Indicators Research, 95(1), 111 – 187.
Brackenreed, D. & Barnett, J. (2006). Teacher stress and inclusion: perceptions of
pre-service teachers. Developmental Disabilities Bulletin, 34(1-2), 156-176.
Brown, M. & Ralph, S. (2002). Teacher stress and school improvement. Improving Schools, 5(2), 55–65.
Brundage, G. C. (2007). EFL foreign teacher stress in korea: causes and coping mechanisms: A survey study and brief literature review, ERIC Document Reproduction Service ED502354.
Burke, R.J. (1996). Work experiences, stress and health among managerial and professional women. In: M.J. Schabracq, J.A.M. Winnubst & C.L. Cooper (Eds.), Handbook of work and health psychology. Chichester, England: Wiley.
Byrne, B. M. (1999), The nomological network of teacher burnout: a literature review and empirically validated model, in R. Vandenberghe & A. M. Huberman (eds.), Understanding and Preventing Teacher Burnout. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 15–37.
Byrne, B.M. (2006). Structural Equation Modeling with Eqs, (2nd ed.). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cano-Garcia, F. J., Padilla-Munoz, E. M. & Carrasco-Ortiz, M. A. (2005). Personality and contextual variables in teacher burnout. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 929-940.
Caplan, R. D. & Harrison, R. V. (1993). Person-environment fit theory, recent development and future directions. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 253–76.
Chan, K.B., Lai, G., Ko, Y.C. & Boey K.W. (2000). Work stress among six professional groups: the Singapore experience, Social Science Medicine, 50(10), 1415-1432.
Cherniss, C. (1980a). Professional Burnout in Human Service Organizations. N.Y.: Praeger Publishers.
Cherniss, C. (1980b). Job Stress in the Human Service. Beverly Hills, CA.: Sage Publication.
Cheung, G. W. & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255.
Comish, R. & Swindle, B. (1994). Managing stress in the workplace. National Public Accountant, 39(9), 24-28.
Comrey, A. L. & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Academic Press, San Diego, and University of California.
Coolican, H. (1999). Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology, Second Edition. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
Cooper, C. L., Dewe, P.J. & O`Driscoll, M. P. (2001). Organizational Stress: A review and critique of theory, research and applications. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Decicco, E. K. & Allison, J. (1999). Ockham’s razor applied: It’s mission clutter. Childhood Education, 75, 273-275.
Ebel, R. L. & Frisbie, D. A. (1991). Measurement and Evaluation (7th ed.). Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Etzion, D., Eden, D. & Lapidot, Y. (1998). Relief from job stressors and burnout: Reserve service as a respite. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 577-585.
Farber, B. A. (1982, September). Stress and Burnout: Implications for teacher motivation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the AERA, New York.
Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burnout. Journal of Social Issues, 30, 159-165.
Friedman, Y. (1999). Burnout of the teacher: the concept and its measurement. Jerusalem: Henrietta Szold Institute.
Friedman, I. A. (2000). Burnout in teachers: shattered dreams of impeccable profession performance. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 565-606.
Friedman, Y., Lotan, A. (1985). The mental burnout of the teacher in Israel (in primary education). Jerusalem:The Szold Institute.
Geving, A. M. (2007). Identifying the types of student and teacher behaviors associated with teacher stress. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23, 624–640.
Grayson, J. L. & Alvarez, H. K. (2008). School climate factors relating to teacher burnout: a mediator model. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(5), 1349-1363.
Hair, J. F., William C. B., Barry B. J., Rolph E. A. & Ronald, L. T. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education Inc.
Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work Engagement among teachers, Journal of School Psychology, 43(6), 495-513.
Hicks, R., Bahr, M. & Fujiwara, D. (2009). The occupational stress inventory revised: Confirmatory factor analysis of the original inter-correlation data set and model. Personality and individual differences, 48(3), 351-353.
Hodge, G. M., Jupp J. J. & Taylor A. J. (1994). Work stress, distress, and burnout in music and mathematics teachers. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 64, 65–76.
Howard, S. & Johnson, B. (2004). Resilient teachers: resisting stress and burnout. Social Psychology of Education, 7(4), 399-420.
Huberman, A. M. & Vandenberghe, R. (1999). Introduction – Burnout and the teaching profession. In R. Vandenberghe & A. M. Huberman (Eds.) Understanding and Preventing Teacher Burnout: A Sourcebook of International Research and Practice (1-13). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Iwanicki, E. F. & Schwab, R. L. (1981). A cross validation study of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41, 1167 – 1174.
Jamal, M. & Baba, V. V. (2000). Job stress and burnout among Canadian managers and nurses: An empirical examination. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 91(6), 454-458.
Kinicki, A. J., McKee-Ryan, F. M., Schriesheim, C. A., & Carson, K. P. (2002). Assessing the construct validity of the job descriptive index: A review and meta–analysis.Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 14–32.
Kokkinos, C. M. (2007). Job stressors, personality and burnout in primary school teachers. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 229-243.
Kyriacou, C. (2001). Teacher stress: directions for future research. Educational Review, 53 (1), 27-35.
Kyriacou, C. & Chien, P. Y. (2004). Teacher stress in Taiwanese primary schools. Journal of Educational Enquiry, 5(2), 86 – 104.
Kyriacou, C. & Sutcliffe, J. (1978). Teacher stress: prevalence, sources and symptoms. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 48, 159-167.
Lau, P. S., Yuen, M. T. & Chan, R. M. (2005). Do demographic characteristics make a difference to burnout among Hong Kong secondary school teachers?. Social Indicators Research, 71, 491-516.
Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
Lehal, R. (2007), A Study of Organisational Role Stress and Job Satisfaction Among Executives in Punjab. Indian Management Studies Journal, 11, pp. 67-80.
Lehal, R., & Singh, S. (2005). Organizational Role Stress among College Teachers of Patiala District: A Comparative Study of Government and Private Colleges, RIMT Journal of Strategic Management & Information Technology, 2(1&2), 33-39.
Lewis, R., Romi, S. H., Qui, K. & Katz, Y. J. (2005). Teachers’ classroom discipline and student misbehavior in Australia, China and Israel. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21( 6), 729-741.
Loonstra, B., Brouwers, A. & Tomic, W. (2009). Feelings of existential fulfillment and burnout among secondary school teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(5), 752-757.
Lu, L., Cooper, C. L., Kao, S. F. & Zhou, Y. (2003). Work stress, control beliefs and well-being in greater China – An exploration of sub-cultural differences between the PRC and Taiwan. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(6): 479-510.
Maslach,, C. (1976). Burned-out. Human Behavior, 5(9), 16-22.
Maslach, C. (1981). Burnout: a social psychological analysis. In J.W. Jones (Ed.), The burnout syndrome, (68-88). Park Ridge Il.: London House Press.
Maslach, C. (1993). Burnout: A multidimensional perspective. In W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (pp. 19-32). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Maslach, C. (1998). A multidimensional theory of burnout. In C.L. Cooper (Ed.), Theories of organizational stress (68-85). Manchester: Oxford University Press.
Maslach, C. & Jackson, S. (1984). Patterns of burnout among a national sample of public contact workers. Journal of health and human resources administration, 7, 133 – 135.
Maslach, C. & Leiter, M. P. (1997). The Truth about Burnout: How organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Maslach, C. & Leiter, M. P. (2008). Early predictors of job burnout and engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 498-512.
Meng, L. & Liu, S. (2008). Mathematics teacher stress in Chinese secondary schools. Journal of Educational Enquiry, 8(1), 73-96.
Meng, B. & Guo L. (2012). Research on the Influencing Factors of Job Stress of University Teachers ---- Take Changchun University of Science and Technology as an Example. Canadian Social Science, 8 (2), 145-148.
Available from URL:
http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/css/article/view/j.css.1923669720120802.2865
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/j.css.1923669720120802.2865
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscivitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20–52.
Miller, B. K., Rutherford, M. A., & Kolodinsky, R. W. (2008). Perceptions of organizational politics: A meta-analysis of outcomes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 22, 209–222.
Miller, M., & Potter, R. (1982). Professional burnout among speech-language pathologists. Asha, 24, 177-180.
Mohr, C. D., Armeli, S., Ohannessian, M.,C., Tennen, H., Carney, A., Affleck, G., & Del Boca, F. K. (2003). Daily interpersonal experiences and distress: Are women more vulnerable?. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22(4), 393-423.
Montgomery, C. & Rupp, A. A. (2005). A meta‐analysis for exploring the diverse Causes and effects of stress in teachers. Canadian Journal of Education, 28(3), 458‐486.
Nachmias, D., Nachmias, H. (1982). Research Methods in the Social Sciences, Tel Aviv: Am Oved.
Ololube, N. P. (2007). Professionalism, Demographics, and Motivation: Predictors of Job Satisfaction among Nigerian Teachers. International Journal of Education Policy & Leadership, 2(7). Available from:
http://www.usca.edu/essays/vol182006/ololube.pdf
Pines, A. & Kafry, D. (1981). The experience of tedium in three generation of professional women. Sex Roles, 7(2), 117 – 134.
Pines, A. & Aronson, E. (1981). Burnout: From Tedium to Personal Growth. New York: Free Press.
Pithers, R., Soden, R. (1998). Teacher Stress and Strain. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 68(4), 269-281.
Pološki, V. N. & Bogdanić, A. (2008). Individual differences and occupational stress perceived: a Croatian survey. Zagreb International Review of Economics & Business, 11(1), 61-79.
Podsakoff, N. P., LePine, J. A., & LePine, M. A. (2007). Differential challenge stressor-hindrance stressor relationships with job attitudes, turnover intentions, turnover, and withdrawal behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 438–454.
Pruessner, M., Hellhammer, D.H., Pruessner, J.C. & Lupien, S.J. (2003). Self-reported depressive symptoms and stress levels in healthy young men: Associations with the cortisol response to awakening. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 92-99.
Rajareegam, A. & Doss, C. (2012). Analysing job satisfaction of engineering college teachers at Puducherry. Indian Journal of Innovations and Developments, 10(1), 480-492.
Reilly, N. (1994). Exploring a paradox: Commitment as a moderator of the stress-burnout relationship. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 397–414.
Roper, D. (1998). Facing anger in our schools. The Educational Forum, 62, 363-368.
Ross, G. F. (2005). Tourism industry employee workstress – A present and future crisis. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 19(2/3), 133-147.
Satorra, A. & Bentler, P. M. (2010). Ensuring positiveness of the scaled difference chi-square test statistic. Psychometrika, 75(2), 243-248.
Schaufeli, W. B. & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315.
Sharpley, C. F., Reynolds, R., Acosta, A. & Dua, J. K. (1996). The presence, nature and effects of job stress on physical and psychological health at a large Australian university, Journal of Educational Administration, 34(4): 73-86.
Shukla, A. & Trivedi, T. (2008). Burnout in indian teachers. Asia Pacific Education Review, 9(3), 320-334.
Sinclair, K. (1992). Morale, satisfaction and stress in schools. In C. Turney, N. Hatton, K. Laws, K. Sinclair, & D. Smith. The School Manager. Crow's Nest, Sydney, Allen and Unwin.
Siu, O. L. (2002). Occupational stressors and well-being among Chinese employees: The role of organizational commitment. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51(4), 527-544.
Skaalvik, E. M. & Skaalvik, S. (2008). Teacher self-efficacy and teacher burnout: A study of relations. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(3), 518-524.
Tatar, M. (2002). Evaluation Study on the AMATZ Project, The Institute for the Study of Nurture in Education, School of Education, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Tatar, M. & Yahav, V. (1999) Secondary school pupils’ perceptions of burnout among teachers. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 69(4), 457–468.
Taylor, B., Zimmer, C. & Womack, S. (2005). Strategies to prevent teacher stress and burnout. ERIC Document Reproduction Service ED490663.
Thomas Unterbrink, T., Zimmermann, L., Pfeifer, R., Wirsching, M., Brähler, E. & Bauer, J. (2008). Parameters influencing health variables in a sample of 949 German teachers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 82(1), 117-123.
Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 4-70.
Vakola, M. & Nikolaou, I. (2005). Attitudes towards organizational change – What is the role of employees’ stress and commitment?. Employee Relations, 27(2), 160-174.
Wheaton, B. (1994). Sampling the stress universe. In W.R. Avison & I.H. Gotlib (Eds). Stress and mental health: Contemporary issues and prospects for the future (pp. 77-114). New York: Plenum Press.
Wilkins-Cantor, E.A., Edwards, A.T., & Young, A.L. (2002). Preparing novice teachers to handle stress. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 36, 128-130.
Yang, X., Ge, C., Hu, B., Chi, T. & Wang, L. (2009). Relationship between quality of life and occupational stress among teachers.
Zedan, R, (2001). The sense of pressure in the work of Arab teachers in Israel: Sources, ways of coping, results and relevance to the personal and professional characteristics of teachers. Final project towards a Master's Degree in Education, The Research Methods and Measurement Methodology, Tel Aviv University.
Zedan, R. (2012). Pressure in the teacher's work, factors and results. Eye contact - Teachers' Association Magazine in High Schools and Colleges, 209, 38 - 43.
Zedan, R. & Bitar, J. (2013). Stress and coping strategies among science elementary school teachers in Israel. Universal Journal of Education and General Studies, 2(3), 84-97.
Zeidner, M. (1998). Test anxiety: The state of the art. New York: Plenum Press.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v0i0.1528
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2018 Bitar Jarmas, Zedan Raed
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright © 2015-2023. European Journal of Education Studies (ISSN 2501 - 1111) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.
This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library (Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei). All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All authors who send their manuscripts to this journal and whose articles are published on this journal retain full copyright of their articles. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).